Kufotokoza Chiyambi Monga Maziko a Lamulo

Chiphunzitso choyambirira chakhala chimodzi cha ziphunzitso zosonkhezera kwambiri ndi zotsutsana kwambiri za kumasulira kwa malamulo a jurisprudence ya ku America. Pa maziko ake, nthanthi imanena kuti Konsichushoni iyenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lakuti mawu ake anali ndi mawu ovomerezedwa panthaŵi imene adavomerezedwa. Zimenezi zimatsutsana dala ndi ziphunzitso za "Bungwe lamoyo" lomwe limalola tanthauzo la malamulo kusintha ndi kusintha malamulo a chikhalidwe ndi malamulo. Kwa akatswiri oyambirira, chikalatacho si chopanda pake kuti chikwaniritsidwe ndi makhalidwe amakono koma chogwirizana ndi mfundo yalamulo imene imasintha tanthauzo lake mpaka kusinthidwa mwalamulo kudzera mchitidwe wa Chigawo cha Vandend.

Mpangidwe wamakono wa kuyambirira, wotchedwa "kumasulira koyamba kwa anthu," amasumika pa mmene chiŵalo cha anthu chololera panthaŵi ya kutembenuzidwa chikadamvetsetsa malembo alamulo. Zimenezi zimasiyana ndi matembenuzidwe oyambirira . cholinga choyambirira "chimene chinafuna kuvumbula zisonkhezero zosonkhezera za Aframers iwo eni. Kusinthako kunali kwapadera ndi kwa filosofi. Monga momwe Justier Antonin Scalia anatsutsa, lamulo lili ndi tanthauzo lodziimira losiyana ndi zolinga za okonza malembo ake. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti chiphunzitso cha kutembenuza mawu oyambirira chigwire ntchito monga chiphunzitso chenicheni cha matanthauzo a malembo osati kuyerekezera ndi nzeru za mbiri yakale. Imaperekanso maziko olimba kaamba ka kulekanitsa mphamvu, monga momwe amapendera milandu, monga kupenda kwachikidwa kwachiweruzo.

Chilangizo chachikulu cha kuyambirira chili pa mapangano aŵiri aakulu: kukhulupirika kwa malemba ndi kuletsa kwachiweruzo. Mwakusunga malamulo m'mbiri ya kumvetsetsa kwa malemba, olemba oyambirira akutsutsa kuti akutsatira lamulo mmalo mwa kulipanga. Zimenezi nzofunika kwambiri m'kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, kumene mapangowo amaphatikizapo maluso aakulu a ulamuliro. Pamene woweruza agonjera ku tanthauzo loyambirira la Claus mu Nkhani I, II, ndi III, akukhazikitsa malire a nyumba zoikidwa pa nthambi iliyonse. Monga momwe Woweruza Neil Gor "Kupatuka kwa maulamuliro sikuli kuyang'anira kwaluso; ndiko kutetezera kofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba.

Kuzindikira kuyambirira monga njira yomasulira mwamphamvu nkofunika kukwaniritsa mbali yake m'kusiyanitsa mphamvu zamakono. Kumapereka magalasi amene nkhondo zambiri za m'khoti zapadera kwambiri zimathetsedwa.

Kupangidwa kwa Mphamvu: Kumvetsetsa Kulekanitsidwa kwa Maulamuliro

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro ndiko malongosoledwe ogwirira ntchito a Malamulo a U.S. . Mmalo mwa kuika ulamuliro wa mfumu imodzi kapena thupi, Afonsir adathyola mwadala mphamvu ya boma kupyola nthambi zitatu zosiyana: Legislatitive (Article I), Wolamulira (Article II), ndi Jujial (Article III). Chiphunzitso chimenechi si nkhani ya mphamvu ya boma; ndi chitetezero chakumanga cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Mwa kugaŵa mphamvu, Lamulo limayambitsa kukwiyitsa kwa mkati mwa boma, kukuchititsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kaamba ka mfundo iliyonse kapena chifuno cha kulanda ulamuliro wa chiŵiyacho chonse.

