Kodi Dziko Nlotani?

Republic ndinjira ya boma mmene ulamuliro umakhala ndi anthu, ndipo mphamvu imasonyezedwa ndi oimira osankhidwa ndi ulamuliro waudindo wolamulidwa ndi malamulo. Mawuwo amachokera ku Latin astraa . kwenikweni “nkhani ya anthu” kapena“ chuma cha anthu . . izi ndi zizindikiro zakuti boma sili malo a mfumu kapena apamwamba koma chikhulupiriro chogawiridwa ndi nzika zonse. M'dziko, akuluakulu a boma ayenera kugwira ntchito m’malamulo amene amalamulira boma, kutsimikizira kuyang'anira ndi kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense.

Lerolino, oposa theka la maiko a dziko amadzitcha iwo eni monga malipabuliki, komabe tanthauzo lenileni likusiyanasiyana. Pamaziko ake, urpagalamu umakana ulamuliro wachibadwa ndi mphamvu yodzilamulira, kulowa mmalo mwa ulamuliro wotchuka ndi malamulo. Kumvetsetsa maziko a kuimira kulamulira kwa ma-pabuliki, kumene amachokera, ndipo mavuto amene amayang'anizana nawo n’ngofunika kwa nzika iliyonse yoikiziridwa. Nkhaniyi imachotsapo mfundo zofunikazo, kutengera pa zitsanzo za m'mbiri, maziko a filosofi, ndi mapulogalamu amakono.

Maboma Aakulu

Ngakhale kuti mayiko a mayiko a mayiko a mayiko ena amabwera m’njira zosiyanasiyana, amagawana mbali zingapo zimene zimawasiyanitsa ndi maufumu a mafumu, olamulira opondereza, ndi mademokrase a mwachindunji.

Ulamuliro Wotchuka ndi Kuimira

M'lipabuliki, ulamuliro wandale wathunthu uli ndi anthu, amene amaugwiritsira ntchito mwachindunji kupyolera mwa oimira osankhidwa. Zimenezi zimapanga ma republic kukhala mtundu wa democracy yoimira, motsutsana ndi kutsogolera demokrase kumene nzika zimasankha pa nkhani iriyonse. Boma loimira limalola kupanga zosankha zogwira mtima ndi kutheketsa gulu la akatswiri a malamulo kuphunzira mafunso ovuta a malamulo. Komabe, limaikanso chigogo pa masankho, njira zowonekera bwino, ndi ovota odziŵa bwino.

Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo ndi Malire a Malamulo

Ma Republics amalamulidwa ndi malamulo . "amene analembedwa kapena osalembedwa" amene amakhazikitsa malamulo aakulu a ulamuliro. Palibe mkulu wa boma, ngakhale pulezidenti wosankhidwa ndi anthu, amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Lamulo lokhazikitsa kusiyanitsa maulamuliro (ozunza, okhazikitsa malamulo, komiti yalamulo) ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri limaphatikizapo lamulo la ufulu limene limatetezera anthu ku kupotozedwa ndi boma. Malamulo ameneŵa amaletsa malamulo odzilamulira ndi kupereka njira zochitira zinthu zotopetsa.

Kuteteza Ufulu Waung’ono

Mfundo yaikulu ya kulanda dziko ndi yakuti chifuniro cha anthu ambiri chiyenera kukhala choyenera ndi chitetezo kwa anthu ochepa ndi anthu ena. Popanda chitetezo chotero, malamulo ambiri angasinthe kukhala “adani a anthu ambiri.” Ma Republic kwenikweni amatsimikizira ufulu wa kulankhula, kusonkhana, chipembedzo, ndi njira yofunikira . Zoyenera zimene zimagwira ntchito ngakhale pamene anthu sazifuna. Kudzipereka kumeneku ku ku kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kulolerana ndi chimodzi cha zinthu zofunika kwambiri za m'dziko.

