Chiyambi: Chikalata Chosonyeza Ufulu wa Anthu Chili Chitetezero cha Nzika

Malamulo a United States, limodzi ndi Bill of Rights, amakhazikitsa malamulo amene amateteza anthu pa milandu ya boma. Malamulo amenewa si mfundo zongopeka. Ndi malamulo otha kutsatiridwa amene amaletsa apolisi, oweruza, ndi makhoti. Kwa nzika, kuzindikira ufulu umenewu ndi njira yoyamba yotetezera anthu pa zisalungamo; kwa akatswiri a zamalamulo, iwo ndi maziko a mfundo iliyonse. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mmene malamulo a m'malamulo amatetezera anthu a a polisi achisanu ndi chisanu, chisanu ndi chisanu, ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi Sendsmeters formations chaza mmene zosankha za Supreme Court zasinthira tanthauzo lawo tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kupenda Ufulu wa Malamulo m’Mapitidwe a Malamulo

Ufulu umene umakhalapo mkati mwa milandu yalamulo umapezedwa kwakukulukulu m'kusintha kwa khumi koyambirira kwa Malamulo, kotchedwa Bill of Rights . Kusintha kumeneku kunawonjezeredwa mu 1791 kuyankha nkhaŵa zakuti boma latsopano lingakhale lamphamvu kwambiri. Mkati mwa zaka mazana ambiri, Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lamasulira makonzedwe ameneŵa kupyolera m’zigamulo zapadera, kaŵirikaŵiri likufutukula ukulu wake wa kugwiritsira ntchito maboma monga momwedi (mchitidwe wotchedwa kuti iuniontion iprandment). Chotulukapo chake ndicho dongosolo limene limafuna kuti boma litsatire njira zolungama, kulemekeza munthu aliyense, ndi kupeŵa chilango chopanda dyera.

Kuzindikira zoyenera zimenezi chifukwa chakuti malamulo amaletsa: boma limadzetsa chuma chake kuti lichitire munthu wina. Malamulo amaika malo oseŵerapo mwa kupereka zida zoimbira zoimbira . Monga kuyenera kwa kukhala chete, ufulu kwa loya, ndi kuyenera kutsutsa umboni. Popanda zitetezero zimenezi, kuopsa kwa kukana molakwa, kuulula kokakamiza, ndi kufufuza mwankhanza kudzakhala kwakukulu.

Malamulo Otetezera Ufulu wa Anthu

Zigamulo zinayi zimafunika makamaka pa milandu yokhudza milandu.

  • Finalmed Amendment: imatetezera ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi khunyu. Imakhazikitsa lamulo losatsimikizirika lakuti apolisi afunikira chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera kufunafuna nyumba yanu, galimoto, kapena thupi.
  • Fith Amendment: imatsimikizira njira yoyenerera ya lamulo, imatetezera ku kudzisungira kwaumwini (kuyenera kukhala chete), ndi kuletsa ngozi ndi malo otchuka popanda kulipira.
  • Mpambo wa Thupi: imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kofulumira ndi kwapoyera, juli yopanda tsankho, chidziŵitso cha milandu, kukhoza kwa kufikira mboni, ndi kuyenera kwa lamulo.
  • Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Malo: Kupereka belo lopambanitsa, kulipiritsa, ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo.

Mwachitsanzo, kuphwanya mfundo yachinayi ya Lamulo la Chinayi (kufufuza kochitidwa ndi boma) kungalepheretse umboni pa mfundo yoyenerera ya bungwe la Owonjezera Lachisanu, ndipo ufulu wa 6 la Kupereka uphungu kwa oimbidwa mlandu ungatsutse kwambiri.

Lamulo Lachinayi Lowonjezera: Chitetezo pa Kufufuza Kopanda Nzeru

Lamulo lachinayi Lowonjezera ndilo chitetezo choyamba chachikulu chimene anthu amakhala nacho pochita zinthu zosungitsa malamulo. Limati: “Kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezeka mwa anthu awo, m’nyumba zawo, m’mapepala, ndi m’ziyambukiro, pofufuza kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, sikudzapotozedwa, ndipo sipadzabukanso ochirikiza, koma pa chifukwa chothekera, chochirikizidwa ndi Oath kapena chiletso, ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo amene adzafufuzidwa, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zimene zidzatengedwa.”