Maziko a nzeru a dongosolo lino amachokera mwachindunji kwa wanthanthi Wandale Wachifrenchi Montesquieu, amene ntchito yake Mzimu wa Malamulo unasonkhezera kwambiri mbadwo wopezedwa. Komabe, chitetezero champhamvu koposa cha chiphunzitsocho chimachokera kwa James Madison mu Federalist Papers. Mu Federalist No. Madison anatsutsa mwachindunji mlandu wakuti malamulo sanasiyane bwino lomwe, akutsutsa kuti "kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu zonse, malamulo, nduna, nduna, ndi jadiary, m’manja amodzimodzi... moyenerera anganenedwe mawu audindo audindo audindo. Mu Federation No. 51, adapereka njira yosungirako: "Mpatuko ayenera kutsutsa ulamuliro.

Mphamvu ya Malamulo (Katswiri Woyamba)

Congress amapatsidwa "Maulamuliro onse a malamulo" kuchokera ku lingaliro lachiyambi, chivomerezo chimenechi nchachindunji ndipo nchondandalikidwa. Maulamuliro andandalikidwa; Congress sangagwiritsire ntchito ulamuliro kupyola aja ondandandalikidwa (kapena aja "ofunika ndi oyenerera" kaamba ka kuwapha). Kulemba kumeneku ndiko njira yoyamba yotetezera boma mozembera kuloŵa mu ulamuliro kapena ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Kachitidwe ka malamulo kenako . "bidaralismism" ndi kaperekedwe ka Pulezidenti .

Mphamvu ya Kazembe (Article II)

Vesting Clause of Articut II njosiyana kwambiri ndi Mfundo yake I. Imaika "Gulu Lalikulu" kwa Pulezidenti mmodzi, mmalo mwa kundandalika mphamvu zapadera kwambiri asanaziveke. Kusiyanitsa malemba kumeneku kwachititsa kutsutsana kolimba pakati pa olemba. Ena, kuchirikiza "bungwe lalamulo," akutsutsa kuti chinenerochi chimapatsa Pulezidenti mphamvu yachibadwa, ulamuliro wa munthu pa kuperekedwa kwa malamulo, kumangoyang'anizana ndi malire otsimikizirika opezeka kwina kulikonse. Ena apeza lingaliro loletsedwa, akutsutsa kuti ntchito yaikulu ya Pulezidenti ndi "Kusamalira kuti malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika," thayo limene limagwirizanitsa ulamuliro wake kuperekedwa ndi malamulo kuchokera ku bungwe la Congresskorress.

Mphamvu ya Chiweruzo (Article III)

Mphamvu yachiweruzo imafikira kokha ku "Malamulo ndi "Bungwe" . Chinenero chimenechi chimakhazikitsa ziyeneretso zotsimikizirika zolungama: kuima, kupsa, ndi kudzimva. Olemba mbiri ambiri amaona kuti kulephera kumeneku nkofunika kusungitsa ntchito ya jadiary. Makhoti sakufuna kufunsa mafunso; alipo kuthetsa mikangano yalamulo pakati pa magulu a anthu. Kulephera kumeneku kumaletsa nthambi yachiweruzo kutulutsa malingaliro oweruza kapena kuloŵa m'mikangano yothetsedwa bwino ndi nthambi zandale. Motero kulekana kwa maulamuliro sikutetezera Bwalo ku chitsenderezo cha ndalere, koma kumaletsanso khoti kulongosola chigawo chake.

Kuyamba Kuphunzitsa: Kusonyeza Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Pamene woweruza woyamba ayang'anizana ndi kulekana kwa maulamuliro, kufufuza kumayamba ndi kutha ndi malemba a lamulo ndi nkhani yake ya mbiri. Magulu amwambo amayanja mayeso osinthasintha. Funso silili lakuti ntchito ya nthambi imodzi iri "kuyankha kwanzeru" ku vuto la dziko, koma kaya ngati ilo likuloŵa m'maulamuliro operekedwa ku nthambiyo ndi Malamulo.

