Chiyambi: Kusankha Zipilala Ziŵiri za Chiweruzo Cholungama

Malamulo ku United States ndi malamulo ena ambiri ofala ali pa mizati iŵiri yaikulu: malamulo a boma ndi lamulo laupandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti iwo ali ndi cholinga chothetsa mikangano ndi kusunga dongosolo, amagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo osiyanasiyana, miyezo, ndi zolinga. Kwa aliyense amene walakwiridwa . Kwa aliyense mwa pangano losweka, ngozi yosasamala, kapena mchitidwe waupandu . Kuzindikira nthambi ya lamulo imene imagwira ntchito kungachititse kusiyana pakati pa kupeza malipiro ndi kuona chilungamo . Wotsogolera wodziŵa bwinoyu akufotokoza kusiyana kwa mfundo, machiritso apadera a nthambi iliyonse akupereka, ndi njira zothandiza zimene muyenera kutsatira pofunafuna mankhwala opendutsa.

Kumvetsetsa Lamulo la Chiŵeniŵeni

Lamulo la boma limalamulira mikangano pakati pa zigaŵenga zaumwini . "Individic, mabizinesi, kapena mabungwe ena. Mosiyana ndi lamulo laupandu, boma siliri chipani; mmalo mwake, munthu amene alingalira kuti wachitiridwa zoipa (wolakwa) abweretsa mlandu kwa munthuyo kapena chinthu chimene amakhulupirira kuti chinavulaza (woimbidwa mlandu). Cholinga chachikulu cha lamulo la boma ndicho kupangitsa gulu lovulazidwalo kukhala lokwaniranso, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa malipiro, mmalo mwa kulanga wolakwayo.

Mapwando ndi Mbali Zake

M’nkhani ya boma, woimbidwa mlanduyo akuyamba kuyankha, ndipo mlanduwo umaperekedwa m’khoti la boma. Boma silipereka mlandu; limangopereka mlandu wa mlandu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti woweruzayo ali ndi thayo la kusonkhanitsa umboni ndi kutsimikizira mlandu wake. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wavulazidwa pa ngozi ya galimoto yochititsidwa ndi kusasamala kwa woyendetsa galimoto wina, mumaimba mlandu wovulaza woyendetsa galimotoyo.

Cholinga: Kupereka Mphoto, Osati Chilango

Njira yothetsera vutoli nthaŵi zambiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa ndalama. Khoti lingapereke mphoto yobwezera ndalama zotayika zenizeni (mafaindi a mankhwala, malipiro otayika, kukonza katundu), ndipo nthaŵi zina, kubwezera kuti aletse khalidwe loipa. Njira zina zimaphatikizapo kuchita zinthu zinazake (kukakamiza gulu kuti likwaniritse pangano) kapena malamulo (kukhazikitsa gulu lochita chinthu). Jail si chilango cha anthu wamba.

Mtolo wa Umboni: Kulingalira za Umboniwo

Milandu yachiŵeniŵeni imafunikira woimbidwa mlandu kuti atsimikizire mlandu wawo ndi kusinkhasinkha umboni . Izi zikutanthauza kuti umboni uyenera kusonyeza kuti kuthekera kwambiri kwa kupambana (kuthekera kwa 50%) kuti woimbidwa mlandu ali ndi thayo. Umenewu ndi muyezo wotsika kwambiri kuposa muyezo waupandu wa “kukayikira koyenera." Monga chotulukapo, woimbidwa mlandu angataye mlandu wa anthu ngakhale ngati saali ndi mlandu waupandu.