Zomwe Zimayambitsa Vutoli

Pa mfundo yake yaikulu, Lamulo Lachinayi la Opaleshoni likufuna kuti kufunafuna ndi kumanga kukhale koyenera. Muyezo wagolidi wa kulolera ndi lamulo loperekedwa ndi woweruza kapena woweruza chifukwa chokayikitsa. Chifukwa chomveka chimatanthauza kuti pali kuthekera kwabwino / kuposa kungokayikira chabe koma kuti umboni wa upandu udzapezeka. Chilolezocho chiyenera kukhala chomveka: sichingapereke lamulo kwa kazembe wofufuza katundu wa munthu.

Anasiya Kutsatira Lamulo Losafunika

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Khoti Lalikulu laona mikhalidwe yambiri imene siifunikira chilolezo.

  • Commony : [[FLT :1] Ngati munthu avomereza modzifunira kufunafuna, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Chivomerezocho chiyenera kuperekedwa mwaufulu, osati mokakamizidwa.
  • Chochitika chofufuza kuti agwire: Atamangidwa mwalamulo, apolisi angafufuze malo apafupi a womangidwayo kaamba ka zida kapena umboni.
  • Malingaliro opotoka: Ngati wapolisi awona zinthu zoletsedwa mosaonekera bwino pamalo ololedwa, iwo angazigwire popanda chilolezo.
  • Mikhalidwe yotsimikizirika: Nkhaŵa monga kulondola kofulumira, kuwononga umboni woyandikira, kapena chiwopsezo cha chisungiko chilungamitso kufunafuna popanda chifukwa chokhalira ndi lamulo.
  • Apolisi odziyendera okha: angafufuze galimoto popanda chilolezo ngati ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti ili ndi umboni wa upandu.
  • Kuima kwa ''''''''''kukayikira kwabwino zochita za upandu kumachititsa ofesala kutsekera ndi kugwetsa munthu kuti apeze zida.

Makhoti saali omasuka kwa apolisi. Kufufuza ngati zochita za apolisi zinali zomveka. Umboni wopezeka mwa kufufuza kosayenera umachotsedwa kwenikweni m'kuzengedwa mlandu pansi pa lamulo la [[FLT: 0]] loletsa kulakwa kwa apolisi, ngakhale kuti osuliza angalole olakwawo kupita kwaulere.

Kuti mumve mozama lamulo lamakono la Kusintha kwa Foursed, chezerani Cornell Legal Information Institute’s Fourtermendment secure .

Kusintha kwa Kasanu: Kufunika Kochita Zinthu ndi Kudzivulaza

First Amendment ili ndi zitetezero zingapo zofanana: chiyeneretso chachikulu cha ajuli kaamba ka milandu yaikulu ya boma, chiletso cha kuwopsa kwa kaŵiri, kuyenera kwa kudziimira, chitsimikizo cha njira yoyenerera, ndi chiletso cha kulanda katundu waumwini popanda kulipira. M'zochitika za lamulo, mawu aŵiri olembedwa molunjikitsidwa koposa ndiwo Active Clausle ndi Self-Incrimination Clause.

Njira Yolowera ndi Yosadziŵika Bwino

Kuyenera kuti boma litsatire njira zolungama lisanamanize munthu wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Kufuna kudziŵidwa kwa njira yoyenerera kufunikira kudziŵidwa, mwaŵi wa kumvedwa, ndi wopanga zosankha zauchete. Mwachitsanzo, wozengedwa mlandu waupandu ayenera kuuzidwa milanduyo, kupatsidwa nthaŵi yokonzekera chitetezo, ndi kuloledwa kupereka umboni. [[FLT:] Substantie project [[[[FLT:]] ndi: "[FT3]] kuteteza ufulu wina wofunika kwambiri , ngati kuti boma lichitepo kanthu popanda kugawa. Ngakhale kuti pali njira yochitira zimenezi. Zotsatira za m'Chikalata choikidwa. Chikalatachigamutsira. Chotsatiranso cha m'make. [[5]

Ufulu Wongokhala Chete (Kunyada)

Mwinamwake ufulu wotchuka kwambiri wa Fite Amendment ndi mwayi wotsutsa kudzikakamiza: “Palibe munthu... amene adzakakamizidwa m'nkhani iliyonse yaupandu kudzitsutsa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti oweruza sangakakamize woimbidwa mlandu kupereka umboni, ndipo apolisi sangakakamize kuulula. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Marnanda v. Arizona . (1966] anapanga chitetezo chapadera cha procedtural: asanaimbidwe mlandu, apolisi ayenera kuuza anthu kuti ali ndi ufulu wawo wakukhala chete ndi kuyenera kwawo kwa loya. Ndemanga zopezedwa popanda machenjezo awa [FLT:] [FLD]] [FLT:]]]

Komabe, mwaŵiwo suli wokha. Umagwira ntchito kokha ku umboni wotsimikizirika, osati umboni wakuthupi wonga DNA, zidindo za madendezero, kapena zitsanzo za mwazi. Ndiponso, woimbidwa mlandu amene amasankha kupereka umboni ayenera kuyankha mafunso atasanthula mtanda. Mwayiwo ungachotsedwe ngati wolingaliridwayo alankhula modzifunira popanda kuupempha.

