Vuto Lomakula la Kuchepa kwa Nyumba

Kudutsa United States ndi dziko lonse, kusoŵa kwa ndalama zokhalira ndi nyumba kwakhala chimodzi cha mavuto aakulu koposa a nthaŵi yathu. Kugwetsa mitengo ya nyumba, malipiro otsalira, ndi kupereŵera kwa nyumba kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwachititsa kulakalaka kwa nyumba za eni nyumba zokhala zosatheka, pamene kuli kwakuti zotolera zimawononga ndalama zambiri za banja. Maboma, kuchokera ku matauni aang'ono kumzinda waukulu, apeza iwo eni m'mbali za mavutowa. Mosiyana ndi mabungwe a boma kapena mabungwe a boma, atsogoleri a boma akuona chiwopsezo cha munthu chikuwonjezeka kaŵiri, antchito akuyendetsa maola chifukwa chakuti sangathe kukhala ndi moyo pafupi ndi ntchito zawo, ndi anthu otha kukhala ndi anthu othaŵa kwawo kwa nthaŵi yaitali chifukwa cha kumangidwa. M'mizinda, ndi kuchuluka kwa mabizinesi asintha, kukonzanso njira za ntchito, ndi kuwonjezera nyumba. Nkhaniyi ikuyang'anira mapangano a boma, ndipo akuyang'anizana ndi zopimira, ndipo akupezapo kanthu.

Kuzindikira Kuti Nyumba Zikuwonongeka

Kupezeka kwa nyumba kuli kwakukulukulu ponena za kugwirizana pakati pa ndalama za nyumba ndi ndalama zapanyumba. Chizindikiro chapadera, chogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Dipatimenti ya House and Urban Development ya United States (HUD) ndi mabungwe ena ambiri, nchakuti nyumba ndi ndalama . kuphatikizapo lendi kapena nyumba, zothandizira, ndi msonkho , siziyenera kupitirira 30% ya ndalama zimene banja limalandira. Ngati mtengo wake ukupitirira , mabanja amayang'anizana ndi mtolo wolemera, kaŵirikaŵiri kukakamiza malonda ndi zofunika zina monga chakudya, zosamalira thanzi, zoyendera, ndi maphunziro.

Malinga ndi Center for Hospital Studies of Harvard University , chiŵerengero cholembedwa cha mabanja a U.S. tsopano chakhala chothodwetsa. Mu 2022, mabanja obwereka ndalama zoposa 22 miliyoni owonongeredwa pa 30% ya ndalama zawo pa nyumba, ndipo oposa 12 miliyoni anathera ndalama zoposa theka. Ambuye a nyumba satetezedwa; misonkho, inshuwalansi, ndi ndalama zolipirira zakhala ndi ndalama, makamaka pakati pa achikulire pa ndalama zokhazikika. Vutolo silikuwononga nyumba zolandira ndalama zochepa, mitundu yamitundu, ndi malo a m’mizinda yoposa . Koma mavuto ake akunja, kuyendetsa chuma, ndi kuyendetsako kwa anthu onse, ndi kukhazikika kwa .

Maluso Opangira Masheya a Nyumba

Maboma a m’dzikolo ali ndi njira zosavuta zochitira zinthu. Njira zamphamvu kwambiri zimaphatikizapo kusintha kwa utsogoleri, kulimbikitsa ndalama, ndi kugwirizana kumene kumagwiritsira ntchito anthu onse ndi anthu. Pansipa pali njira zina zimene anthu ambiri amatengera, poona mmene amachitira zinthu.

Kudzikongoletsa Kochokera ku Maluwa

Malamulo a kumanga malo a dziko a IZ amafuna kuti omanga nyumba aike chigawo chimodzi pa makampani atsopano opezera mabanja amene amalandira ndalama zapansi pa ndandanda ya ndalama. Malamulo ameneŵa angakhale oyenera kapena odzifunira, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo makonzedwe otsimikizira kuti ndalama zikupitirizidwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri. IZ imathandizira kupangitsa malo opezerako ndalama zosiyanasiyana, kuchepetsa umphaŵi waukulu uku akuwonjezera mabogi okhoza kugulitsidwa popanda kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu onse.

Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la San Francisco la kulumikiza nyumba, limafuna omanga maprojekiti okhala ndi 10 kapena kuposapo kupanga pafupifupi 12% ya mayuniti okhoza kutsika kapena kukwanira nyumba zopezedwa, kapena kulipirira ndalama mu mafiya. Mizinda ina monga Boston ndi Denver yatengera zitsanzo zofanana. Vuto lalikulu ndi kuika malire okhoza kulinganiza popanda kuchepetsa kukula konse. Maboma ena amapereka ndalama zolemera [1] Kulola nyumba zazitali kapena mayuniti ambiri kuposa ndalama zimene zimalola kuchepetsako. Kufufuza kuchokera ku [FLT:] Institute yokwanira kuti pasatsata IZ ipange maprogramu a mapulogalamu osagulika m’mizinda yaikulu popanda kuchepetsapo kuchuluka kwa nyumba.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Nyumba Kosavuta

Kuwonjezera pa malamulo a boma, maboma akupereka zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zolimbikitsira anthu omanga nyumba zotchingira. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo msonkho wa katundu, ndalama zochepetsera ndalama zoyendetsera nyumba, ndi ndalama zothandizira kukonza nyumba za m'dzikolo. Mwa kuchepetsa mtengo ndi kukwera kwa zinthu, zisonkhezero zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zoyendetsera ntchitozo zikhale zokhoza kugulitsira m’mafakitale amene akanakhala amtengo wapamwamba.