Chiphunzitso Chopanda Chigamulo

Imodzi ya mbali zogwira mtima kwambiri za kulekana kwa maulamuliro a boma ndiyo chiphunzitso chosapeputsa. Mfundo njosavuta: ngati mphamvu zonse za malamulo zaperekedwa m'Congress, pamenepo Nyumba ya Malamulo siingapereke mphamvu imeneyo ku Nthambi Yolamulira. Kwa zaka zambiri za zana la 20, Bwalo la Malamulo linasiya chiphunzitsochi, kulola Mabungwe kutumiza ulamuliro waukulu wa makampani kwa maulamuliro kwaudindo wautali malinga ngati linapereka lamulo la "kugamulidwa" kutsogolera kuchenjera kwawo. Oyambirira onga Woweruza Gorre adatsutsa mwamphamvu kukonzanso kwake. M'kutsutsana kwake ndi lamulo landale. Iye ayenera kutsimikizira kuti lamulo la ufuluwo. United States [FLD:] v. [Fct1:] (20]), Gor, pogwirizana ndi Woweruza Wamkulu, ndi Robert, ndi Chilungamo cha mbiri, anagwirizana ndi Chilungamo cha mbiri cha mbiri, Tomato, poyang'ana kuti aperekeze mphamvu ya kuvomereza lamulo landale. Iye ayenera kutsimikizira lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la ufulu.

Ulamuliro Waukulu ndi Bungwe Logwirizanitsa

Olemba za m'malemba ayamba kutsogolera ku kuchirikiza chiphunzitso cha bungwe lapamwamba. Mfundo imeneyi imanena kuti Pulezidentiyu ali ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba pa nthambi ya akuluakulu. Bungwe lililonse lodziimira limene limalamulira ulamuliro wa pulezidenti koma limatetezedwa ku ulamuliro wa pulezidenti (monga Federal Tradenti Commission kapena Securities and Exchange Commission) limayambitsa nkhaŵa zazikulu za lamulo. Malemba a Kagamu II amapereka "Mphatapo Yolamulira" kwa Pulezidenti mmodzi, ndi Wosamalira Clausce amamukakamiza kutsimikizira kuti malamulo achitike mokhulupirika. Monga momwe Justice Scial Scialie anatsutsa kutsutsa kwake [Foct:]. Olson. Olson (1988), "Iziye za mphamvuyi ndi mphamvu za ulamuliro wa Pricescial, ndi kuweruza kwa zaka zoyambirira, pamene anatsutsa mlanduwo.

Ulamuliro wa Oweruza ndi Mafunso a Zandale

Chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira chidziŵitsanso jadiary ya kulephera kwake. Chiphunzitso chandale, ngakhale kuti si nthaŵi zonse choyambirira m’kugwiritsira ntchito, chimamveka ndi lingaliro lakuti mikangano ina ya malamulo imalembedwa mwatsatanetsatane ku nthambi za ndale zadziko. Mwachitsanzo, Mapangano a Claus (Article IV, Chigawo 4) adalingaliridwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kukhala funso la ndale zadziko, kusiyira ku Congress kugamula chimene chimapanga "Republican Form of Government" Ofest. Oyambirira amatsatira mfundo zandale za dziko lapansi ndi kusatsa mfundo zachilendo, kumene lembalo limapereka chilo chachikulu cha ufulu wa boma kwa Congress okanye Pulezidenti ndi woyang'anira milandu.

Nkhani Zochititsa Chidwi Kudzera m’Magetsi Oyambirira

Kupenda milandu ya Bwalo Lalikulu Kumasonyeza mmene njira zopangira zinthu zokhala ndi maziko zimagwirira ntchito polekanitsa mikangano ya maulamuliro.Milanduwo imasonyeza kuti pali kudzipereka kwa malemba, magulu a kalembedwe, ndi kukaikira kwabwino kwa kusintha kwa zinthu.