Kudwala Matenda Oopsa

Mpambo wachisanu wa Amereka umaletsanso munthu kuzengedwa mlandu umodzimodziwo pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa kapena kutsimikizidwa. Mawu ameneŵa amatetezera kuvutitsidwa ndi boma ndi kutsimikizira kutha kwake. Komabe, pali kupatulapo: kachitidwe kamodzi kangaswe malamulo onse a boma ndi a boma, kulola mabwalo a milandu (chiphunzitso cha “uchifumu wa munthuwekha”). Kuwonjezerapo, kulakwa kapena kuchonderera kwa woimbidwa mlandu sikumaŵerengedwa kukhala ngozi yoŵirikiza kaŵiri.

Kaamba ka nkhani zatsatanetsatane za lamulo lodzitsutsa ndi njira yoyenerera, onani [[FLT: 0] Project ya kusonkhanitsa kwa Kopete project ya milandu ya Kusintha kwa Kuyamba [[FLT: 1].

Lamulo la Chisanu ndi Chimodzi: Ufulu wa Woimbidwa Mlandu

Lamulo la Sikisi Lowonjezera linalembedwa kuti litsimikizire kuti milandu ya upandu njolungama ndiponso ya anthu onse.

Kuzenga Mlandu Mwamsanga Ndiponso Mwapoyera

Kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kofulumira kumaletsa boma kuchititsa munthu kukhala ndi munthu m'zaka za kuweruzidwa, zimene zingawononge miyoyo ndi kukakamiza oimbidwa mlandu kukhala ndi mlandu. Makhoti amalinganiza utali wa kuchedwa, chifukwa chake, kaya woimbidwa mlanduyo anatsimikizira kuyenera, ndi kaya ngati kuchedwako kunayambitsa tsankho. Kuchedwa kwa chaka chimodzi kumalingaliridwa kukhala “kulakwa. [1] Kuyenera kwa mlandu wapoyera kumatsimikizira kuti mlanduwo ukuonekera bwino ndi kuti chitaganya chingasunge chilungamo.

Chikalata Chopanda Tsankho

Oweruza a ausinkhu wanu ayenera kukhala opanda tsankho, kutanthauza oweruza sayenera kukhala ndi malingaliro olakwika ponena za mlanduwo kapena woimbidwa mlandu. Mkati mwa kusankha ajuli (oopsa), mbali zonse ziŵiri zingatsutse oweruza othekera kaamba ka chochititsa (m’chitsanzo, unansi wabanja ndi wobedwayo) kapena kugwiritsira ntchito chigamulo (chiŵerengero chosaŵerengeka cha zitsutso popanda kulongosola). Gulu la ajuli liyenera kuimira chigawo choyenera cha chigawo cha . Mpambo wachisanu ndi chimodzi ukutsimikiziranso kuti ajuliwo achokera ku boma ndi chigawo kumene upanduwo unachitikira.

Kuyenera kwa Uphungu

Nkhani yosintha zinthu Gideon v. Wainwright (63) inatsimikizira kuti maboma ayenera kupereka loya kwa woimbidwa mlandu aliyense woimbidwa mlandu ndi mlandu wa kulakwa. Pambuyo pake milandu yofutukula kuyenera kumeneku kunyamula nthaŵi ya ndende. Kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu kumagwirizanitsa ndi magawo ovuta a mlanduwo, kuphatikizapo kufunsa kwa lamulo, kuweruza, kuzenga mlandu, ndi ngakhale kuchonderera. Chithandizo chogwira mtima cha uphungu chimafunikanso; ngati loyankhuliro la munthu walamulo likhala pansi pa cholinga cha kulolera ndi kukondera, wokwaniritsidwayo angapambane chiyeso chatsopano.

