Ufulu Wolingana: Ulendo Wosakhudzika

Ufulu wa kulingana uli maziko a mayanjano a democracy amakono, ozikidwa m'malamulo, mapangano, ndi zochitika zachiweruzo padziko lonse. Pamapeto pake, umafuna kuti munthu aliyense aperekedwe ulemu wolingana, kupatsidwa chitetezo cholingana pansi pa lamulo, ndipo umatetezeredwa ku tsankho lochokera ku mikhalidwe yosasintha monga fuko, chiwerewere, chipembedzo, kapena mkhalidwe wa zakugonana. Komabe kutembenuza lingaliro limeneli kukhala lenileni kukhale limodzi la mavuto osalekeza a m'zaka za zana la 21. Nkhani ino ikufufuza malamulo amene amathandiza kulingana, kupenda nkhani zachiŵerengero zimene zasintha tanthauzo lake, ndi kupenda zopimira zimene zikupitirizabe kuletsa kukwaniritsidwa kwake.

Mabungwe Ochitira Malamulo Padziko Lonse Olingana

Zida zimenezi zakhazikitsa malamulo amene mayiko ayenera kuphatikiza m’malamulo a m’banja ndi kuchititsa kuti anthu azidziŵerengera mlandu.

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu Onse

Wovomerezedwa ndi United Nations General Assembly mu 1948, Declaration of Human Rights [UTHR] (UDHR) imalengeza m'Chigawo 1 kuti “anthu onse amabadwa omasuka ndi olingana mu ulemu ndi ufulu. Mfundo 2 imaletsa tsankho pazifukwa zonga fuko, mtundu, mtundu, chinenero, chipembedzo, lingaliro la ndale, chuma, kubala, kapena malo ena. Pamene kuli kwakuti UDHR siimanga malamulo ake ogwirizana ndi malamulo ogwirizana ndi malamulo adziko lonse.

Mapangano a Mitundu Yonse

Mapangano akuluakulu aŵiri amene amalamulira UDHR ndi pangano la International Pangano pa za UD pa Chigawo ndi zandale (ICCPR) ndi pangano la International Paramente on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), onse aŵiri anavomerezedwa mu 1966.

  • ICCPR – Mfundo 26 imatsimikizira kuti “anthu onse ali olingana pamaso pa lamulo ndipo ali ndi ufulu wopanda kusankhidwa kulikonse kwa kutetezeredwa kwa lamulo.] Makonzedwe ameneŵa afotokozedwa ndi Komiti ya Ufulu wa Anthu kufuna kuti dziko litsimikizire kuti mankhwala oletsa tsankho akuletseni poyera ndi m’malo achinsinsi omwe.
  • ICR – Mfundo 2 (2) imafuna kuti mayiko atsimikizire kuti ufulu wotchulidwa m'Chipangano “udzasonyezedwa popanda tsankho la mtundu uliwonse monga mtundu, mtundu, chiwerewere, chilankhulo, chipembedzo, malingaliro andale kapena ena, chiyambi cha dziko kapena chikhalidwe, chuma, kubadwa kapena malo ena.] Ngakhale kuti kuyenera kwa ntchito (Article 6), kuyenera kwa muyezo woyenerera wa moyo (Artle 11), ndi kuyenera ku maphunziro (Artle – kusungidwa kwa ufulu wosakhala wa [1]

Mathayo Apadera

Kuwonjezera pa mapangano a anthu onse, mapangano angapo apadera amatchula mitundu ina ya tsankho:

  • International Convention on the Economotion of All Mafomual of Racess (ICERD) – Kulandiridwa mu 1965, ilo limavomereza Maboma kuthetsa tsankho laufuko m’mitundu yake yonse ndi kuchirikiza kumvetsetsana pakati pa mafuko.
  • Chothetsera Selo la Mafomu Onse a Tsankho pa Akazi (CEDAW) [1] – kaŵirikaŵiri olongosoledwa kukhala lamulo lapadziko lonse la ufulu wa akazi, CEDAW amafuna kuti Maboma achite njira zonse zoyenera kuti achotse tsankhu kwa akazi m'zandale, zachuma, zachikhalidwe, ndi m'dziko.
  • Kuthetsa Ufulu wa Anthu Opunduka (CRPD) [1] – kulandiridwa mu 2006, imazindikira bwino lomwe kuti kupunduka sikuli chifukwa chokanira kulingana ndi kufunikira kupezeka, malo okhala oyenera, ndi kutengamo mbali mokwanira.

Zida zimenezi, pamodzi ndi zigawo monga bungwe la European Convention on Human Rights (Article 14) ndi la African Charter on Human and People’s Rights (Article 2), zimapanga mfundo zosiyanasiyana zimene pamodzi zimagwirizanitsa ufulu wa mitundu yonse wa kulingana.