INS v. Charha (1983)

Nkhaniyi inakhudza "legislative ," njira imene nyumba imodzi ya Congress inagwetsera nayo chigamulo cha nthambi yapamwamba (m’nkhaniyi, kutha kwa lamulo). Khoti Lapamwamba linaigonjetsa. Chigamulo cha Chimaliro cha Mfumu Burger chinali chitsanzo cha malamulo, mfundo za malemba. Khotilo linanena kuti lamulo la Regionationveto linaswa malamulo a Clause ndi bidaralism ya Chilamulo I. Ngati Congress afuna kuchita ndi mphamvu ya lamulo, liyenera kudutsa m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri ndi kuipereka kwa Pulezidenti. Malamulowo anali ogwirizana ndi malamulo omveka bwino ameneŵa, ndipo Khoti linawononga. Chigamu chimenechi chimakhalabe chiyenere cha malamulo oyambirira a kusiyanitsa mphamvu, chikusonyeza kuti manthaneti alamulo alamulowo akusonyeza kuti akusonyeza mphamvu zalamulolo ali okhoza kulephera kulongosola ngakhale pakati pa manthambi.

Clinton v. City of New York (1998]

Line Intine Veto Act ya 1996 inapatsa Pulezidenti ulamuliro wa kuchotsako malamulo a ndalama kapena msonkho. Khoti linagamula kuti lamulo limeneli silinali logwirizana ndi boma. Woweruza Stevens anagamula kuti lamulolo likuphwanya lamulo la Preace Prestice Claus. Malamulo a Pulezidenti ndi kuvomereza kapena kukana lamulo lonse. Sangalembenso kuchotsa magawo a msonkho. Kufufuza kwachiyambi kumakhudza njira zokhazikitsira malamulo. Malamulo akupereka njira yomveka bwino, yovomerezeka bwino, ndipo Pulezidenti alibe chosankha chothetsera malamulo pambuyo popereka Msonkhano. Chigamucho chinalimbikitsa kuti kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro kumateteza udindo wa bungwe la malamulo monga wopanga malamulo ndi kumasulira ulamuliro wa Pulezidenti.

[[FLT: 0] Zolemba zaing'ono Zolemba mapeji & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1] (1952)

Kaŵirikaŵiri analingalira kulekana kwakukulu kwa maulamuliro m'mbiri ya Khotilo, [[FLT: 0] achichepere adabuka pamene Pulezidenti Truman analanda zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea kuti apeŵe kuukira. Chigamulo cha Chiŵeruziri cha Black chinali kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwa malamulo a oyambirira. Iye anayamba ndi malemba: "Mkulu wa Pulezidenti, ngati alipo, kutsutsa lamulolo kuyenera kuchokera ku ntchito ya Congresssionssion kapena ku Konsorration . Kupeza chilolezo cha station (Chonrevering adakana njira imeneyi mu Taft-Hartley Acty) ndipo palibe mphamvu yachibadwa ya kulanda katundu, Black analengeza ntchito yosanja. Jac. Jackson's'act, amene anapanga mbali ya ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wotchuka kwambiri, koma akuimira njira yoyambirira ya kuyang'anira lamulo loyera, ndipo akutsatira njira yothandiza kulongosola za lamulo loyera.

Kupempha ndi Kutsutsa Nkhani za Malamulo zamakono

Anthu otsutsa anena kuti kutengera mfundo za m’Baibulo n’kosaona mtima kapena n’kosagwira ntchito, makamaka ngati kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zamphamvu za kulekana kwa mphamvu zamakono.

Vuto la Kutaya Mtima

Mwinamwake chochititsa chiwonjezeko chopitirizabe choposa ndicho "kudwala kwa dzanja" vuto: chifukwa chake chitaganya cha democracy chamakono chiyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi kulolera kwa ndale zadziko ndi kuganiziridwa kwa dziko kwa kagulu kaung'ono ka oyera, odzikongoletsa amuna a m’zaka za zana la 18. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti Konsichurako iyenera kukhala njira yamoyo yokhoza kusinthira ku mikhalidwe yadzidzidzi, monga kukwera kwa boma la boma, kuyang'anira, kapena uchigaŵereŵere. Oyambirira amayankha kuti kachitidwe kapo ka V akonzanso kalamulo kalamulo kabwino kovomerezeka popanda kukonzanso malamulo a demokrase ndi kuwononga lamulo la za demokrase.