Mitundu Yofala ya Milandu ya Chiŵeniŵeni

Pankhani ya malamulo a boma, pali mikangano yambirimbiri.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kutsutsana: Mapangano, kuyambira mapangano a ntchito mpaka mapangano a malonda. Chitsanzo: Wogulitsa amalephera kunyamula katundu amene munalipira.
  • Amanena kuti: zolakwa zapachiŵeniŵeni zovulaza kapena kutayikitsa . Izi zimaphatikizapo kusasamala (ngozi za galimoto, kusagwira ntchito bwino kwa zamankhwala), torts mwadala (assault, kuipitsa), ndi choipirapo (zinthu zowononga).
  • Kutsutsana kogwirizana: kusamvana kwa malire, mikangano ya malo, kapena kugula malo.
  • Lamulo la banja: chisudzulo, kusunga ana, kuchirikiza ana, ndi kulera ana.
  • [[ML:0] Probate ndi mikangano ya chuma: [[[ML:1] Zovuta ku chifuno kapena kuyang'anira chuma.

Kumira kwambiri m'machitidwe a boma, Cornell Legal Information Institute kupenda kwa njira za boma [[FLT: 1] kuli kobiri labwino kwambiri.

Kumvetsetsa Lamulo la Chipanduko

Lamulo laupandu limachita ndi khalidwe limene limaonedwa kukhala lovulaza kwambiri kwa anthu onse moti limaletsedwa ndi lamulo. Bomalowera (loya wa boma, loya wa boma, kapena Attorney wa United States) limapereka milandu kwa woimbidwa mlandu (woimbidwa mlandu). Cholinga chachikulu ndicho kulanga wolakwayo ndi kuletsa milandu yamtsogolo, motero likuteteza anthu.

Boma Limawazenga

Ngakhale ngati mwachitidwa mlandu, simumalemba mlandu, koma mukhoza kukanena mlanduwo kwa osungitsa lamulo, ndipo boma ligamulapo ngati liyenera kuweruza. Woweruza mlanduyo akuimira boma, osati wochitiridwa mlandu. Wochitiridwa mlanduyo angakhale mboni, koma saali wogwirizana ndi mlanduwo.

Cholinga: Chilango ndi Kulephera Kugwira Ntchito

Zilango za apandu zimakonzedwa kuti zilangize wolakwayo ndi kuletsa ena kuchita zinthu zofananazo.

Umboni Wochuluka: Sitikukayikiranso

Lamulo laupandu limafuna muyezo wapamwamba koposa wa umboni: kupyola chikaikiro chomveka [1]. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mlandu uyenera kutsimikizira mbali iriyonse ya upanduwo mokwanira kwakuti palibe chikaikiro chomveka m’maganizo mwa woweruza wolingalira mlandu. Mtolo wolemera umenewu umatetezera anthu ku chigamulo cholakwika ndi kusonyeza zotulukapo zowopsa za chigamulo cha upandu.

Kufotokoza Zolakwa

Milandu ya apandu imagawidwa m’magulu atatu:

  • Upandu waukulu : Upandu wowopsa wolangidwa ndi oposa chaka chimodzi m’ndende. Zitsanzo: kupha, kugwirira chigololo, kuba ndi mfuti, kuphana ndi mfuti.
  • Misdemers: Upandu wocheperapo ndi zigamulo zokulira kufikira chaka chimodzi m’ndende. Zitsanzo: kuba pang’ono, kuukira kwachidule, DUI (chilango choyamba), kuwononga zinthu.
  • Kuswa malamulo kosachepera kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala ndi chilango cha malipiro ndi nthaŵi ya ndende. Zitsanzo: matikiti a galimoto, kutaya zinyalala, kuswa malamulo a phokoso.

Kaamba ka ndandanda yochuluka ya mafotokozedwe, USA.gov chitsogozo ku malamulo aupandu imapereka chidziŵitso chothandiza.

Kusiyana Kokulirapo Pakati pa Lamulo la Chiŵeniŵeni ndi la Chipanduko

Kumvetsa kusiyana kwa zinthu zimenezi kungakuthandizeni kusankha njira imene mungatsatire.

