Kuyamba Kuphunzitsa Anthu Kusintha Zinthu

Chiphunzitso choyambirira, monga njira ya kumasulira koikidwiratu, chimavomereza kuti tanthauzo la Malamulo linakhazikitsidwa panthaŵi ya kupekedwa kwake. Otsatira atsutsa kuti oweruza ayenera kumamatira ku tanthauzo loyambirira la mawuwo, mmalo mosintha kumasulira kwawo kuti asonyeze makhalidwe a panthaŵi ino. Pazaka makumi angapo zapitazo, nthanthi imeneyi yachokera ku ku kumasulira kwa malamulo a dziko la America, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamphamvu pa mmene khoti limachitira ndi ulamuliro wa boma, ufulu wa munthu aliyense, ndi / / / / / / kutsutsa kwake. Chigwirizano pakati pa malamulo oyambirira ndi oloŵa m’dziko silikuonekera nthaŵi zonse, komabe chimachokera ku ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wa boma pa malamulo a kusungitsa ufulu wa malamulo a anthu osakhala a ku United States, malingaliro oyamba a kukhazikitsa ufuluwo, ufulu woweruza, ndi kuweruza koyambirira.

Malamulo ogwirizanitsa anthu akukhala pa kuswana kwa ulamuliro, chisungiko cha dziko, boma, ndi ufulu wa munthu mmodzi. Kwa akatswiri, magawo ameneŵa amalamulidwa ndi makonzedwe alamulo amene tanthauzo lawo linathetsedwa pa kukhazikitsidwa. Malamulo ameneŵa angatulutse zotulukapo zimene ziri zoletsa kapena zotetezera ufulu wa anthu osamukira, zikumadalira pa mbiri yakale. Kumvetsetsa mmene chiyambi cha Chiyambi chimagwira ntchito m'nkhani ino kumafunikiritsa kusanthula mosamalitsa kwa Oyambitsa ̱ malingaliro a kusamuka, kuzindikira mphamvu ya boma, ndi njira imene kulingalira koyambirira kwakhalako m'nkhani zotchuka ndi zamakono. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kupendedwa kowonjezereka kwa mbali ya chiyambi ya malamulo opanga kayendetsedwe ka dziko, kupereka kupenda kwa mbiri, kupenda ziphunzitso, ndi kuyang'ana kwa kawomba kotsutsana.

Maziko a Malingaliro Oyambirira

Kumasulira mawu a Mulungu si chinthu chimodzi chokha. Zingwe ziwiri zikuluzikulu ndi cholinga choyambirira, chomwe chimafuna kupezanso zolinga za kuyambika kwa maFramers, ndi tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira, zimene zimasumika pa mmene mawu a m'malamulo akanamvedwera ndi munthu wololera panthaŵi ya kutchuka. Zomalizazo, zochirikizidwa ndi Justice Antonin Scalia ndi zina zina, zakhala mtundu waukulu wa chiphunzitso cha Chikhristu m’malamulo amakono. Pansi pa mfundo imeneyi, ntchito ya woweruza imakhala kugwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo lotsimikizirika la malembawo ku mikhalidwe yatsopano, osati kukonzanso tanthauzo limene limayendera mfundo za m'zolowezi. Kutsimikiza mawu a malemba akunenedwa kuti akulamulira, kuwonjezera, kukwaniritsa, kukwaniritsa lamulo.

Kukula kwa chiphunzitso choyambirira monga chiphunzitso chogwirizanitsa kunakhala ndi mphamvu mu 1980, mbali ina monga kuvomereza kugamulidwa kwa Warren ndi Burger Courts. Attorney Edwin Meese III adafotokoza mlandu wa kugamula kwa cholinga choyambirira m'nkhani zotsatizana, ndipo akatswiri onga Robert Bock anapanga kujambula kope. Pofika nthaŵi ya kugamula kwa Woweruza Scalia ku Khoti Lapamwamba mu 1986, Chiphunzitso choyambirira chinali ndi mphamvu yaikulu. Lerolino, chimalandiridwa ndi mbali yaikulu ya kayendetsedwe ka malamulo ndipo chasonkhezera oweruza pamlingo uliwonse wa bungwe la boma la judiary, kuphatikizapo zoweruza zingapo pa Bwalo Lapamwamba la Suppo.