Kupatukana ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zambiri, ma republic amagaŵana ulamuliro pakati pa nthambi zolingana. Mwachitsanzo, nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo imapanga malamulo, akuluakulu a boma amawakakamiza, ndipo atsamundawo amamasulira. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu yochepetsa kapena kuyang'anira inayo mwachitsanzo, mkulu wa bungwelo angapereke lamulo, bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo angatsimikizire oweruza, ndipo oweruza angathetse ntchito zosagwirizana ndi malamulo. Dongosolo limeneli limalimbikitsa kulinganiza ndi kulolera molakwa.

Chiyambi cha Mbiri ndi Chisinthiko

Lingaliro la republica silinachokere kotheratu kuchokera ku Kuunikiridwa; mizu yake inafika ku utali wa ku mabwinja.

Girisi Wakale ndi Roma

Ngakhale kuti Atene anali ndi mtundu wa demokrase yachindunji, inali Roman Republic (5092-27 BCE) imene inapereka chitsanzo chachikulu choyamba cha mabungwe oimira. Aroma anasankha mabungwe aŵiri chaka chilichonse, nyumba ya akulu a patricia, ndi misonkhano yotchuka yomwe inakhazikitsa malamulo. Malamulo a Republic, ngakhale kuti sanalembedwe, anakhazikitsa kulinganizika kochititsa mantha pakati pa anthu apamwamba ndi otchuka.

Poyamba, mzinda wa Greece wa Sparta ndi Carthage unayesanso kukhazikitsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za boma, monga zolamulira, za ufumu wapamwamba, ndi za demokalase. Wolemba mbiri wina Polybius anatamanda Roman Republic chifukwa chophatikiza zinthu zimenezi, akumanena kuti dongosolo loterolo linali lokhazikika kwambiri kuposa malamulo enieni.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Roma, urpabuliki unazimiririka kwambiri ku Ulaya kufikira kumapeto kwa Nyengo Zapakati, pamene mizinda ya kumpoto kwa Italy inadzutsanso boma la PNG . Venice, Florence, Genoa, ndi ena anakhala ma republic dzina, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri analamulidwa ndi mabanja a oligarch. Florentine akuganiza kuti Niccolächiavelli, m'maungwe ake [FLT:] Dioscourses pa Livy [1], , kupenda mabungwe a Romana ndi kutsutsa kuti mlingo wa kutengamo mbali kotchuka, ubwino wa anthu, ndi kutsutsana kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi zina kungasungire ufulu. Ntchito yake inasonkhezera oyambitsa maiko amakono.

Maziko a Kuunika

M’zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18 munakhala kuwonjezereka kwa nthanthi ya riphabliki, yosonkhezeredwa ndi anthanthi amene anafunafuna kulungamitsa kutsutsa ufumu wa ufumu wachifumu wotheratu.

John Locke [[FLT :1] [1689] adatsutsa Zikalata ziŵiri za Boma [[FLT:] kuti boma lovomerezeka limakhala ndi chivomerezo cha olamulidwa ndi kuti nzika zimasunga ufulu wachibadwa ku moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu. Ngati wolamulira aswa ufuluwo, anthu angapanduke. Malingaliro a doko la American Declaration of Independence.
Baron de Montesquieu (1748), mu Mzimu wa Malamulo [, anachenjeza kuti popanda kulekanitsa maulamuliro, ufulu watayika. Iye anasirira dongosolo la Britain (imene anawona molakwika kukhala lothamanga) ndi kuchirikiza kaamba ka mkulu, communist, ndi kudziimira pawekha. Chiphunzitso chake chinalembedwa mu U.S.
[[FLT : 0] Jehoanācques Rousseau [[FLT: 1] (1762]) anapereka masomphenya osintha kwambiri mu Conct ya chikhalidwe cha anthu , akutsutsana kuti ulamuliro uli wa anthu monga gulu la “chifuniro. [1] Pamene Rousseau anasakhulupirira boma loimira, malingaliro ake ponena za ulamuliro wotchuka wa France.

