Chiyambi: Kumasulira Konsichushoni m’Chilamulo cha Ntchito

Kumasulira ndi nzeru yalamulo imene imamasulira Malamulo motsatira tanthauzo lake loyamba panthaŵi imene inalembedwa. Njira imeneyi imakhudza mbali zambiri za malamulo, kuphatikizapo lamulo la ntchito ndi ufulu wa anthu. Kumvetsa mmene ufulu wachibadwidwe umakhudzira ufulu umenewu kumathandiza kumasulira nkhani zopitirizabe zalamulo ndi malamulo. Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, chiphunzitso choyambirira chakhala chochokera ku chiphunzitso cha maphunziro chapamwamba kwambiri cha matanthauzo a malamulo, chikumaumba malamulo onse kuchokera ku mphamvu ya boma kupita kuufulu wa munthu aliyense. M'malamulo a ntchito. Mwakayawo, mafunso a tsankho kaŵirikaŵiri amasudzudzudzulidwa ndi malamulo ndi kumasulira kwa malamulo ndi kumasulira kwa njira zachiyambiriro kwasonkhezera zonse ziŵiri kutetezera ndi kusuliza. Nkhaniyi imafufuza maziko a chiphunzitso cha kusinthika kwa ufulu wa anthu, ufulu wa kudziko ndi ufulu wa kumasulira ufulu wa ntchito.

Kumvetsetsa Chiyambi cha Malemba

Chiyambi ndi Malamulo a Chikhalidwe

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chinatulukira monga sukulu yosiyana ya kumasulira kwa lamulo mu 1970 ndi 1980, makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito yoweruza ya Warren ndi Burger Courts. Chiphunzitso chake cha maziko nchakuti tanthauzo la Malamulo liyenera kuikidwa mogwirizana ndi kuzindikira kumene kunalipo panthaŵi iriyonse. Ochirikiza amaphatikizapo Justice Antonin Scalia, amene anatsutsa motchuka kuti “Malamulo amatanthauza chimene anatanthauza kwa anthu amene anagwirizana nawo,” ndi Woweruza Robert Bork, amene anagogomezera kuti kakonzedwe kena kalikonse kanalipo.

Chipangano choyambirira chili ndi mantha aŵiri aakulu: cholinga choyamba ndi tanthauzo loyambirira la anthu . Cholinga choyambirira chimakhala ndi cholinga cha zimene maFramewo eniwo afuna pokonza mawu. Matanthauzo oyamba a anthu, tsopano matembenuzidwe aakulu a jurisprudence yamakono, amayang'ana kumvetsetsa kumene munthu wolingalira akanatha kumva mawu panthaŵi ya kupeka. Woweruza Scalia anachirikiza zopekazo, akutsimikizira kuti amapeŵa kupeka kwa kapeseti kuti afufuze potitsa pamene akulamulirabe oweruza mbiri yakale.

Chifukwa Chake Kuyambirira Kunali Kofunika m’Chilamulo cha Ntchito

Kusankha ntchito kumayambika pansi pa malamulo a boma monga The Thit VII of the Civil Rights Act ya 1964, Age Discline of Accounting Act (ADEA), ndi America ndi Act yopunduka (ADA), ngakhale kuti ameneŵa ndi malamulo, osati makonzedwe alamulo, kuyambirira kumakhudza mmene makhoti amamasulira pamene mafunso alamulo adzutsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, amatsutsa ukulu wa mphamvu ya Communment Claus kapena Chigawo 5 cha Domenti la 145 Demendment kukhazikitsa malamulo amenewo. Ndiponso, njira yoyambirira yomasulira malamulo ya malamulo ikhoza kugwirizana ndi malembo a , kufunikira oweruza kuŵerenga malamulo a ntchito mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lawo la nthaŵi ya kukhazikitsa malamulo. Zochitikazo ndi kuchuluka kwa mbiri yakale, nthaŵi zina kutsutsana ndi kulingana kwa kulingana kwa kulingana kwa kulingana kwa kulingana kwa kamvedwe kake.