M'nkhani za kusamuka, chisonkhezero cha kuyambirira nchachikulu kwambiri chifukwa chakuti lamulo la kusamuka limadzutsa mafunso a maziko ponena za mtundu wa ulamuliro ndi ukulu wa ulamuliro wa dziko. Malamulo samagwiritsira ntchito liwulo “kusintha,” koma limapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu yokhazikitsa lamulo lofanana la kulinganiza zinthu zachilengedwe (Article, Game 8, Claus 4) ndi kulamulira malonda ndi mitundu yachilendo (Chigawo I, Clause 3). Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kwa nthaŵi yaitali mphamvu yachibadwa kulamulira ndi kuchotsa kwa anthu osakhala a kumanja, mphamvu imene inayamba kukhazikitsa malamulo enieni ndipo siiikidwa m’manja okha. Oyambirira ayenera kutsutsana ndi mphamvu imeneyi yachibadwa ya boma, yoŵerengekanika.

Kumvetsetsa Koyambirira kwa Mphamvu Yosasintha ya Gulu la Olamulira

Mbadwo wokhazikitsidwa unalandira mwambo wa ku England wofala, umene unkazindikira ulamuliro waukulu wa mfumuyo pa kuloŵa ndi kuthamangitsidwa kwa alendo. Ma Declaire of Blackstone, magwero aakulu a Aframers, analongosola kuti mfumu inali ndi mphamvu yochotsa kapena kuchotsa alendo monga mbali ya “mphamvu ya boma”. Mkhalidwe umenewu udziŵitsa kusanthula koyambirira kwa ulamuliro wa boma wa kusamuka. Maganizo a Confeder sanapatse boma mphamvu yeniyeni pa kusamutsidwa, koma kuvomereza kwa malamulo achilengedwe, kuphatikizapo Kuyenerera ndi Kuyenera kwa Claus E. Chilungamochi chimapereka cholinga cha kulamulira ulamuliro wa boma ndi kulowa m'malo.

Chikalata chotchedwa Alen Friends Act cha 1798, chija cha m'mabungwe oyambirira chinkatsimikizira mfundo imeneyi. Chikalata cha Naturation cha 1790 chinakhazikitsa malamulo oyambirira a kukhala nzika. Chikalata cha Alen Friends Act cha 1798, mbali ya bungwe lotsutsana ndi Alien ndi Sedition Acts, chinalamula Pulezidenti kuti asunge anthu osadziwa kuti “adawononga mtendere ndi chitetezo cha United States. Pamene kuli kwakuti Aluen ndi Sedition Act adatsutsidwa ndi kutha kapena kuchotsedwa, sanatsutsidwa mwachipambano m'khoti ya malamulo. Nkhani ya mbiri yakale imeneyi imasonyeza kuti mbadwo woyamba wa anthu a ku America anamvetsa boma kuti likhale ndi mphamvu, ngakhale kuti si yopanda malire, mphamvu pa anthu osakhala a maofesi a boma.

Olemba malamulo a m'dziko kaŵirikaŵiri amagogomezera kuti lemba la Malamulo liyenera kuŵerengedwa mogwirizana ndi nkhani za m'mbiri imene linalembedwa. Nkhani za m'pangano la Malamulo ndi m'misonkhano ya boma yovomereza zili ndi kukambitsirana kochepera kwachindunji kwa kusamuka, koma kuzindikira kwachisawawa kwa uchifumu ndi nkhani zachilendo kumatchula mwamphamvu za kulamulira kwa dziko. Alexander Hamilton, kulemba mu The Federalist No. 11, adatsutsa kuti malamulo amalonda onse a United States athandiza kuti “athetse kulowa m’dzikolo” mogwirizana ndi chikondwerero cha dzikolo. James Madison, mu The Federalist No. 42, anagwirizanitsa mphamvu yachibadwa ya kukhala ndi kuyenera kwa kugwirizana m'maiko onsewo, akulingalira kuti opanga mafalo apeŵe a kuletsa maiko osiyanasiyana kuloŵerera m'dziko.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu: Kulemba Mlandu Kukugwira Ntchito

