Ntchito Yomasulira Yoyambirira: Kumasulira Tanthauzo Lotsimikizirika la Lamulolo

Chiphunzitso cha Origealist ndi njira ya kumasulira kwa malamulo amene amakhudza malemba a United States Constitution ayenera kumvedwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake panthaŵi imene chinavomerezedwa . “cholinga choyamba cha Aframes kapena“ tanthauzo la anthu la poyamba" losungidwa ndi oimba.

Maziko a chiyambi chamakono akutsata ku ma 1980, pamene ziŵerengero zonga ngati Attorney General Edwin Meese III ndi Jasitisi Antonin Scalia anaitsutsa monga choletsa pa kuweruza. Scalia, makamaka, adatsutsa kuti oweruza ayenera kukhala “atumiki okhulupirika a chidziŵitso choyambirira” mmalo mwa“ oyambitsa malamulo atsopano. Kutembenuza kwapezanso kugawana kowonjezereka m'malamulo mwa akatswiri onga Robert Bork, Randy Barnett, ndi Michael Mcnnell. Lerolino, kuli kagalasi yaikulu kwa oweruza ambiri, kuphatikizapo pa Bwalo Lapamwamba.

Ochirikiza kuyambika kwa chitaganya amanena kuti kukhazikitsa, kutsimikizirika, ndi kuikidwa kwa ufumu kwa demokrase: Ngati tanthauzo la Malamulo asintha pa malingaliro a oweruza ambiri, chikalatacho chimataya ulamuliro wake wochirikizidwa. Komabe, osuliza amanena kuti icho chimanyalanyaza mkhalidwe wosintha wa chitaganya, chingatsogolere ku zotulukapo zopanda chilungamo, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri chimagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosankha kufikira zotulukapo zoyembekezeredwa. Mosasamala kanthu za kutsutsana kumeneku, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimakhalabe mphamvu yamphamvu m’malamulo a ku Amereka, makamaka m’nkhani zokhudza ufulu wachipembedzo.

Matanthauzo Oyambirira a Anthu

Chidziŵitso chachikulu cha chiphunzitso choyambirira ndicho mkangano pakati pa “chifuno choyambirira” (zimene Aforensi analingalira mwamseri mawuwo) ndi“ tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira” (limene munthu wolingalira panthaŵi ya kujambula anamvetsetsa mawuwo). Woweruza Scalia anali wochirikiza wotchuka wa mawu omalizirawo, akumatsutsa kuti “chifuno cha ulamuliro” cha Abambo ochepa chabe Opeza chinali chopeketsa ndi chosagwira ntchito ya democracy. M’malo mwake,“ tanthauzo la" lofala, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa dikishonale, ndi mawu a mbiri yakale angathandize kumasulira kwa chipembedzo. Nkhani zimenezi zingatheke kuti oweruza oyambirira afike pa mfundo zosiyana ponena za kufikira kwa First Amegement, ngakhale ponena kuti atsane ku njira yofananayo.

Kumasuka kwa Chipembedzo m’Bungwe la Malamulo: Chikalata ndi Mbiri

Mpumulo Woyamba wa Boma Loona za Ufulu Woyenera umapereka chitetezo chachikulu cha zinthu ziŵiri pankhani ya chipembedzo:

  • Kukhazikitsa Claus: “Kazembe sapanga lamulo lililonse lokhudza kukhazikitsa chipembedzo.” Mawu ameneŵa amaletsa boma kuvomereza kapena kuchirikiza chipembedzo china.
  • The Free Execroem Claus: “kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwaulere.” Mawuwa amatetezera ufulu wa anthu ndi magulu a chipembedzo chawo popanda kudodometsedwa ndi boma.

Malamulo aŵiri ameneŵa amagwira ntchito pamodzi kupanga chimene Thomas Jefferson motchuka anatcha “khoma la kusiyanitsa pakati pa tchalitchi ndi boma. [1] Komabe, tanthauzo lenileni la kulekanitsa kumeneko(ndi mmene angalinganizire ndi maseŵera aulere(wakhala akutsutsana mwamphamvu kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri.