Kuloŵetsedwamo

[[FLT: 0] Civil : Placttiff vs. Mfumu yaumwini (ingaphatikizepo mabungwe a boma ngati boma lasutidwa, monga., kuswa pangano).
Chilango: Boma (chisankho) v. woimbidwa mlandu (kapena kampani).

Cholinga

[[FLT: 0] Civil: gwirizanitsani wopangidwa ndi kuthetsa mikangano yaumwini.
['''''''''''''''''''. Kulanga wolakwa, kuletsa upandu, ndi kusungitsa dongosolo la anthu.

Mtolo wa Umboni

[[FLT: 0] Civil : Kuganizira za umboni (oposa 50%).
''''''''''''''''''''. Kuposa kukayikira koyenera (kuyandikira 95-99% kutsimikiza).

Zotulukapo ndi Kukonzanso

[[FLT : 0] Chilango: [[FLT :1] Zowonongedwa (kubwezera, kupereka chilango), malamulo, ntchito yapadera. Kupanda kumangidwa.
Upandu: [[FLT:] Kumangidwa, malipo operekedwa ku boma, kuyesedwa, utumiki wa chitaganya, kubwezera (kaŵirikaŵiri kulamulidwa monga mbali ya chigamulo cha upandu).

Kufikira Kunyumba Yokongola

Civil: You have the right to hire a lawyer, but the government does not provide one if you cannot afford it. Many people represent themselves in small claims court.
Criminal: The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to an attorney for all criminal prosecutions, and if you cannot afford one, the court must appoint one (public defender).

Kuzenga Mlandu wa Jury

[[FLT: 0] Civil: Kanthu kochuluka, koma kosatsimikiziridwa kaamba ka zonena zazing'ono. Ukulu wa Jury kaŵirikaŵiri ngwaung'ono (m., ajuli asanu ndi mmodzi m'makhoti ambiri a boma).
Upandu: wotsimikiziridwa kaamba ka milandu yaikulu (omwe amalangidwa ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi m’ndende).

Kudziwa Zofooka

[[FLT :0] .[FLT :1] Ma-VT mofala ndi mtundu wa chochitika .Mofala 1-6 zaka (m., zaka ziŵiri za kuvulala kwa munthu, 3-6 za kuswa pangano).
[[FLT:] ,rimina:

Chifukwa chakuti malamulo ameneŵa amasiyana ndi ulamuliro, nthaŵi zonse funsani loya wa kumaloko. Nkhani Nolo pa malamulo a ziletso zazikulu [[FLT: 1] imapereka poyambira pake.

Pamene Tingafune Kusintha Chilamulo cha Chiŵeniŵeni

Lamulo la boma nloyenera ngati mwavulazidwa kapena kuvulazidwa ndi ndalama zimene sizimaphatikizapo kuswa lamulo laupandu / kapena ngati limatero, koma mufuna kupezanso ndalama.

  • Kusintha kwa pangano: Chipani sichichita monga momwe chidagwirizana, chikumatayitsa zinthu.
  • [[MLT:0] Kuvulala kwaumwini: Kunyalanyaza kapena kuchita dala kwa Wina kunavulaza mwakuthupi. Ngakhale ngati kachitidweko kanalinso upandu (m’chitsanzo, kuukira), munganeneze mlandu wa chivulazo.
  • [[MMWI] Kuwonongeka kwa zinthu: Munthu wina amawononga galimoto yanu, nyumba, kapena malo ena.
  • [[ML:0] Kuipitsa: [ mawu onama amawononga mbiri yanu.
  • [[FULT:0] Mikangano yothetsa: Kuchotsa kolakwika, tsankho, kapena malipiro osalipidwa.
  • Nkhani zamphamvu: Kusungitsa mikangano, kuthamangitsidwa popanda chifukwa, kapena kulephera kusungitsa malo otetezereka.