Nkhani Zothetsa Chidwi za ku China

Chigamulo chachikulu choyamba cha Khoti Lalikulu pa mphamvu ya boma yoloŵa m'dziko chinabwera kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, m'nkhani zotsatizana zotchedwa kuti Chruscususion Cases. Chae Chan Ping v. United States . , Bwalo lamilandu linachirikiza mphamvu ya boma la boma la kuchotsa antchito a ku China mosasamala kanthu za mapangano olonjeza kuloŵa mwaufulu. Woweruza Stephen J. Field, polembera anthu ambiri, anapempha mphamvu yalamulo ladziko lililonse la kudziimira pa malire ake. Pamene kuli kwakuti Bwalo silinagwiritsire ntchito mawu akuti “udoma, , mfundo yake inadalira kwambiri pa lingaliro lakuti mphamvu ya kuchotsa anthu achilendoyo inali chizindikiro cha ulamuliro wa United States amene anali ndi ufulu wa kudziimira paokhazika.

Akatswiri otchuka lerolino amatsutsana kuti kaya Malamulo a Chitchaina Exclussion Case adagamulidwa molondola pansi pa tanthauzo loyambirira la Malamulo. Ena amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso cha mphamvu ya ulamuliro wachibadwa nchosemphana ndi dongosolo la Malamulo la maulamuliro oŵerengedwa ndi kuti ulamuliro wa boma pa osakhala audindo uyenera kulekezedwa ku maulamuliro amenewo motsimikizirika. Ena amatsimikiza kuti mphamvu ya kulamulira malirewo iri chochitika chofunika cha ulamuliro wa dziko limene opanga maderamenti anachitenga kukhala chovomerezeka ndi kuti malamulowo akusungadi. Mkanganowu ukupitirizabe kufalikira m’mikhalidwe yamakono ya ulamuliro wapamwamba woletsa kusamuka.

Fong Yue Ting v. United States (1893)

Mu Fong Yue Ting [1], Bwalo lamilandu linafutukula nzeru ya Cahe Chan Ping kuchotsa, ndikuti mphamvu ya boma ya kuchotsa osakhala a chivomezi inali yaikulu monga mphamvu yake ya kuwachotsa. Nkhaniyo inakhudza antchito a ku China amene anamangidwa chifukwa cha kulephera kukhala ndi zikalata zofunikira ndi Geary Act . Khoti linakana zigomeko zimene zinaletsa chilango cha upandu wofuna mlandu wa oweruza pansi pa chigamu cha Sikisi. Coonadi, polemba Gray, analemba za anthu ambiri, analongosola mphamvu ya kuchotsa alendo monga “chochitika cha ulamuliro wa boma la United States monga chiŵalo cha dziko la United States.

Kusanthula koyambirira kwa Fong Yue Ting kumasumika pa kaya tanthauzo lapoyera loyambirira la Malamulo likadazindikira kusiyana pakati pa kuchotsedwa ndi kuthamangitsidwa kaamba ka zifuno za malamulo. Mbadwo wokhawo unangozoloŵera kuchotsedwa, koma Alenen Friends Act ya 1798 inavomereza kuchotsedwa kwachidule kwa osakhala a bungwe la boma ndi dongosolo la akuluakulu, popanda zoweruza. Chitsanzo cha mbiri yakalechi chimapereka lingaliro lakuti Republic yoyambirira inalandira ulamuliro waukulu wa ku jola ku ; ngakhale kuli tero, Alien Friends Act inali yotsutsana kwambiri ndi zaka ziŵiri, kusiya chipinda cha akatswiri oyambirira kuti isakhazikitse chidziŵitso chalamulo. Funso lidakalipo m'ka pa ufulu wamakono woyang'nkhani ya kuchotsa ufulu woyang'ana.