Anthu oganiza ameneŵa, limodzi ndi chidziŵitso chogwira mtima cha Dutch Republic ndi English Commonwealth, anapatsa oyambitsa United States ndi France chikalata chotchuka cha nthanthi chimene chinachokeramo kupanga malamulo amakono a republic.

Kuukira kwa ku America ndi France

United States inakhazikitsa lipabuliki yoyamba yaikulu ya ukulu wa zinthu mu nyengo yamakono. Malamulo a 1787 anapanga dziko la pulezidenti la boma ndi kugogomezera kwambiri macheke ndi kulinganiza. Bukhu la Ufulu Woyenerera linawonjezera chitetezo chotsimikizirika kaamba ka ufulu wa munthu aliyense, kuphatikizapo ufulu wa kulankhula, kusindikiza, ndi chipembedzo. Kuyesa kwa ku America kunasonkhezera kusintha kosiyanasiyana ku Latin America ndi Ulaya.

Falansa’s First Republic (1792-1804) inali yosakhazikika, yogwirizana pakati pa demokrase yamphamvu ndi ulamuliro wa authoritarianism. Komabe Chipanduko cha France chinafalitsanso malingaliro a republic(liberty, kulingana, kugwirizana , kudutsa kontinenti, ndi Lamulo la Napoleon linagwirizanitsa malamulo ambiri a dziko la Republic.

Mitundu ya Madziko

Malamulo ambiri a masiku ano amagwirizana ndi bungwe la akuluakulu a boma.

Mapale a Pulezidenti

M'dongosolo la pulezidenti, pulezidenti wosankhidwa mwachindunji amatumikira ponse paŵiri monga mkulu wa boma ndi mkulu wa boma, wodziimira yekha. Mawu a pulezidenti amakonzedwa, ndipo bungwe la malamulo silingachotse mosavuta mkulu wa ntchito. United States ndi chitsanzo chotchuka; mayiko ena otchuka a pulezidenti akuphatikizapo Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, ndi South Korea. Dongosolo limeneli limapereka chitukuko ndi kuŵerengera koonekeratu koma limapereka maupandu ndi kutsendereza pamene pulezidenti ndi nyumba yoyamu ya malamulo ichokera ku magulu otsutsa.

Ma Republic a Nyumba ya Malamulo

M’dziko la la lamya, mkulu wa boma ndi pulezidenti (kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ntchito zamwambo), pamene mkulu wa boma ali woyang’anira nyumba ya malamulo. Nduna yaikulu ndi bungwe la boma ndi mamembala a nyumba ya malamulo ndipo angakanizidwe ndi voti yopanda chidaliro. Germany, India, Italy, ndi Israel ndi mariphabliki a nyumba za malamulo. Dongosolo limeneli nlosinthika kwambiri ndipo limalimbikitsa mgwirizano, koma lingatsogolere ku kusintha kwa boma ndi kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma.

Semilandireensances Republics

Malipabuliki ena amaphatikiza mbali za madongosolo onse aŵiri. Falansa, Russia, Egypt, ndi Taiwan ali ndi pulezidenti wosankhidwa mwachindunji amene amagawana maulamuliro audindo ndi nduna yaikulu. Kulinganizika kwa ulamuliro kumadalira pa kapangidwe ka lamulo ndi kapangidwe ka chipani cha malamulo. Madongosolo a zautsogoleri angaphatikizepo utsogoleri wamphamvu ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kwa nyumba ya malamulo, komanso amaika pangozi nkhondo za kugonana.

Federal Republics

Republic ya boma imagaŵa ulamuliro pakati pa boma lalikulu ndi maboma a chigawo kapena zigawo. Mlingo uliwonse uli ndi mphamvu zake zotsimikiziridwa ndi lamulo. United States, Germany, India, Brazil, ndi Australia ndi ma republic a boma. Federalism imathandizira kuyang'anira magawo aakulu, osiyanasiyana mwa kulola ufulu wa chigawo m’nkhani zonga ngati maphunziro, ntchito yapolisi, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthaka, pamene boma lalikulu limasamalira chitetezo, malamulo a maiko akunja, ndi ndalama.