Ufulu Wosasintha Ntchito m’Chilamulo: Kabuku Ka mbiri

Kuchokera ku Kachitidwe ka Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni Kufikira ku Zitetezero Zamakono

Malo alamulo a boma osakhala ogaŵanitsa ntchito ndi akuti VII wa Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1964, chimene chimaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu. Poyamba, lamulo la Chilamulolo linangoperekedwa kwa olemba ntchito 25 kapena kuposapo, ngakhale kuti kuyambira pamenepo linachepetsedwa kufika pa 15. Lamulolo linakhazikitsa Autemplication Opportunity Commission (EOC) kuti lilimbitse makonzedwe ake ndipo lasinthidwa nthaŵi zingapo kuti liwonjezere chitetezo ndi mankhwala.

Malamulo otsatira opanga malamulo osasinthasintha anafutukula malamulo osakhala a kusagwirizana ndi mfundo zina: Age Discination in Act ya 1967 (auid 40 ndi mpaka mpaka mpaka mpaka), Parentric Discrimination Act ya 1978 (kutsimikizira kuti tsankho la kugonana limaphatikizapo kukhala ndi pakati), America okhala ndi vuto la Ufulu wa Kugamula kwa 1990, ndi Genetic Information Nondicrinimunition Act ya 2008. Posachedwapa, Act ya Exastigation [1] Act yopatulidwa ndi Nyumba ya ntchito koma osati lamulo laku

Ntchito ya Malamulo Osintha Malamulo

Pambali pa malamulo, Konsichushoni imapereka chitetezo choletsa kusagwirizana pantchito, makamaka kupyolera mwa Geneth Amendment’s Emedial Protection Claus. Ogwira ntchito a gulu la anthu angapereke zinenezo za lamulo lotsutsana ndi boma ndi olemba ntchito a boma, akumanena kuti malamulo aupolu awononga chitetezo chofanana. Malamulo a Findmer Resme Resclaus amapereka chitetezo chotetezera pa tsankho la boma. Komabe, thayo la umboni nloposa pansi pa Ditut VII, chifukwa chakuti atsogoleri a boma ayenera kusonyeza tsankho ladala mmalo mwa kungochotsapo chiyambukiro.

Kulingalira Kwake Tsankho la Ntchito

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu

Zigamulo zazikulu zingapo zimasonyeza mmene kulinganiza koyambirira kapena koyambirira kwa woyambirira kwapanga lamulo la kusankhana ntchito. Mu Doroba la Boerne v. Flores (1997), Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso choyambirira cha Chigawo 5 cha Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa 14 ndi kuchotsa mbali za Religious Freedom Act, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya Congressbourg kukhazikitsa ziyenerezo pa maulamuliro osakhala zimene Khoti linafotokoza kukhala kuswa kwa lamulo. Chigamucho chinayambukira mwachindunji kusankha ntchito kwa makampani a boma, chifukwa chakuti chinachepetsa kufikira chitetezo cha boma.

Mu Kimel v. Florida Board ya Regents [1] [2000] ndi Board of Trust of Trust of Adamah . Garrett [1] (2001], Khoti , kugwiritsa ntchito zimene akatswiri ambiri amalongosola monga zolingalira za ufulu wa boma, [iwo amene amalemba ntchito sangasunthidwe ndi kuwonongeka pansi pa ADEA kapena Udindo I wa ADA, molingana ndi. Khoti linalingalira kuti Nyumba za Malamulo zopanda ulamuliro pansi pa chigawo 5 cha 147 Depansi pa chikalata cha ufulu wa boma kaamba ka zaka kapena kupunduka, chifukwa chakuti mapulogalamu oterowo sanawonjezedwe kwambiri pansi pa kumvetsetsa malingaliro ameneŵa.

Chosankha cha Bostock: Kulemba ndi mawu a m’Baibulo.

Mwinamwake Woweruza Gor , wofanana ndi wolemba dzina la VII, anagwiritsira ntchito kumasulira kwaposachedwapa, Bostock v. Clayton County [20], kugawa ndandanda ya malamulo a njira za kapangidwe ka zinthu. Woweruza Gorw Gor , kulembera mawu 6-3 ambiri, anagwiritsira ntchito kumasulira kwa mawu: chifukwa chakuti tsankho lozikidwa pa kawonekedwe ka kugonana kapena mkhalidwe wa padera limaphatikizapo kugonana, kugonana kwa , kumakhala m'chinenero chofeŵeretsa cha Dio. Osuliza kumanja kumanja. Kuphatikizapo Chilungamo Alito m'ka kusudzutsa ndi kukopa kwa mwamuna, chifukwa chakuti Nyumba za U. Chosankhacho sichimafuna kubisa mkhalidwe wa kugonana kapena chisembwere. Ambiri amatsutsa tanthauzo la mawu a prognotensi, ndi kukopa kwa mwamuna, yemwe sakopeka kwa amuna chifukwa cha kuchiritsa amuna, chifukwa cha kuchiritsa amuna.