United States v. Wong Kim Likasa (1898)

Kuchokera ku chikhoterero choletsa cha Exclusution Cases ya Chitchaina, Bwalo Lapamwamba linasungidwa mu Likasa la Kim kuti mwana wobadwa ku United States kwa makolo Achitchaina amene anali wovomerezedwa kukhala nzika yachikhalire anali munthu wa U.S. Mutu wa U.S. Mutu wa Unduna wa Malamulo a Zam'dziko. Woweruza Horace Gray, analembanso kachiŵiri, woloŵetsedwa m’kalongosoledwe katsatanetsatane ka lamulo lachibadwa la kukhala nzika (juli) ndi kugamula kuti tanthauzo loyamba la kusamukira ku chigawo cha Claus linaphatikiza anthu onse obadwa ku United States ndi kugonjera ku ulamuliro wake, ndi ana achilendo, asilikali ndi ziwalo za Agulu la Ankhondo, ndi ziwalo za ku India.

Chigamulo chimenechi chimatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala chitsanzo chapadera cha kugamula kwa kuyambirira kumene kunatulutsa chotulukapo cha kutsimikizirika. Mwakukhazikitsa kumasulira kwa mbiri ya kukhala nzika pa lamulo lofala ndi okonza mafomu cholinga cha kupanga Dongosolo la 149, Bwalo linakana zigomeko zakuti Atchaina a America sanali ndi ufulu wa kukhala ndi ufulu. Olemba nkhani za m'malemba amakono amatchula [FLT: 0] Wang Kim Ark monga umboni wakuti chiphunzitso choyambirira sichimaletsa kwenikweni ufulu wa anthu osamukira kudziko lina; mmalo mwake, chimatulukapo chifukwa cha kuwerenga bwino kwambiri umboni wa mbiri yakale, mosasamala kanthu za malamulo amakono.

Kutsatira Lamulo la Kusamuka kwa Anthu pa Mwambo wa Kuyamba

Ulamuliro wa Olamulira ndi Chiletso cha Kuyenda

Chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri cha kukambitsirana kwachiyambi kwa lamulo la kusamuka ndicho chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Trump . Hawaii (2017), chomwe chinachirikiza kuperekedwa kwachitatu kwa Prezidenti Trump wa ulendo wa kuletsa kwa maiko angapo achisilamu. Woweruza wamkulu John Roberts, kulemba kaamba ka ambiri, anadalira pa kugamula kwakukulu koperekedwa kwa Pulezidenti pansi pa Immigation ndi Nationality Act ndi ulamuliro wachilendo wa nthambi yapamwamba. Woweruza Clarence Thomas, m’chivomerezo chogwirizana, anapitiriza kunena kuti ulamuliro walamulo wa prezidenti wa dziko ndi dzikolo ndi chisungiko zinalidi kuposa zimene ambiri analingalira.

Chigwirizano cha Woweruza Thomas ndi chitsanzo cha kupenda koyambirira. Iye anafufuzanso za kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri yakale kwa ulamuliro wa olamulira pa zochitika zachilendo kuyambira ku chiyambi cha Republic, kugogomezera kuti Prezidenti, monga woimira yekha wa mtunduwo m’mayanjano achilendo, ali ndi ulamuliro wa kuchotsa osafuna chisungiko cha dziko. Anapemphanso tanthauzo loyambirira la Taire Claus ndi Ves Clause kuti atsutse kuti mphamvu ya Pulezidenti ya zinthu zachilendo siziri kokha ku malamulo ndi mapangano koma kuti ziloŵe m’njira ya kudziimira. Pamene kuli kwakuti ambiri sanatengerepo chidwi cha Thomas ndi chigwirizano choyambirira cha boma. Kulingalira kwake kukulitsa mphamvu ya Chipani cha Surmasmusmetic.