MaRepublic a Chisilamu

Mayiko angapo, monga Iran ndi Pakistan (onse aŵiri a maiko achisilamu mwalamulo), amaloŵetsa lamulo la Chisilamu (sharia) m’madongosolo awo a zamalamulo pamene akusamalira mabungwe osankhidwa. Dongosolo la Iran liri locholoŵana kwambiri, lokhala ndi mtsogoleri wamkulu wa chipembedzo (Guardian Jurist) wokhala ndi ulamuliro wokulirapo pa nduna yaikulu, nyumba yomanga malamulo, ndi judiary. Zitsanzo zachisilamu zimenezi zimayang’anizana ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa demokrase ndi ulamuliro wachipembedzo.

Ntchito ya Nzika za ku Republic

Zifukwa zongokhalira kukambirana ndi munthu wina zikhoza kuloledwa mu ufumu wa mfumu, koma pamafunika anthu olimbikira kuyendetsa nawo boma lawo.

Kusankha

Mchitidwe wowoneka kwambiri wa unzika ndiwo kuvota. Motero, mavoti aufulu ndi abwino ndi mmene anthu amachitira ulamuliro. Osankha oimira amene adzalongosola zofuna zawo, malamulo a mkangano, ndi kuyang'anira mkulu. Wovota wapamwamba amatsutsa kuimira ndipo angalole kuti anthu ochepa osankhidwa ndi 76organ alamulire. Motero mayiko ambiri amalimbikitsa kuvota mwa kulembetsa, maphunziro a boma, ndiponso ngakhale kuvota (monga ku Australia).

Maphunziro a Anthu Osiyanasiyana ndi Nkhani Yapoyera

Republic singagwire ntchito ngati nzika sizikudziŵa masukulu ake ndi malamulo ake. Sukulu, zoulutsira nkhani, ndi mabungwe a anthu onse onse amachita mbali m'kuphunzitsa mmene boma limagwirira ntchito, zimene nzika za ufulu wa anthu zimachita, ndi mmene zingasankhire mawu opikisana. Demokrase yodzisankhira iyenera kukambitsirana pamodzi nkhani za anthu. "Kufufuza malo amene mfundo zimalemekezedwa, malingaliro osiyana amamvedwa, ndi kulolera molakwa. Kukwera kwa masuntry ndi zipinda zotulutsa mawu kumapereka chiwopsezo chachinduko chachi.

Kuzenga, Kuchita Chiwawa, ndi Chiŵeniŵeni

Kusiyapo masankho, nzika zingasonkhezere lamulo kupyolera mwa magulu a anthu opatuka, zisonyezero, mapembedzero, ndi kulankhula ndi oimira awo. Mabungwe a nzika za boma . "Union, matchalitchi, mabungwe othandizira, mayanjano aukatswiri . N’zothandiza kuti anthu agwirizane ndi boma. Zimathandizira kuti anthu azichita zinthu mogwirizana, kuyang'anira ntchito ya boma, ndi kuthandiza atsogoleri a m’dziko kuti adziwire mlandu.

Utumiki wa Jury ndi Kuloŵetsedwamo kwa M’chitaganya

Mayiko ambiri amafuna kuti nzika zikhale paujuli, kutsimikizira kuti anthu wamba ali ndi mbali yapadera m’kuyang’anira chilungamo. Makomiti a boma, makomiti a sukulu, ndi misonkhano ya m’matauni amapereka mipata ina yowonjezereka ya kutengamo mbali. Mapangano a udzu ameneŵa amalimbitsa mgwirizano pakati pa nzika ndi boma ndipo amakulitsa chidaliro m’mabungwe a boma.

Mavuto Amene Mayiko Amakono Akukumana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti mayikowa akusangalala ndi zinthu zambiri, amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu amene angafooketse anthu ndipo amafooketsa anthu amene amawaimira.