Kulimbana ndi Vutoli

Bhassion Claus anapatsa oimbidwa mlanduwo ufulu woyang'anizana ndi owaimba mlandu awo m'khoti ndi mboni zowoloka. Zimenezi zimaletsa boma kugwiritsira ntchito mboni za m'bwalo zopanda umboni pokhapo ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo anali ndi mpata wowolokera. Cmassis Process Claus amalola woimbidwa mlanduyo kuimira umboni ndi umboni wawo. Onsewa amatsimikizira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo angatsutse mlanduwo ndi kupereka umboni wawo.

Kuti mupende mozama za Lamulo la Chisanu ndi chimodzi, ŵerengani Cornell LIIth Amendment [[FLT: 1].

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Kutetezera Ku chilango Chankhanza

Buku la Edzi la Sevenit Amendment ndi lachidule: “Sipadzafunika kulipira ndalama, kapena kulipiritsa ndalama zochuluka, kapena kupereka chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo.” Ngakhale kuti lafupika, limayambukira kwambiri zonse kuyambira pamene mlanduwo ukali kuweruzidwa mpaka chilango cha imfa.

Kudya Monkitsa

Cholinga cha belo ndicho kutsimikizira woimbidwa mlanduyo kuti adzabwezedwe ku mlandu, osati kulanga munthu amene amalingaliridwa kukhala wopanda liwongo. Mpando wa Eighth Amendment umafuna kuti pasakhale kupambanitsa polingalira za mikhalidwe ya ndalama ya woimbidwa mlanduyo ndi kuthekera kwa kuthaŵa. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti boma lingakane chikole chonse kwa oimbidwa mlandu wowopsa kapena awo amene angathaŵe, malinga ngati kukanako kuli kozikidwa pa kuweruza koyenera. Maboma ambiri tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito zida zaupandu kukhazikitsa chikole, ngakhale kuti otsutsa ameneŵa angachirikizebe kuweruza kwaufuko ndi kwa chuma.

Chilango Chankhanza Ndiponso Chachilendo

Mawu a chiganizo ameneŵa amaletsa njira ndi chilango chachikulu. Khoti Lalikulu lanena kuti chilango cha imfa n’chosagwirizana ndi malamulo a magulu ena: ana (pansi pa 18), anthu opunduka maganizo, ndi maupandu amene saphatikizapo kupha. Khoti limaletsanso chilango chimene sichingafanane ndi mlandu, monga ngati mlandu wa chilango cha moyo pa chilango cha mankhwala oletsa chiwawa. Kuwonjezerapo, Kusintha kwa Eighth Amendment kumaletsa kuzunza ndi mitundu ina yoluluzika. Muyezo wa “kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu, kutsogozedwa ndi“ miyezo yosinthasinthasintha ya makhalidwe a anthu, yosonyeza kupita patsogolo kwa makhalidwe abwino.

Kudziloŵetsa kwamakono kumatokosanso mikhalidwe ya ndende [1] monga ngati kuchuluka kwa anthu, kusakwanira kwa mankhwala, ndi kuikidwa m’ndende kwapaokha . Monga chilango chosafuna lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Brown v. Plata [1] (20:1) analamula California kuchepetsa chiŵerengero chake cha ndende chifukwa chakuti kuchuluka kwachititsa kuti asamaliridwe.

Kuti mudziŵe zambiri ponena za kuletsa kwa chisanu ndi chitatu, chezerani [[FL:0] kupenda kwa [FLT] kwa milandu yankhanza ndi yachilendo ya chilango [[FLT: 1]].

Chiyambukiro cha Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu

Chigawo cha Khoti Lalikulu pomasulira Konsichushoni sichingatchulidwe mopitirira malire. Mwa malamulo otchuka, khoti lagwiritsira ntchito njira zimenezi kukonza maboma, kupanga chitetezo cha makampani, ndi chitetezo chowonjezereka ku mikhalidwe yatsopano. Pano pali milandu inanso imene nzika iliyonse iyenera kudziŵa:

  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Apolisi anafunikira kulangiza okayikira za ufulu wawo wachisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu asanaimbidwe mlandu wa kuyang’anira.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright [1] (1963): adakhazikitsa kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu kwa oimbidwa mlandu otsutsana ndi boma m'maweruziro a milandu.
  • Mapp v. Ohio . (1961): Anagwiritsira ntchito lamulo lopatula ku maiko, kubisa umboni wopezedwa mwa kufufuza kosaloleka.
  • Terry v. Ohio [1] (1968): Apolisi ololedwa kuimitsa ndi kutseka anthu odalira pa kukayikira koyenera, kulinganiza zoyenera za Kukonzanso Koyamba ndi za Apolisi.
  • Furman v. Georgia [772] ndi Greg v. Georgia [1970]: Choyamba anapha chilango cha imfa monga chongodzifunira, ndiyeno anachilola icho pansi pa malamulo otsimikizirika.
  • .Simmons (2005): Analetsa chilango cha imfa kwa ana osakwana zaka 18.
  • . . New York[FLT :1] (1967) ndi Katz v. United States (1977]): Malamulo owonjezera a Konsolensi yachinayi otetezera ku kuyang'anira kwa pakompyuta, ofuna zilolezo zogwiritsira ntchito foni.