Makampani Opanga Malamulo a Dziko: Malamulo Otetezera ndi Malamulo Otsatizana ndi Malamulo

Mayiko amamasulira malamulo a m’mayiko onse kukhala malamulo a m’banja, malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana, ndi kumasulira mfundo zachiweruzo.

Zitsanzo za Malamulo

Malamulo amakono ochuluka amaphatikizapo mawu ofanana.

  • United States + The 14neth Amendment (1868) imapereka kuti palibe Boma limene “lidzadalira munthu aliyense m’ulamuliro wake kutetezeredwa mofanana kwa malamulo." Mawu ameneŵa akhala maziko a nkhondo ya kulingana kwa mafuko, ufananire, ndi LGBTQ+ zoyenera, ngakhale kuti U.S. ulibe lamulo la boma lokwanira loletsa 76discrinine lophikira maziko onse.
  • Kummwera kwa Africa [1] -Afria [1] -Apost à paraparad Constitution (1996) ili pakati pa mfundo zomveka kwambiri. Chigawo 9 chimanena kuti “Boma silingachitire tsankho mwachindunji kapena mwa njira ina kwa munthu pachifukwa chimodzi, kuphatikizapo fuko, chiwerewere, mimba, kukhala ndi pakati, kuyambika kwa ukwati, mtundu, maonekedwe, msinkhu, kupunduka, chipembedzo, chikhulupiriro, chinenero, ndi kubala. Ilo limalolanso kuchitapo kanthu posalidwa ndi tsankho lakale.
  • Indiya – Mfundo 14 ya Malamulo imatsimikizira kufanana pamaso pa lamulo ndi chitetezo chofanana cha malamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba la India lapereka mafotokozedwe ofala ameneŵa, kuŵerenga kuletsa kachitidwe kodziimira ka boma ndi kuletsa kuti anthu achitidwe mofanana. Makonzedwe owonjezereka amaletsa tsankho pa maziko a chipembedzo, fuko, kusiyana kwa pathupi, kugonana, kapena malo obadwira (Aricle 15) ndi kuchotsa “kugwirira ntchito kwa boma .
  • [[FLT :0] Canada [1] chigawo 15 cha Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (19982) amatsimikizira ulingana pamaso ndi pansi pa lamulo ndi kuyenera kwa kutetezera kolingana ndi phindu lopanda tsankho. Chitsimikizo cha Tchatachi chakulingana chagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuswa malamulo amene amapatula pa maziko a kugonana, malo a ukwati, ndi kupunduka.

Mafakitale Opanga Mafano

Maiko ambiri amakhazikitsanso malamulo apadera otetezera tsankho. Mwachitsanzo, United Kingdom’s Act ya kusalingana kwa mu 2010 imakhazikitsa malamulo oyambirira ndi kuletsa tsankho lachindunji ndi losadziŵika, kuvutitsa, ndi kuzunza pa mikhalidwe isanu ndi inayi yotetezedwa: msinkhu, kupunduka, kugamula, ukwati ndi mgwirizano wa anthu, mimba ndi kubereka, fuko, chipembedzo, chisembwere, ndi chikhalidwe cha kugonana. Mofananamo, European Union [[FLT:] Racial Epideficial Relation ndi [FLT:] [FLT:]]

Makhoti amathandiza kwambiri pomasulira ufulu wolingana, ndipo nthawi zambiri amayankha anthu amene adandaula kapena magulu achinyengo.

Kufufuza Zochitika za Pansi

Zoweruza zasintha mobwerezabwereza tanthauzo la kufanana, zikumakakamiza maboma kugonjetsa tsankho lochitidwa mwadongosolo ndi kuwonjezera chitetezo kwa magulu opondereza.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – United States

Pachigamulo chimodzi, Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States linalengeza kuti tsankho la fuko m'masukulu a anthu onse linali losalingana mwachibadwa, kugonjetsa chiphunzitso cha “osiyana koma olingana” chokhazikitsidwa mu Pnecy v. Ferguson (1896). Woweruza wamkulu Earl Warren analemba kuti“ maphunziro a mafuko salingana mwachibadwa chifukwa chakuti kugawana kumayambitsa kudziona kukhala wotsika mu African ← ana . Ngakhale kuti kutembenuza mapulogalamu kunayang'anizana ndi chitsutso choopsa, Brown BY] anakhala chigawa chalamulo cha ufulu wa anthu ndi chizindikiro cha padziko lonse cha kulingana kwa malamulo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) – United States

Nkhani yochititsa chidwi imeneyi inanena kuti ufulu waukulu wa kukwatira watsimikiziridwa kwa okwatirana amodzi ogonana pansi pa Centre Proces and Aumement Classies of the 14neth Amendment. Ambiri anagogomezera kuti ukwati uli “mfungulo ya dongosolo lathu la chitaganya” ndi kuti kukana okwatirana azaka zofanana ndi ziŵiri za kugonana ali ufulu wa kukwatira kululuza ulemu wawo ndi kudzilamulira kwawo. Chigamulo chovomerezedwa cha lamulo chimodzimodzicho m'dziko lonse, chimamanga pa malamulo oyambirira onga [[FL:0] United States v. Windstor . (2013) chimene chinagwetsa Chitetezero cha Ukwati.