Bostock akusonyeza kusiyanitsa kwakukulu: olemba ambiri amatenga mawu a malemba, koma angapatuke njira pamene tanthauzo la lamulo loyambirira lapoyera limapereka zotulukapo zosakondweretsa. Chochitikacho chimasonyezanso kuti kuyambirira kumayendera limodzi, koma kulibe kufanana ndi, malembo. Nkhani yakuti kaya Bhoshock [1] inalidi “woyambayo.

Kusagwirizana Pakati pa Kuyamba kwa Malemba ndi Lamulo Lotsutsa Kugaŵanika Lamakono

Matanthauzo Osasintha. Miyezo Yosintha

Chikalata cha kukhazikitsa lamulo lachiyambi chokhazikitsa tanthauzo la lamulo pa nthaŵi ya kutembenuza chikusiyana ndi lamulo lamphamvu losakhala losemphana. Chikalata cha 144th Expression’s Experimence Security Claus, chovomerezedwa mu 1868, chinalingaliridwa poyamba kulola ufuko ndi kupereka ufulu wosiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi. Woyambirira woyambirira sakanakhala ndi lamulo lamphamvu la kusiyanitsa. [1] [6] Bronnbn v. Khoti la Maphunziro [FLT] [1954], limene linagonjetsa masukulu opangidwa, kapena [FLT] [FF:] [F.F.NT] adakhala ndi kudalira kwa kutetezera koyambirira, koyambirira kuwonjezera. Kugwirizanitsa ndi kuwonjezera, kutetezera kwa Classiumstion, kugwirizanitsa ndi kutanthauza kwake kwa kufalikira kwa kufalikira kwa kufalikira kwa matanthauzo atsopano, pamene kuli koyambirira, kuphatikizapo ndi kumvetsetsa kwa “kusintha kwa kuthekera kwa kupo.

Kukopa Anthu Oyambirira ndi Oyambirira

Malo ena oonekeratu ndiwo chiphunzitso cha kusiyanitsa, chokhazikitsidwa mu Griggs . Power Co. (1971]. Pansi pa chiyambukiro chosiyana, machitidwe a ntchito omwe ali osaloŵerera pamaso koma mosayenerera amavulaza gulu lotetezeredwa angakhale osaloleka kusiyapo ngati kuli kofunikira kwa bizinesi. Oyambirira amasuliza chiphunzitsochi monga chopambana cholinga choyambirira cha Ditut VII, chimene anachipanga kuletsa kukondera kokha. Osuliza akusonyeza chinenero cha statry: “chifukwa cha fuko la munthu, mtundu, chipembedzo, kapena chiyambi cha dziko, chimene amaŵerenga monga akufunira koma chifukwa cha kasupe ndi kasupe. Chikhoti cha chiwombe chachi pansi pa Zigawo za Unistrust, koma Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chiwo. [5] Ogwirizana ndi Chikalata Chosagwirizana ndi Chikalata Chosagwirizana ndi Chiyanjani cha Chiyanjani cha Chiyankhu cha Chimodzi cha Chiyanjani cha . [194]

Kupeza Nyumba Zachipembedzo ndi Malamulo Oyamba

Chigamulo cha Supreme Court cha 2021 mu [FLT: 0]. Mzinda wa Philadelphia [[FLT: 1] ndi zigamulo 2023 mu [FLT:] [Foff] ndi zigamulo zachipembedzo [[FLT:] [2] [machitidwe] a ntchito a antchito] kuvomereza machitachita achipembedzo. Deoff v. (Kupangitsa kuvutikira kwapadera kwa ufulu wachipembedzo) zonse ziŵiri zimasonyeza nkhaŵa zoyambirira za kuteteza ufulu wachipembedzo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, olemba ntchito achipembedzo afunafuna kuchotsa ziyeneretso zosagwirizana ndi za kugonana, Deoftyo ndi kumasulira kwa dzina la VITCTC, kutanthauza kuti kumasulira kwa chigamulo choyamba cha Chiyambi cha Chilango.