DACA NDI NZERU

Defered Action for Childhood Action for Depageals (DACA) yayambitsanso mikangano yoyambirira. Osuliza a DACA akutsutsa kuti nthambi yaikulu ilibe ulamuliro walamulo kukhazikitsa programu yaikulu yotsala yomwe imalembanso malamulo oloŵerapo ndi Congress. Oyambirira amanena za kusiyanitsa konsinsina kwa maulamuliro, kutsutsa kuti mphamvu yokhazikitsa magulu a kukhalapo kololedwa ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa ntchito ndi ya kuikidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Classionation Clauslee ndi Imake ndi Kuyenera Clauslease. Trump imayesa kukonzanso kubwereranso DCA A. Chigamulo cha Chilungamo chinatsutsidwa ndi Chigamu, ndipo nkhaniyo inafika ku Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLD: 0] Chikalata chovomerezepo cha Supwirikiti ya . Regen of the University of CaliforniaFoctive. [20]

Akatswiri ophunzitsa za kuyambika kwa dziko adakali ogaŵanika pa DACA. Ena amanena kuti tanthauzo loyamba la Take Care Claus limafuna kuti Prezidenti asungitse malamulo oloŵera kudziko monga momwe alembedwera, osasiya mpata wa programu imene imakana kotheratu kuchotsa gulu lalikulu la anthu osakhala apadera. Ena amatsutsa kuti kuweruza kwa a loya kuli ndi maziko a mbiri yakale ndi kuti chidziŵitso choyambirira cha ulamuliro chimaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa chuma cha anthu, ngakhale ngati zimenezo zingatheketse kuchotsa m'zigawo za milandu ina.

Kubadwa Woyenera Kukhala Nzika ndi Kusintha kwa Zamkati kwa Zaka 14

Nkhani ya kukhala ndi ufulu yakhala chothetseratu m'nkhani za kusamuka, ndi akatswiri ena akutsutsa kuti Chigawo cha Claus sichimafuna kuti ana a alendo osalembedwa kapena alendo azikhala nzika. Chidziŵitso chamwambo, chozikidwa pa [[FLT: 0] Wong Kim Stork [1], nchakuti pepalalo limabisa anthu onse obadwa ku United States ndi kugonjera ku ulamuliro wake, ndi lamulo lopapatiza lokha. Komabe, ofufuza a Chidziŵitso choyambirira, amatsutsa kuti tanthauzo la “kugonjera ulamuliro wake [1] limachotsa anthu amene kukhalapo kwawo kuli kosaloledwa ndi lamulo kapena makolo awo sakugonjera kotheratu ku U.S. Malamulo, monga ngati kukhomangitsa msonkho ndi kulanda msonkho.

Lingaliro limeneli lakukonzanso lafotokozedwa ndi akatswiri onga Peter Schuck ndi Rogers Smith, ndipo lapeza chichirikizo pakati pa oweruza ena osasintha ndi opanga malamulo. Malamulo, otetezeredwa ndi ambiri mu [FLT: 0] Wong Kim Ark , ndi kuti umboni wa mbiri yakale umalimbikitsa kumvetsetsa kochuluka kwa umfumu wa makolo. Kutsutsana pa ufulu wa Chibadwidwe cha 1866 ndi Demendment kumasonyeza kuti Nyumba za Malamulo zofuna kulamulira Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLT:] Scottp v. Sandford "FLD" [FLD:] [5] [185] ndi kutsimikizira kuti anthu onse obadwa mu United States, mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe kapena za nzika za anthu a m'dziko, amene anatsutsa kuti nkhani ya m'mbiri yachikhalidwe la Chisinthiko ndi kuwongolera mfundo za m'mbiri ya kulongosola za kulongosola kwa lamulo la kulongosola kwa lamulo.