Kusintha kwa Ndale ndi Kutsekereza

M’maiko ambiri, magaŵano atsankho akula kufika pamlingo wakuti kulolera kusoŵa ndi kutulutsa malamulo kukhoza kuchititsa kuletsa boma, nkhondo zachiweruzo, ndi kutha kwa chidaliro. Pamene nzika ziwona magulu awo kukhala zida chabe za nkhondo zogaŵanitsa, iwo angachoke kotheratu ku ndale zadziko, kuyambitsa kayendedwe kankhalwe.

Ziphuphu Ndiponso Kugwidwa

Chiphuphu . Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa ntchito ya boma kaamba ka phindu laumwini . Kukhoza kukhala mtundu wa chiphuphu, kugulitsa ndalama, kupha mapoti, kapena zopereka zosaloledwa. Kuwonjezera pa kuphwanya malamulo, “inthayo imagwira" pamene anthu olemera kapena makampani achita zinthu mopambanitsa mwa kukakamiza, kugwiritsa ntchito malo olandirira magetsi m'nyumba, ndi kukhala ndi manyuzipepala. Malamulo okhwima a malamulo a makhalidwe abwino, ndi malamulo a zandalama otsatsira ndalama amafunika kutsutsana.

Kulamulira ndi Kuchirikiza Demokalase

Zaka makumi aposachedwapa aona chikhoterero chodetsa nkhaŵa cha atsogoleri osankhidwa kukhala osumika maganizo pa zinthu za malamulo, makhoti, ndi nyuzipepala. Mwa kugwiritsira ntchito mawu a populist, iwo angaukire mabungwe odziimira okha, kufooketsa kusankhidwa, ndi kuchepetsa ufulu wa anthu. Njira imeneyi ya “kupatuka kwa democratic . ikhoza kusintha boma kukhala losankha pokha pamene akusunga masankhoti. Mayiko onga Hungary, Poland, ndi Turkey aona kunyonyotsoka kodziŵika kwa malamulo a dziko la dziko.

Kusagwirizana ndi Kugwirizana

Makampani a mayiko ena angafune kuti anthu ayambe kugawana masankho kapena kuyambitsa kusagwirizana.

Kusalabadira ndi Kusokonekera

Pamene nzika zilingalira kuti mavoti awo saali ofunika kapena kuti andale onse ali ofanana, iwo angasiye kutengamo mbali. Wovota, makamaka pakati pa achichepere, amafooketsa kuimira boma ndipo angasiye malamulo olamuliridwa ndi anthu achikulire, olemera. Kusintha monga kulembetsa kodzisankhira, kuvota kwa tauni, ndi kupanga tsiku la chisankho kungathandize kuchepetsa mkhalidwe umenewu.

Kumaliza

Ma Republic amaimira chimodzi cha zoyesayesa za anthu zokhalitsa za kugwirizanitsa malamulo otchuka ndi ufulu. Kuyambira pa Khoti la Roma mpaka pa malamulo a masiku ano, mwambo wa republic wasintha kuti ugwirizane ndi mikhalidwe yatsopano pamene ukusunga malamulo apamwamba: uchifumu wa anthu, ulamuliro wa lamulo, kutetezera ufulu, ndi kugaŵana mphamvu. Komabe mapulinsipulo ameneŵa saali kudziloŵetsa okha; amafuna chisamaliro chosalekeza, ubwino wa anthu, ndi kuyang’anira. Monga nzika za dziko, tiri ndi mwaŵi ndi thayo la kumvetsetsa dongosolo lathu, kutengamo mbali m’kachitidwe kake, ndi kutetezera mphamvu ya mphwayi ndi ulamuliro wauchiweruza. M'nthaŵi ya kusintha ndi mavuto apadziko lonse, moyo wa woimira ufulu ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu ndi chilungamo udakalibe.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani [[FLT: 0] kuloŵa kwa Encyclopedia Britannica pa marepublic [FLT :1], [[FLT .] Encyclopedia ya Filosofi pa republicism , ndi [FLT ] kusanthula kwa Economist ziwopsezo zotsutsidwa ndi manyumwi.