Khotili likupitiriza kukonza ziphunzitso zimenezi; mwachitsanzo, zigamulo zaposachedwapa zakhala zikufufuza matelefoni a m’manja, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa apolisi, ndi kutsekeredwa kwa malamulo kwa milandu ya milandu isanayambe.

Mfundo Zothandiza kwa Nzika

Kudziwa zoyenera zanu si kokwanira, koma kuyenera kudziwa mmene mungachitire zinthuzo pa nthawi imene mukulimbana ndi dziko.

  • Ngati apolisi aima: Khalani wodekha, sungani manja anu, ndi kufunsa kuti, “Kodi ndili ndi ufulu wa kupita? [1] Ngati simukumangidwa, muli ndi ufulu wa kuchoka (m'zigawo zambiri). Musavomereze kufufuza; lankhulani bwino, “Sindikuvomereza kufufuza.
  • Ngati mugwidwa: Kuyenera kwanu kwa kukhala chete mwa kunena kuti, “Ndidzakhala chete ndipo ndifuna kuonana ndi loya.] Musayankhe mafunso alionse mpaka loya wanu afika, ngakhale ngati apolisi ayesa kukukakamizani.
  • Kaamba ka zilolezo: [[FLT :1] Ngati apolisi agogoda ndi chikalata chofunsira, funsani kuwona icho. Onetsetsani kuti iwo ali ndi chikalata chovomerezeka, chosainidwa ndi keyala yolondola ndi zinthu zofotokozedwa. Simuyenera kuwalola kufunafuna kupyola malire a chilolezo, koma musawasokoneze mwakuthupi.
  • Pakuzengedwa mlandu: [[FLT :1] loya wanu adzakulangizani kaya ndi kupereka umboni. Kumbukirani kuti simungakakamizidwe kudzitsutsa nokha, ndipo woweruzayo sanganenepo kanthu ponena za kusalankhula kwanu (pambuyo pa [[FLT:]] . California [1]

Komanso, nzika iliyonse iyenera kudziŵa kuti ufulu wa kupereka uphungu umagwira ntchito ngakhale ngati simungathe kugula loya. M'milandu iliyonse kapena kulephera kuikidwa m’ndende, khoti liyenera kukhazikitsa uphungu pa pempho. Musamasiye kuvomereza popanda kuganizira bwino.

Kumaliza

Malamulo sapereka ufulu . Amateteza ufulu wa anthu ku kuswedwa ndi boma. Lachinayi, Lachisanu, Lachisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi Lachisanu ndi Lachisanu ndi Lachisanu ndi Lachisanu Chigamulo Chimapanga dongosolo logwirizanitsa: amachepetsa mphamvu za apolisi, amatsimikizira njira zoyenerera, amatsimikizira kuti ndi oyenerera, ndi kuletsa chilango chankhanza. Zitetezero zimenezi sizili zongodzisankhira; zimasungidwa ndi makhoti, ndipo kuswa kulikonse kungatsogolere ku kuchotsedwa kwa milandu, kupondereza umboni, kapena kuzenga mlandu watsopano.

Kwa nzika, uthengawo ngwomvekera bwino: Dziphunzitseni nokha ponena za zoyenera zimenezi, phunzitsani mwaulemu, ndipo musaganize kuti kukhala chete kapena kulephera kufufuza kudzakupangitsani kukhala ndi liwongo. Dongosolo limagwira ntchito bwino pamene `maweruzi, maloya, nduna, ndi anthu ena alionse atsatira malamulo. Monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba latsimikizira mobwerezabwereza, chitetezo cha Lamulolo chili pamlingo wake wamphamvu kwambiri pamene afunikira kwambiri: pamene woimbidwa mlanduyo sakondedwa, pamene upandu uli woipa, ndipo pamene maganizo a anthu onse afuna kuchepetsa. Umenewo ndiwo muyezo wa chilungamo.

Kuti mufufuze zonse za Malamulo ndi mbiri yawo, fufuzani National Archives Bill of Rights [tsamba la FULT: 1].