Mfundo Zoyenera Kuziganizira Musanadziimbe M’chisawawa

Zotayika ndi Nthaŵi

Kupereka mlandu kwa anthu kungakhale kokwera mtengo ndiponso kochedwa. Malipiro a ndalama za khoti, ndalama zochitira umboni, ndi ndalama zopezedwa za kutulukira zimawonjezera mofulumira. Ngakhale mutapambana, kusonkhanitsa chiweruzo kungakhale kovuta ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo alibe katundu. Zinenezo zochepa (zokakangana pamtengo wochepa, kaŵirikaŵiri $5,000-$100,000) zingakhale njira ina yofulumira, yotsika kwambiri popanda maloya.

Umboni Wokwanira

Ngati umboniwo uli wochepa, mlandu ungakhale wowononga. Kusonkhanitsa zikalata, mawu aumboni, ndi malipoti a akatswiri amwambo n’kovuta.

Kudziwa Zofooka

Nthawi imene mwatsala kuti muchite zimenezi ithe, ndiye kuti simudzakwanitsanso kuchita zinthu zina.

Kukula Kwanga

Ngakhale mutapambana, kodi woimbidwa mlanduyo angakhoze kulipira?

Pamene Tingafune Kusintha Chilamulo cha Chigaŵenga

Ngati mwachitidwa mlandu, choyamba muyenera kukauza anthu oonetsetsa kuti mlanduwo wachitika, koma musanaweruze mlandu wanu ndi woweruza wa m’boma, muyenera kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi anthu a m’bomalo.

  • Upandu wa kampani: kuukira, Btri, kuba, kupha, chiwawa chapanyumba.
  • Upandu wa kuba ndi wa katundu: Kupha, kuba magalimoto, chinyengo, kuba zikalata.
  • Milandu ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo:
  • Upandu wa Whiteplar : Upo, malonda a mkati, kuthaŵa msonkho.
  • Lamulo la polisi: Kuyendetsa galimoto modumpha, khalidwe lotayirira, kuswa zida.

Udindo Wanu Monga Mkhole m’Kupitirizabe kwa Apandu

Mosiyana ndi munthu wokonda kupha anthu, inu simulamulira nkhaniyo, komabe, mungathe:

  • Gwiritsani ntchito kufufuzako mwa kupereka umboni ndi umboni.
  • Kupempha munthu amene wakhudzidwa ndi zimene walakwa kuti awerengedwe poweruza, zimene zingathandize woweruzayo kusankha zochita.
  • Pemphani chikole monga mbali ya chiweruzo cha upandu (khoti limalamula woimbidwa mlanduyo kulipira kaamba ka kutaikiridwa).
  • Pitani kukamvetsera mlanduwo ndipo dziŵitsani za kupita patsogolo kwa mlanduwo (malamulo a ufulu a boma amafunikira zimenezi m’maiko ambiri).

Pamene Mpandu Sangachitike

Oweruza ali ndi nzeru ndipo angakane kulemba milandu ngati umboni uli wochepa, upanduwo ngwochepa, kapena wochitiridwa sakhala womvera. Pankhani ngati zimenezi, mlandu wa boma ungakhale wothekabe. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wapolisi walephera kuweruza mlanduwo koma waukali wapolisiyo wakanabe mlandu, mungam’sungebe woukirayo m’khoti.

Kuphwanya Malamulo: Pamene Lamulo la Chiŵeniŵeni ndi la Chigaŵenga Likumana

Mikhalidwe yambiri ya dziko imaphatikizapo ponse paŵiri upandu ndi kulakwa kwa anthu. Chitsanzo chotchuka koposa ndicho mlandu wa O.J. Simpson: Simpson anamasulidwa kukupha m'khoti (kuposa kukaikira koyenera) koma anapezedwa woyenerera imfa yolakwa m'bwalo lamilandu la boma (kuyang'anitsitsa umboni). Zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene kachitidwe kamodzimodziko kangatsogolere ku milandu iŵiri yalamulo ndi zotulukapo zosiyana.