Minister of Home Affairs . Fourie (2006 – South Africa

Khoti la South Africa la Malamulo linagamula kuti kumasulira kofala kwa lamulo la ukwati kukhala mgwirizano wa mwamuna ndi mkazi kosalungamitsidwa motsutsana ndi okwatirana auchimuna ndi ogonana osiyana motsutsana ndi lamulo la Malamulo. Khotilo linapatsa Palamende chaka chimodzi kukonzanso lamulo; pamene linalephera, Khoti lenilenilo linawonjezera tanthauzolo. Chigamulocho chinalimbikitsa kudzipereka kwa South Africa kwa ulemu wa munthu ndi kulingana kwa onse, kupangitsa dziko loyamba la mu Afirika kuvomereza ukwati umodzimodziwo.

Bostock v. Clayton County (2020) – United States

Pa chigamulo 6763, Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States linamasulira mutu VII wa Chikalata cha Chisungiko cha Chikwati cha 1964, chimene chimaletsa tsankho la ntchito “chifukwa cha... kugonana,” kutetezeranso antchito pa kusankhidwa mwa kugonana kapena kupatsidwa ulemu. Woweruza Neil Gorfoth analemba kuti “mdindo amene amatentha munthu chifukwa cha kugonana kapena kutentha moto wa munthu chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yake kapena zochita zake sangakhale atakayikira kwa ziŵalo za kugonana kosiyana. Chigamulocho chinapereka chitetezo kwa mamiliyoni a LGTTQ.

P v. S ndi Cornwall County (1996) – European Union

Khoti la Chilungamo la European Union (panopo Khoti la ku Ulaya la Chilungamo) linagamula kuti tsankho lotsutsana ndi mkazi wosinthana ndi boma amene anachotsedwa pantchito yake linapanga tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana pansi pa EU’S Treatment Directive. Khotilo linanena kuti “ngati munthu sachitiridwa bwino chifukwa cha kupatsidwanso ulemu kwa mwamuna, kuyenera kwa munthu wofananayo kumatsutsidwa. Chigamulo chimenechi chinapangitsa EU kuzindikira kuti pambuyo pake mwamuna ndi mkazi wake ndi wotetezeredwa pantchito ndi kutsogolo.

Mavuto Opitirizabe pa Kulingana

Ngakhale kuti patha zaka zambiri boma likuchita bwino, ufulu wolingana ndi anthu onse ukukumana ndi mavuto aakulu.

Kusiyana kwa Malo ndi Tsankho Losiyanasiyana

Nthaŵi zambiri anthu amasalidwa pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana mpaka mwachitsanzo, mkazi wachikuda angakumane ndi tsankho la fuko ndi kugonana, ndipo zotsatira zake sizikuwonjezeka chabe. Malamulo amene amasamalira khalidwe lililonse lotetezedwa lodzipatula angalephere kufotokoza kuipa kwapadera kwa tsankho lopatukana.

Kusalingana Madongosolo ndi Makonzedwe

Malamulo angaletse tsankho lachindunji pamene akulola kusiyanitsa kwa maufumu kupitirizabe. Mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kwa mafuko m’chuma, nyumba, maphunziro, ndi chiweruzo chaupandu kaŵirikaŵiri kuli chotulukapo cha zaka makumi ambiri za tsankho lalamulo lovomerezedwa ndi malamulo auchete a maso ochirikiza kusoŵa kwa zinthu. Kupenda kwa khungu lakhungu kapena fuko . Kachitidwe kotsimikiza ndi njira zina zothetsera zikhalabe za mkangano wa ndale zadziko.

Kusiyana kwa Chiweruzo ndi Kukhoza Kupeza

Ngakhale kumene kuli malamulo amphamvu oletsa kusagwirizana, kaŵirikaŵiri ovutikawo amayang’anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu za kusungitsa lamulo: kuwonongedwa kwa ndalama zalamulo, chithandizo chalamulo chochepa, kuwopa kubwezera, ndi kusadziŵa zoyenera zawo.