Kusadziŵa Mbiri Yakale

Chinsinsi chothandiza kwambiri chimakhudza kulephera kwa mbiri yakale. Woweruza angabwezeredi wosakwatira, kutsutsa "tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira" kaamba ka mawu ooneka ngati "kuyambika," "kulimbana ndi chinthu chachilendo," kapena "Gulu Lochititsa Chidwi"? Akatswiri a mbiri yakale kaŵirikaŵiri sagwirizana pakati pawo ponena za tanthauzo la mawu ofunika kwambiri. Woweruza Stevens, wotsutsa wa chiphunzitso choyambirira, anatsutsa kuti kufunafuna tanthauzo la chiyambi ndi "kufufuza nkhani zopeka za m’mbiri. Olemba mbiri amavomereza kuti umboni wa mbiri yakale uli wosamveka bwino koma umatsimikizira kuti kufunsako kuli kolungama kuposa kutsutsa lamulo lachiweruzo. Iwo amatsutsa kuti kukhalapo kwa nkhani zovuta sikulungamitsa njirayo.

Kufunika kwa Malamulo Okhudza Moyo

Ochirikiza malamulo a moyo, monga ngati Jasitisi Stephen Breyer, amatsutsa kuti mawu apamwamba a Malamulo amaitana oweruza kulingalira za makhalidwe a masiku ndi zotulukapo zothandiza. Popatukana ndi maulamuliro, zimenezi zingatsogolere woweruza kuchirikiza lamulo lalamulo kapena bungwe lodziimira chifukwa limathetsa vuto lamakono. Oyambirira a gulu la anthu amasintha kuti kuyandikira kumeneku kumawononga kusiyana pakati pa lamulo ndi ndale. Ngati malamulo a m'Chilamulo akutanthauza chilichonse chimene oweruza angaganize kuti chikutanthauza, ndiyeno kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro kumangopereka malingaliro okha, kuyang'ana ku khotilo. Chilango cha Chiyambi cha Chiyambi cha Chilango chimaperekedwa monga chokha choletsa chenicheni chotsutsana ndi judiakiritsa kukhala chotchuka kwambiri.

Tsogolo la Kuyambirira kwa Chiphunzitso ndi Lamulo la Malamulo

Chiphunzitso cha Khoti Lalikulu m'zaka zaposachedwapa chimapereka lingaliro lakuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chidzapitirizabe kuchita mbali yaikulu m'kumasulira kwa lamulo, makamaka m'kulekanitsa milandu ya mphamvu. Kuwonjezera kwa Zolungama Gormoth, Kavangagh, ndi Barrett . Onsewo ali ndi maumboni amphamvu oyambirira ndi olemba mawu otsimikizirika ku ndandanda imeneyi. Zosankha zaposachedwapa zimasonyeza kusintha kumeneku.

[[FLT: 0] mu Virginia v. EPA[FLT:] (202), khoti linapempha "Major Question Doctive ," kupempha Congress kulankhula momvekera bwino kwambiri pamene akugaŵira ulamuliro kwa maulamuliro aakulu pa nkhani za zachuma ndi zandale. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiphunzitsocho sichili choyambirira chokha, chimagwirizanitsa ndi kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro kwa pakati pa lingaliro la woyambirira: kusunga ulamuliro ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya ulamuliro yosaŵerengeka. Chigamulo cha Khoti mu [FLT:] Bright Enterption. [FL], mapangano omveka. [FL], amasintha lamulo lakusintha lamulo lomveka. [FL] [FL] [3]

Kumasulira zinthu si nthanthi yangwiro kapena yokwanira. Kumasintha kuchokera ku makambitsirano a mkati ndi a kunja. Komabe kusumika kwake maganizo pa malemba, kapangidwe, ndi mbiri kumapereka maziko okhazikika ndi alamulo othetsera mavuto osatha pakati pa nthambi za boma. Pamene boma likupitirizabe kutokosa magulu a mwambo, kuumirira kwa kulimba kwa mizera yomvekera bwino, mphamvu zoikidwa, ndi kuŵerengera kwa demokrase kudzakhalabe mphamvu yamphamvu m'lamulo la Amereka. Mkangano wa kuyambi ndi kulekana kwa mphamvu ndi kugaŵana kwa mphamvu ndi, mkati mwake, mkangano wonena za mtundu wa lamulo weniweniwo: kaya ndi lamulo loyenera kutsati lilondoledwe kapena chiŵiya chopangira.