Kuloŵetsedwamo kwa Kuyambirira m’Chilamulo Chosagwirizana ndi Ufulu

Kuyamba kwa munthu sikwakupanda otsutsa ake, ndipo zitsutso zambiri zimabuka mwachindunji m'nkhani za kusamuka. Chiphunzitso chimodzi chofala nchakuti kuyambirira kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zikhumbo zawo za 18 ndi 19, sikunalonjezedwe bwino ku dziko la anthu ambiri padziko lonse, uchigaŵenga wapadziko lonse, ndi maulamuliro ovuta kwambiri. Oyambitsawo sakanayembekezera muyeso ndi mkhalidwe wa kusamuka kwamakono, ndi kuyesa kugwiritsira ntchito zolinga zawo zolingalira pa mavuto a panthaŵi ino zingatulutse zotulukapo zopanda pake. Mwachitsanzo, chidziŵitso choyambirira cha “Uchigaŵenga ndi mitundu ina . Zikayikire mosavuta ku magulu amakono a mapangano, njira zotetezera, kapena malamulo okhazikitsa malamulo a ntchito.

Chiphunzitso chachiŵiri nchakuti chiyambi chimatchula mosankha kuti mbiri ilungamitse kubwezera. Osuliza amanena za Exclususion Cases ya Chinai, imene kaŵirikaŵiri imasulizidwa kukhala yopatuka chifukwa cha fuko, monga umboni wakuti kulingalira koyambirira kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuchirikiza malamulo osalungama. Ngati kuyambirira kumafuna kukhulupirika ku tanthauzo loyambirira la Malamulo, ndipo tanthauzo loyambirira limalekerera tsankho la fuko ndi losakhala lachibadwidwe, ndiyeno kuyambirira kungatsutsidwe ndi kuchirikiza kusalungama kwa m'mbiri. Oyambirira amavomereza kuti malamulo a m'lamulo a malamulo a malamulo a malamulowo ngosiyana ndi mfundo za malamulo, ndi kuti malamulo a kutetezera koyambirira, oletsa kusamuka kwa anthu ena otchuka ndi otchuka.

Kachitatu kake kakukhudza vuto la kusadziwana kwa mbiri yakale. Mbiri ya mafunso ambiri a malamulo siigwirizana, ndipo ofufuza za chiyambi amatsutsana pakati pawo ponena za zimene tanthauzo lake loyamba limafunikira. M'lamulo loloŵa m'dziko, kusagwirizana kumeneku n’koopsa: pakuti mfundo zonse za mbiri yakale zimene zimachirikiza mphamvu ya boma, pali mfundo yotsutsana yokhudza kuyambitsa ulamuliro wapakati. Otsutsa Baibulo amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chimalephera kukwaniritsa lonjezo lake la kuletsa chifukwa chakuti oweruza angachirikize pafupifupi mbiri yonse. Ofufuza mbiri amavomereza kuti kupenda mbiri yakale kumaphatikizapo chiweruzo koma kuti njira ya moyo imaperekabe kuletsa zinthu zambiri kuposa malamulo apamwamba, zimene sizimapereka mfundo yeniyeni pa mfundo zonse.

Kuyamba Kulankhula ndi Mtsogolo mwa Lamulo Losasintha

Pamene anthu ambiri osasintha a Khoti Lalikulu afika paubwino, kuyambirira kumachita mbali yaikulu kwambiri pogwirizanitsa malamulo a kusamukira ku dziko. Kuikidwa kwa oweruza amene amadzipereka ku njira yoyambirira ya anthu, monga Justice Neil Gorforeth ndi Justice Brett Kavavaugh, zizindikiro zakuti milandu ya kusamuka kwa anthu m’tsogolo idzatsegulidwa ndi kugamulidwa ndi kugamulidwa mosamalitsa ndi mawu, kapangidwe, ndi mbiri. Zimenezi sizimaneneratu kuti pazochitika zofanana pa milandu yonse; njira yoyambirira ya kumasulira zinthu imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mlandu ndi mutu wa munthu, ndipo umboni wa mbiri yakale ungapende m’njira zosiyanasiyana mogwirizana ndi funso lapadera la lamulo lokhudza nkhani.