Malamulo, akujambula kwa akatswiri a za ku kayendedwe ka zinthu monga John Locke ndi ku zokumana nazo zawo za atsamunda, anayesa kuletsa tchalitchi cha dzikolo pamene anali kusiya maboma aufulu kusamalira nkhani zachipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, Malamulo Oyamba anasungidwa ku boma la Congregation mpaka mu 1833. Maframe, anajambula kwa anthu oganiza bwino monga John Locke ndi kumbuyo kwa atsamunda awo, ndipo anayesa kuletsa tchalitchi cha boma kuti chikhale ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zachipembedzo. Malamulo oyambirira ankagwira ntchito ku boma la boma lokhalo, osati ku mayiko amene nthaŵi zambiri ankatchula za mbiri yakale. Kokhapa Azati a Breti ya Khirisimende Claus mu 1868 ndi anayamba “kukhazikitsa malamulo Oyamba , njira imene inatha kuimbidwa ndi pakati pa zaka za zana la 2020.

Malingaliro a Kuyamba pa Maufulu Achipembedzo: Malamulo ndi Zophunzirira

Okhulupirira chiphunzitso chachikale anaŵerenga Chiyambi cha Claus mochepera: Chimaletsa kupangidwa kwa tchalitchi cha dziko kapena kusankha chipembedzo chimodzi kwa boma kuposa china, koma sichimafuna kutsutsa kopambanitsa kumene kumachotsa chipembedzo m’moyo wa anthu. Monga momwe Justice Scalia analembera mu Lee v. Weisman , , “mbiri ndi mwambo wa mtundu wathu uli ndi miyambo yapoyera yopereka mapemphero. [1] Mofananamo, akatswiri oyambirira amamasulira Free Eviecle monga otetezera malamulo amene amagwirira ntchito yachipembedzo , koma osati kupereka kulandidwa kodzifunira kwa ucheteko kuchokera ku ucheteko, malamulo ogwira ntchito.

“ Kusaloŵerera m'zandale” lamulo lotchuka ndi Woweruza Scalia mu Employment Division v. Smith (1990), mlandu umene umakhalabe maziko a chiphunzitso chachiyambi pa kuyesayesa kwaufulu. Khotilo linanena kuti lamulo limene silitenga mbali pankhope pake ndi la kulephera kwa anthu wamba silimapyoza Free Expression chifukwa chakuti limavuta kugwiritsa ntchito chipembedzo. Pansi pa kuwerenga kumeneku, anthu angafunikire kugwirizana ndi lamulo la boma kusiyapo ngati lamulolo linasiyanitsa chipembedzo mwachindunji kapena likusonkhezeredwa ndi chipembedzo. Otsutsa atsutsa kuti kumasulira Free Classious kwamphamvu, koma oyambirira akuvomereza kuti kumasulira koyambirira kulakwa kwa Classius, koma olemba mbiri yakale kumasonyeza kuti kulibe kulakwa kwa kukana kulakwa.

Milandu Yofunika Yosonyeza Kulingalira Koyamba

Kupyola . . . . . . . zikwangwani zingapo zokhala ndi zizindikiro zimasonyeza njira zoyambirira za ufulu wachipembedzo:

  • [FLT] Everson v. Board of Education (1947): Ngakhale kuti Khotilo linagwiritsira ntchito lingaliro lotsimikizirika la kugaŵikana kwa Kukhazikitsa Claus (kulola boma kulipira ndalama za ku masukulu achipembedzo pansi pa “mapindu a achichepere), Jasti Hugo Black’s atengera kwambiri malingaliro a Jeffer ndi mbiri ya mabungwe achipembedzo. Pambuyo pake akatswiri a mbiri yakale atsutsa Everson chifukwa cha kuphonya mbiri, akutsutsa kuti ma Frame sanafune kuletsa kuletsa“ phindu la achichepere ” kuchirikiza zachipembedzo.
  • [FLT ,[FLT] LITM . Kurtzman [1] (1971:[FLT ] Mayeso a Lemon [1] Kuyesa kwa dziko, chiyambukiro chachikulu chimene sichikupitira kapena kuletsa chipembedzo, ndipo sichikusokonezeka mopambanitsa, ndipo sichinavutitsidwa ndi akatswiri oyambirira monga chopeka chachiweruzo chopanda maziko oyambirira a Malamulo. Woweruza Sctalia anatsutsidwa motchuka mu [[FLT: 4.] Leae v. Wean, akutcha mayeso a ‘ zoyesera za Lemon zimene zakhala zogwirizana ngati chikwama cha matan'."
  • [FLT] .FLT .Gloway ya Greece v. Galloway [1] (2014: Khoti linachirikiza mchitidwe wotsegulira misonkhano ya m'mabungwe a tauni ndi pemphero, kugogomezera mbiri yaitali ya pemphero la lamulo. Lingaliro la Woweruza Anthony Kennedy, logwirizana ndi Scalia ndi Thomas, linadalira kwambiri pa malamulo ndi njira yoyambirira yachiweruzo, njira yoyambirira yophunzirira zinthu.
  • .[FLT] Utatu wa Tchalitchi cha Lutheran . Comer . (2017) : Khotilo linaona kuti programu ya boma yokana kuti sukulu yachipembedzo ikhale yotetezereka ku maseŵera yopereka chilolezo inaswa Free Execle Claus chifukwa chakuti inasankha munthu woyenerera wolandira chifukwa cha udindo wake wachipembedzo. Chilungamo cha Woweruza Roberts chinagogomezera kuti “Kudzisankhira Claus kumatetezera ku chipembedzo, pulinsipulo lokhala ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri.
  • Macageds Toughp v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission [1] (20: 8): [Woweruza Kennedy] lingaliro la ambiri linapeŵa chigamulo chachikulu cha nkhondo pakati pa ufulu wa chipembedzo ndi lamulo loletsa kugaŵanika, mmalo mwa kusumika maganizo pa chisonyezero cha Commission cha kuda zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo za wophika mkate. Oweruza monga Thomas ndi Gorfort analemba Complictives amene analoŵetsa m’kanthauzira ya mbiri yakale ya ufulu wa kulankhula, machitidwe aufulu, ndi kutsutsa kukambitsirana kwamphamvu.