Zochitika zofala zikuphatikizapo:

  • Assault ndi batire: Mkhole unganene upanduwo kwa apolisi ndi kuikizanso woukirayo kaamba ka chivulazo.
  • [[NT.0] Ngozi za kuyendetsa galimoto zongopeka: [[FT:1] Woyendetsayo akuyang'anizana ndi chigawenga DUI, ndipo wovulazidwayo akuimba mlandu wa kuvulala.
  • Fraud :[[FLT :1] Boma lingabweretse milandu ya upandu, pamene mikhole imalembetsa mlandu wa boma kaamba ka kubwezera kapena zivulazo zopinga.
  • Chiwawa chankhanza: Apandu akuukira, kuphatikizapo zochita za boma kaamba ka malamulo otetezera ndi zivulazo.

Chofunika kwambiri n’chakuti, chigamulo cha upandu chingathandize kuweruza mlandu wa boma chifukwa chakuti woimbidwa mlanduyo angaletsedwe kutchula mfundo zina (colteral estopel).

Njira Zothandiza Zothetsera Mavuto

Mfundo Yoyamba: Muzifufuza Bwinobwino

Ngati munthu wakuba katundu wanu, uzani apolisi kuti akuuzeni ngati waphwanya pangano, funsani loya ngati simukudziwa kuti ndi mlandu wotani.

Sitepe 2: Tsatirani Umboni

Pangano lililonse lizikhala ndi umboni wotsimikizira kuti zinthu zimene zikuchitika ndi zoona.

Sitepe 3: Uzani Upandu

Ngati mukhulupirira kuti upandu wachitika, tumizani 911 kapena dipatimenti ya polisi ya kwanuko.

Sitepe 4: Fufuzani Kachipangizo Kochititsa Chidwi

Pankhani za boma, lembani loya amene ali waudindo wa mtundu wanu (kuvulala, pangano, lamulo la banja). Ambiri amapereka kufunsira kwaulere kwa poyamba.

Sitepe 5: Lingalirani za Kuthetsa Mikangano Ina

Nthawi zambiri njira zimenezi zimakhala zodula kwambiri. Mapangano ena amafuna kuti apereke chigamulo.

Mfundo 6: Dziŵani Zoyenera Zanu

Minkhole iri ndi kuyenera: kudziŵitsidwa, kupezekapo pa zochitika, kulankhula pa kuweruza, ndi kufuna kubwezera. M'maiko ambiri, mungapangenso lamulo lachitetezero (dongosolo loletsa) lopatuka pa milandu. Webusaiti ya ya OFT ya Mikhole ya Crime (OVC) imapereka chuma cha dziko.

Kumaliza: Kusankha Njira Yoyenera Yopezera Chilungamo

Malamulo a boma amathandiza anthu kupezanso zinthu zimene ataya ndiponso kuonetsetsa kuti ufulu wawo wa munthuwe, pamene lamulo la upandu limateteza anthu ndi kulanga anthu mwachiwembu.

Anthu ambiri amalondola njira zonse ziŵiri panthaŵi imodzi: kulengeza upandu kwa apolisi ndi kulembetsa mlandu wa boma. Kutsatira mbali ziŵirizi kungawonjezere mwaŵi wa kuŵerengera mlandu ndi kubwezera. Komabe, njira iriyonse iri ndi malamulo ake, mipambo ya nthaŵi, ndi mtengo. Njira yabwino koposa imadalira pa mtundu wa chivulazo, mphamvu ya umboni wanu, ndi zonulirapo zanu zaumwini .

Ngati simukudziwa kumene mungayambire, kukambirana ndi loya wodziwa bwino ntchito yanu ndi njira yodalirika yodziwira zimene mungachite, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo, kuteteza ufulu wanu, ndiponso kuona ngati kuweruza mlandu, kapena zonsezo n’zoyenera.