Chigamulo china chimene chingakhale ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu ndi ukulu wa kuchotsedwa kwa boma m'lamulo la kusamuka. Mayiko afuna mowonjezereka kukhazikitsa njira zawo zosungitsira kusamuka, kuyambira ku SB 1070 mpaka ku Texas Operation Star. Chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu Arizona v. United States (202) adagonjetsa makonzedwe angapo a SB 1070 pa maziko opatulidwa, koma kufufuza koyambirira kwa predition kudakali kupikisana. Oyambirira amatsutsa kuti kapangidwe ka Kayendetsedwe ka Kachikhalidwe ka Claus ndi Khalika, makamaka kusakhala malo a boma la Dziko lina, monga momwe mbadwo woyambitsa ana anazindikira kuti kukhazikitsako kunali kofunikira.

Mbali ina yaikulu ndiyo mkhalidwe wa lamulo la kopulumukira ndi kusakhalako kwa malo. Lamulo la Othaŵa a 1980 linaphatikiza mathayo a mitundu yonse pansi pa 1967 Protocol Relactives to the Motives of Refugees, koma akatswiri oyambirira akukayikira ngati Konsichushoni ifuna chitetezo chotetezera anthu kubwerera ku chizunzo. Mbadwo woyambirirawo unali ndi chidziŵitso chochepa cha kopulumukira, ndipo tanthauzo loyamba la Act Proced Claus ndi Sussion Claus sunga kufikira anthu osakhala ofunafuna kuloŵa m'malo mwawo. Khoti Lapamwamba silinayankhiretu funsoli, koma pamene nkhani zotetezera zikupitirizabe kugwedeza bwalo lamilandu la boma, zoyambazo ziyenera kupititsa patsogolo mbali zonse ziŵiri. Oyambirira amatsutsa kuti kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri ya ulamuliro wa dziko lonselo sikungapereketsende kuonetsende a maiko ena osoŵa ufulu wawo.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Pambuyo pa Kusintha

Chiphunzitso cha kusinthika sichili m’malo; chimagwirizana ndi kumasulira kwa malamulo, lamulo lauyang'aniro, ndi manthambi a ndale zadziko omwe akudziŵa ntchito zawo za lamulo. Ngakhale pamene makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito kukambitsirana kwa oyambirira kwa oloŵa m'dziko, Congress amasunga mphamvu yoyambirira kukonza njira zosamukira m'malamulo. Njira za kusinkhukira zingathandize kumveketsa malamulowo, kupereka chitsogozo kwa opanga malamulo amene akufuna kupulumuka kupenda ntchito zachiweruzo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimaika malire amene angalepheretse zolinga zina zalamulo , ngati tanthauzo loyamba la kukonza Claus linkaletsa mphamvu ya kusamukira ku Pulezidenti, kapena ngati lunthauzirano loyambirira la kutetezera kugwiritsa ntchito kwa dziko la anthu osamuka m'mayiko.

Kutsutsana kopitirizabe pankhani ya kusintha anthu ku Congress kaŵirikaŵiri kumaphatikizapo malamulo amene amapangidwa ndi mfundo zachiyambi. Pamene opanga malamulo alingalira za malingaliro a kusintha njira yosamutsira anthu m'banja, apange gulu latsopano la ma visa antchito ophedwa apamwamba, kapena kupereka njira yalamulo kwa anthu osamukira popanda kulembedwa, ayenera kulingalira ngati malingaliro amenewo ali ogwirizana ndi malamulo achibadwa a Malamulo. Akatswiri a za m'zaka zoyambirira angadziŵitse zimenezi mwa kupereka malingaliro a m'mbiri pa mphamvu ya boma, unzika, ndi ufulu wa anthu osakhala a m'dzikolo. Mwachitsanzo, kuzindikira koyamba kwa zifuno za Claus Classia kungachepetse mphamvu ya Malamulo achilengedwe kupanga malamulo osiyana a maiko kapena zigawo, ngakhale ngati malamulowo akuoneka kukhala anzeru.