Mfundo Zovuta Kumvetsa za M’tsogolo

Khoti Lalikulu Ndiponso Loyambirira

Ndi anthu 6 - 3 osunga malamulo angapo oyambitsidwa ndi anthu kapena olemba, chigamulo cha lamulo la ntchito losakhala logaŵana chingasinthe. Khoti lachepetsa kale mphamvu ya kusiyanitsa, mphamvu ya Congress yochepetsa mphamvu ya chitetezero cha boma, ndi kumasuka kokhala ndi chizindikiro cha kupenda motsimikiza ntchito ya fuko ([FLT:]] machenjera a Fair Adgistss sakhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji pa mlandu wa chikole cha VII, koma malingaliro ake angagwiritsiridwe ntchito. Padzanja lina, [FLT:] [Brost] [[FLT]]] [mapepala] amasonyeza kuti mapangano angatulutse nkhani za m'pansi angapereketsemo nkhani za m'tsogolo modabwitsa. Zikayi kapena kuti chisankhoterere choyambirira chisankho chika china chikanetse chikhometso cha chika chika, kapena chiganikire cha chisantso cha chika chika china chimene chika china chimene chikaimira chika china, chikanenso, poti chika chika china.

Kuvomereza kwa Malamulo ndi Kachitidwe ka Boma

Chifukwa chakuti mamasuliridwe oyambirira angaumirize kutetezera kwa boma, ochirikiza ufulu wosagaŵanika wowonjezereka atembenukira kwambiri ku makhoti a boma. Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo amene amadutsa ku machinjirizo a boma, kuphatikiza LGBTQ+ antchito, kutetezera ku tsankho la tsitsi logwirizana ndi fuko (CRLOIN Act), ndi kuika ziwombolo zokulira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mabwalo a malamulo oyambirira angafotokoze malamulo awo. Njira imeneyi imatanthauza kuti chitetezo cha wantchito ku tsankho chimadalira kotheratu pa malo ake.

Kuyamba Kuphunzitsa Anthu za M’tsogolo

EEOC, monga bungwe loyang'anira, imachita mbali yaikulu m'kukhazikitsa mutu wa Thit Vie VII ndi malamulo ena osakhala opatuka. Kukayikira koyambirira kwa boma lauyang'aniro, kofotokozedwa m'nkhani zonga Virginia v. EPA[FLT] [20022], kungatsogolere khoti kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa EOC kapena kukhoza kwake kupereka chitsogozo chimene chimakulitsa bwino malamulo. “major a chiphunzitso [1] angaperekedwe kuti apereke chilolezo chomveka bwino pamaso pa EEOC angapereke mfundo zotsutsa, monga zozikidwa pa kuyendayenda kapena kukondera. Olembedwa ntchito ndi antchito omwe angayang'anitsiridwenso monga mabwalo a milandu.

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza Mbiri ndi Kupita Patsogolo

Chiyambi cha Chiyambi chimapereka njira yokhazikitsira malamulo mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyamba, kupereka kukhazikika ndi ulemu ku ntchito za democracy zimene zinayambitsidwa. M'nkhani ya ntchito yopanda kugaŵana, njira imeneyi ingatetezere zoyembekezeredwa ndi kuchepetsa kulephera kwa aweruzi. Komabe mbiri ya malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi imodzi mwa njira yowonjezera ya chitetezo kwa magulu amene anachotsedwa ndi kuzindikira kwawo koyamba. Kulimbana pakati pa kukhulupirika ku tanthauzo la poyamba ndi kulingana kwakukulu. Oweruza alamulo, ndi opanga malamulo ayenera kupitirizabe kulimbana ndi kaya ndi mmene kapangidwe kake kamakhalidwe kanga kangagwirizanitsere ndi kusiyanitsa cha makhalidwe kozikidwa pa fuko, kugonana, kuzindikira kwa kugonana, zaka, kapena kupunduka kwa kugonana. Kuyankha kwa ntchito zalamulo mtsogolo kudzakhala kosayenera.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka: [[FLT: 0] Encyclopedia ya Filosofi [1] [FLT :1], [[FLT :2] Bostock v. Clayton County (lingaliro la SCOTUS), [[FLT:] EOC – Umutwe VI , [[FOLT]], Mudzi wa Boerne v. FROres, ndi [FLT:] , [FLT] .CHLYT .[FLT] .VFOLT]