Kusokonezeka kwa Anthu Okhulupirira Zoyamba: Malemba, Mbiri, ndi Miyambo

Olemba mbiri onse sagwirizana pa mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito tanthauzo loyamba la ufulu wachipembedzo. Ena, mofanana ndi Woweruza Clarence Thomas, akutsutsa kaamba ka chitetezo champhamvu cha kulimbitsa thupi kwaufulu, kufunsa [[FLT: 0] n’kulingalira kuti kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa Kusintha kwa Zachipembedzo kwa 1449 kunaphatikiza kuyenera kokulirapo kwa kuchotsapo kusiyana ndi kuyesa kwamakono. Ena, monga momwe Chilungamo Samuel Alto, chasonyeza kumasuka kubwereranso . .]STH m'nkhani zonga Filton]. Mzinda wa Filton. M'makedzana wa kumbuyo kwa mbiri yakale, umene unasankha mfundo zocheperapo koma unakopa chiphunzitso chachiza.

Zitokoso ku Kuyambirira m’Malo a Ufulu Wachipembedzo

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimayang'anizana ndi njira zambiri zosuliza zodziŵika bwino pamene chigwiritsiridwa ntchito ku ufulu wachipembedzo. Choyamba, osuliza amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chingakhale choletsa kwambiri: chingalephere kutetezera zikhulupiriro za anthu ochepa kuti Aframe sanayembekezere, monga Chisilamu, Chihindu, kapena chikhulupiriro chosakhala chaumulungu. Tanthauzo loyamba la “chipembedzo” m'ma 1790 lifupifupi linalozera ku zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo, zimene zimadzutsa mafunso akuti kaya chiphunzitso choyambirira chingatetezedi ku zoyenera za anthu kapena zipembedzo zina.

Chachiwiri, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimachititsa zinthu zimene zimatsutsana ndi maganizo amakono. Mwachitsanzo, ngati Kukhazikitsa Claus poyamba kunaletsa tchalitchi cha dziko, ndiye kuti pemphero la sukulu loperekedwa ndi anthu onse lingakhale logwirizana ndi malamulo pansi pa womasulira wa ku America amene amakana. Okhulupirira Chipangano amanena kuti kutsatira tanthauzo la poyamba n’kofunika ngakhale pamene anthu sagwirizana ndi malamulo, chifukwa chakuti Malamulo ndi pangano lovomerezeka, osati logwirizana ndi maganizo a anthu.

Chachitatu, mbiri yakale njosamveka. Mabuku a Fathers omwe anatchuka kwambiri ndi malingaliro osiyana pa chipembedzo ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, James Madison, anatsutsa mtundu uliwonse wa ndalama za boma zothandizira chipembedzo, pamene kuli kwakuti ena a m'Frames anazichirikiza. Kusankha mbiri kungafooketse mfundo ya kuyambirira kwa chiphunzitso. Monga momwe Justice Robert H. Jackson anachenjezerapo kuti, “kutchula kokha mfundo za m’mbiri sikutsimikizira kuti tanthauzo lolondola la Malamulo apezedwa.