Kuyerekezera: Kuyambirira m’Malangizo Ena

Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyambirira kuli kogwirizana kwambiri ndi lamulo lalamulo la ku America, njira yomasulira malemba alamulo mogwirizana ndi kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa olemba awo ili yofanana ndi madongosolo ena a zamalamulo. Ku Canada, lamulo la “tanthauzo loyamba” limachita mbali yochepa pomasulira Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, monga mmene Khoti Lapamwamba la Canada nthaŵi zambiri lakonda“ mtengo wamoyo” umene umalola kuti malamulo a m'dzikolo asinthe. Komabe, akatswiri ena a ku Canada anena za mbali yaikulu ya kumasulira malamulo aupandu ndi mabungwe a boma. Ku Germany, Federal Constigation Councial Court imatchula cholinga choyambirira cha malamulo a Basic, koma khoti la Jurisrudence limakhala loonekera poyera, ndipo limatsatira mfundo za malamulo a boma.

M'nkhani za kusamuka, maiko ena sanapange lamulo locholoŵana lapamwamba lofananalo la akatswiri a zachikhalidwe, makamaka chifukwa chakuti miyambo yawo ya malamulo siigogomezera kulongosola kwa mawu. Kusokha kwa mwambo woyambirira kumaiko akunja kumasonyeza kusiyana kwa njira za ku America ndi ukulu umene kuyambirira kumapanga lamulo la U.S. m’njira zimene sizikutengeranso kwina kulikonse. Kwa akatswiri a ku America, kusiyanitsa kumeneku kuli magwero a mphamvu: kumasonyeza kudzipereka kwapadera kwa U.S. Constitution ku ulamuliro wotchuka ndi lamulo la lamulo. Kwa osuliza.

Kumaliza

Chiphunzitso choyambirira cha kukhazikitsa malamulo a anthu oloŵa m’dziko nchakuya ndipo nchotsutsidwa. Mwakusunga malamulo kumasulira tanthauzo la mawu oyambirira, kuyambirira kumapereka njira yothetsera mafunso okhudza mphamvu ya boma, ulamuliro wa akuluakulu, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense amene ali maziko a lamulo la kusamuka. Cholembedwa cha mbiri yakale chimapereka chichirikizo pa mipambo yambiri ya zotulukapo, kuyambira ku kulamulira kolimba kwa boma kutetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi njira yoyenerera kwa anthu osakhala a m'bungwe. Monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba likupitirizabe kugwiritsira ntchito mfundo zoyambirira za odziŵa za kusamuka, njira za kachitidwe kapangidwe ka zinthu ka zinthu ka zinthu kadzakhalabe wamphamvu kwambiri . Ngati nthaŵi zina, ngati kufalikira kwa malamulo a American trans transting .

Kwa opanga malamulo, a ligigator, ndi akatswiri, kumvetsetsa kuyambirira sikulinso kodzisankhira. Kaya munthu amagwirizana ndi nthanthi, kuifuna, kapena kuigwiritsira ntchito m'nkhani zatsopano, chisonkhezero chake pa kusamuka kwa anthu, chiyambukiro chake pa malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, ufulu wa anthu, ndi ufulu wa anthu osakhala a kudziko, zonse zimene zili ndi maziko a maganizo a anthu oyambirira. Pamene dzikolo likupitirizabe kulimbana ndi mavuto a kusamukira m'zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba, kuyambirira kwa kukhazikitsa malamulo kumene zipitizire. Chiyambi cha malamulo oyambirira cha lamulo la kusamuka kwa anthu osamukira m'dziko chidzadalira pa mtundu wa anthu otchuka, kukopa, ndi kufunitsitsa kwa onse ogwirizana ndi malamulo.