Kulimbana ndi Ndale Zadziko

Kupita patsogolo kwa kulingana kaŵirikaŵiri kumayambitsa chitsutso choopsa. Kukula kwa ufulu wa LGBTQ kwakhala ndi malamulo otsutsana nawo, kuphatikizapo malamulo m’mayiko ena amene amaletsa ufulu wosinthasintha kapena kulola mautumiki ozikidwa pa zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo. Mofananamo, magulu achilungamo a mafuko monga Black Live Confect atsutsidwa mowopsa, ndipo maprogramu a zamaphunziro ndi ntchito atsutsidwa mwalamulo ndipo m’zochitika zina alephera.

Kusiyana Mabuku ndi Kusalingana Makhalidwe

Pamene magulu ayamba kupangidwa ndi mafomu, mitundu yatsopano ya tsankho imayamba – kuchokera ku tsankho la marolitist kulembetsa ndi kuwonjezera kuthekera kwa kuchuluka kwa chibalo ndi kulemba ndi ndandanda. Masinthidwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amasintha kusiyana kwa zinthu kumene kulipo chifukwa cha ndalama, malo, fuko, ndi msinkhu, zikumawopseza kuyambitsa chitaganya cha anthu aŵiri.

Maphunziro, Chigwirizano cha Chiŵeniŵeni, ndi Njira Yapita Patsogolo

Kusintha kwa malamulo n’kofunika kwambiri koma n’kosakwanira.

Maphunziro a Ufulu wa Anthu

Kupititsa ufulu wa anthu ku sukulu kumathandiza ophunzira kumvetsa mapulinsipulo a kufanana, ulemu, ndi kusakondera. Programu zonga Programu ya International Human Rights Education imapereka zinthu zothandiza aphunzitsi kutheketsa makambitsirano a kulingana ndi chilungamo cha anthu. Pamene ana aphunzira kuzindikira ndi kutsutsa malingaliro a anthu amwamsanga, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kukhala ochirikiza kusintha.

Kulinganiza ndi Kuphunzitsa Anthu

Mabungwe a Grassroot kaŵirikaŵiri ali opanga opambana kwambiri a kusintha. Magulu onga ngati Chivomezi cha ku America (ACLU) amagwiritsira ntchito kumasulira, kukopa, ndi maphunziro a anthu onse kupititsa patsogolo kufanana. Ku India, mabungwe onga Human Rights Law Network amapereka chithandizo chalamulo kwa anthu a m'madera opatulidwa. Ku South Africa, Legal Resources Centre ikupitiriza kumanga nyumba, dziko, ndi kutetezera anthu.

Mphamvu Zalamulo ndi Kudziŵa Ziŵerengero Zanu Zolondola ←

Maboma ndi anthu a NGO angapereke malangizo osonyeza kuti anthu sadana ndi anzawo m’chinenero chosavuta kumva, ndipo angapereke malangizo a mmene angawatetezere powalemba mafaelo, ndiponso kuwathandiza kwaulere kapena motsika. Mapulogalamu a pa Intaneti ndi malo ochezera a anthu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pothandiza anthu okhudzidwa ndi vutoli ndiponso powachitira lipoti kuti asankhana.

Kusonkhanitsa Zinthu ndi Kuŵerengera

Kuti athetse kusalingana kwa dongosolo, maboma ayenera kusonkhanitsa ndi kufalitsa nkhani zimene zasokoneza mtundu, ukazi, kupunduka, ndi magulu ena. Nkhani zimenezi zikhoza kuvumbula kusiyana, malamulo odziŵitsa, ndi kuchititsa mabungwe kukhala ndi mlandu.

Kumaliza

Kuyenera kwa kulingana kwakhala kogwirizana m'malamulo apadziko lonse ndi adziko kwa zaka zoposa makumi asanu ndi aŵiri, komabe kusiyana pakati pa malamulo ndi zochita kukukhalabe kofala. Zigamulo za khoti la m’dziko la m’dziko la Longmark zapititsa patsogolo ufulu wa mafuko ang’onoang’ono, akazi, LGBTQ+ anthu, opunduka, ndi magulu ena, koma chipambano chilichonse chimatsatiridwa ndi mavuto atsopano. Kulinganiza ndi kukulitsa ulingana kumafuna kukhala maso mosalekeza, kutsendereza kolimba, maphunziro ophatikizapo, ndi anthu amene amakana kulandira unzika wachiŵiri wa fuko la munthu aliyense. Pamene maiko akuchuluka ndi ogwirizana, kufunika kwa kuyenera kulingana kwa onse sikungokhala chabe thayo lalamulo koma kuyenera kwa dziko lamtendere ndi lamtendere.