Chachinayi, kugwiritsira ntchito chiphunzitso choyambirira m'boma lamakono kuli ndi mavuto aakulu. Malamulo ambiri auchete amene amavutitsa chipembedzo lerolino / malamulo a ntchito, malamulo a malo, malamulo athanzi ndi a chitetezo . Oyambirira kutchalitchi sanakhalepo mu 1791. Otsutsa a kumbuyo a Chiphunzitso cha Free Express Claus akadafuna kuti okhulupirira achotsedwe m’malamulo amenewo, kapena kusiya malo awo kuti aloŵe m’zochitika zandale.

Kulinganiza Pakati pa Kuyamba ndi Kugonetsa Zinthu Kwamakono

Mosasamala kanthu za mavuto ameneŵa, chiphunzitso choyambirira chidakali njira yomasulira yolemekezeka kwambiri. Makhoti amene amatsatira njira yoyambirira kaŵirikaŵiri amachigwirizanitsa ndi ziŵiya zina zomasulira, monga chitsanzo, kumasulira malemba, ndi kulolera malamulo okhalapo pa kachitidwe kachipembedzo. The Religious Freeive Reformation Act (RFRA) ya 1993, imene inabwezeretsa muyezo wopendedwa motsimikizirika kaamba ka malamulo a boma olemetsa chipembedzo, inachirikizidwa ndi opanga malamulo omasuka ndi osunga mwambo, ndipo imasonyeza mmene njira za demokrase zingachirikizire zitetezero za malamulo.

Chiphunzitso choyambirira sichimaletsa kuteteza zipembedzo za anthu ochepa. Owonjezera a ku America, omwe ndi olondola, amaletsa malamulo “ovomereza kuti chipembedzo chizitsatira mwaufulu”. Lamulo la masiku ano limayendera mfundo za m’mbiri kapena zopanda umboni. Oweruza omasulira amene amagogomezera tanthauzo la“ kuchita masewera a"" anena kuti limakhudza zinthu zambiri osati chikhulupiriro chokha, kuphatikizapo khalidwe limene lingawombane ndi malamulo a dziko.

Ufulu wa Chipembedzo ndi Njira Yopita Patsogolo

Pamene chitaganya cha America chikuchuluka, funso la mmene angatetezere ufulu wa chipembedzo pamene kuli kwakuti kusungitsa mtendere wa anthu kukukulirakulira. Chiphunzitso choyambirira chimapereka njira imodzi yochirikizira makambitsirano ameneŵa m’malembo okhazikika a lamulo, koma si njira yokhayo. Aphunzitsi, akatswiri a zamalamulo, ndi ophunzira ayenera kuzindikira ponse paŵiri mphamvu zake ndi zopereŵera zake. Maphunziro atsatanetsatane m’lamulo amafunikira kutsutsana ndi mbiri yakale, malemba, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa kuwongolera kwa Masinthidwe Oyamba m’dziko losintha.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri, ganizirani zimene mungachite:

Kumaliza

Kuyambirira kwapereka njira yamphamvu, yalamulo yomasulira mawu a chipembedzo. Mwa kuchirikiza kumasulira kwa mawu oyambirira a malembawo, olemba oyambirira amafunitsitsa kusunga kuyenera kwa demokrase kwa Malamulo ndi kuletsa oweruza kukhazikitsa miyezo yawoyawo. M’malo a ufulu wachipembedzo, njira imeneyi yatulutsa zonse ziŵiri zitetezero zolimba kaamba ka kuyeseza kwaufulu ndi kawonedwe kochepa kwambiri ka Kukhazikitsa Claus. Yayambitsanso mikangano yamphamvu ya mkati mwa oyambirira, limodzinso ndi kusuliza mwamphamvu kwa awo amene amayanja ufulu wosintha, kuphatikizana ndi malamulo alamulo.

Kumvetsa nkhani zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense wophunzira za chipembedzo m’moyo wa anthu a ku America. Chikalata cha First Amendment chidakalipobe m’lingaliro lakuti chimayang’anizana ndi mavuto atsopano ndi mbadwo uliwonse, koma chiphunzitso choyambirira chimatikumbutsa kuti tanthauzo lake si losavuta kukwaniritsa.