Mu New York City, programu ya 421-a ya msonkho (tsopano yoloŵetsedwa mmalo ndi Affordble New York) inapereka chiwonjo cha ndalama zambiri kaamba ka ntchito zimene zinaphatikizapo makampani okhoza kugula. Mu Seattle, Mu Multif Family Trust Exadetion (MFTE) programu imapereka chilolezo cha zaka 12 cha msonkho wa katundu kaamba ka nyumba zatsopano za mabanja ambiri zimene zimaikizira 20% kufikira 25% ya mayuniti a yuniti okhoza kugula nyumba zokhoza kugula. Komabe, osuliza amaona kuti misonkhozo imachepetsa ndalama za kumaloko ndipo nthaŵi zonse samatulutsa msonkho wa ndalama zanthaŵi yaitali popanda chikalata chovomerezetsa.

Kulamulira Kwabwino

Kulamulira kwa shelefu kwa magetsi , kubwereka magetsi kwa lendi kungawonjezere ndalama zimene eni nyumba angawonjezere chaka chilichonse, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwirizanitsa kukwera ndi mtengo wa ogula kapena mlingo woikika. Malamulo ameneŵa amatetezera ogona nyumba zimene zilipo ku maulendo a mwadzidzidzi, osafunika ndi kuteteza nyumba zimene zilipozo. California, New York, Oregon, ndi mizinda yambiri ili ndi mtundu wina wa lendi.

Pamene kuli kwakuti kulamulira kwa lendi kungapereke mpumulo wa mwamsanga kwa otsalawo, akatswiri azachuma kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsana ndi ziyambukiro zake zanthaŵi yaitali. Kufufuza kwa kanthaŵi kochepa kwa ofufuza a Stanford kunapeza kuti kuchepetsako kuchuluka kwa nyumba zobwereka ku San Francisco mwa kupangitsa eni nyumba kutembenuza makampani ku malo osungira zinthu kapena malo ochitirako malendi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti malamulo osintha kwambiri, monga aja a mu New York City, athandiza kukhazikitsa madera onse ndi kutetezera kusamuka kwa anthu ambiri. Makampani ayenera kulinganiza mosamalitsa chitetezo ndi zikopa za katundu ndi kukonzanso zinthu zatsopano.

Dziko la Anthu Linakhulupirirana

Malo a chitaganya amaikizidwa (CLT) ndi mabungwe osapanga phindu amene amapeza malo ndi kuwasunga kukhala odalirika, ndiyeno amawapereka kwa eni nyumba kapena omanga nyumba kuti aperekeko kampani ya boma. Chifukwa chakuti malowo ali a CLT, mtengo wa nyumba umasiyana ndi mtengo wa dziko, kuchepetsa mtengo wogulira. Posinthana, eninyumba amavomereza kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amasunga nyumba za mtsogolo kukhala zokhoza kugula.

Mazikole atsimikizira kukhala okhoza kusungidwa kwachikhalire kwa mwaŵi wa mwininyumba. Champlain Hosting Trust mu Burlington, Vermont, ndi imodzi ya ma CLT akale ndi aakulu koposa mu U.S., kuyang'anira nyumba zoposa 3,000 zokhoza kugulitsidwa. Mizinda ina, monga ngati Atlanta ndi Washington, D.C., yakhazikitsa CLTS ndi kugwirizana kwa mabanki a dziko. CLTS imathandizanso kuletsa kupeputsa ndi kukhazikika kwa chuma m'madera osungiramo katundu.

Kugwirizana kwa Onse

Mayanjano a anthu onse (PPPs kapena P3s) amasonkhanitsa pamodzi chuma cha boma, likulu laumwini, ndi maluso osapanga phindu kuti apange nyumba zokwera pamlingo. Mayanjano ameneŵa angatenge mitundu yambiri: ntchito zaumodzi kumene mzindawo umathandizira malo ndi woyendetsa kampani kuyang'anira kumanga; mapangano a ngongole kumene mzinda umapatsira malo a Leach Inhootation Taxies (LHTC); kapena ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimene zimaphatikiza malo a malonda ndi makampani okhoza kugula.

Chitsanzo chodziŵika ndicho “Kumanga ku Rent” kugwirizana ndi Austin, Texas, kumene mzindawo unapereka phukusi la 200 auniti yomwe mabanja ongofuna kupatsidwa 60% a ndalama zoyendetsera chigawo. Woyendetsa ntchitoyo anapereka ndalama zothandizira kuchepetsa msonkho ndi 4% LIHTC quiny . Mayanjano otero angafulumize mapulogalamu a ntchito ndi kubweretsa ukatswiri wakuti maboma akunong’ono, koma amafuna kuti ayang’anire kwambiri kutsimikizira mapindu a anthu kuti sakuwonongeka.

Zida Zinanso Zofalitsa Mapepala

Kupyola njira zisanu zoyambira zimene zalongosoledwa pamwambapa, njira zina zambiri zikugwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi oyang’anira openda zinthu patsogolo.

Kumanga ndi Kuchotsa Zochita za Banja Lokha

Minneapolis anapanga mitu yankhani ya dziko lonse mu 2018 mwa kukhala mzinda waukulu woyamba kuchotsamo banja limodzi m’mizinda yonse, kulola mipulesi ndi matsinde atatu m'malo onse okhala. Chiyambire pamenepo, mizinda monga Portland, Oregon, ndi Charlotte, North Carolina, yatsatira . Mwa kulola kukwera kwa mphamvu, kusintha kumeneku kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa nyumba ndipo kungachepetse mitengo. Kusintha kwa Minneapolis kumasonyeza kuwongolera kochepa m'mabanja ambiri, ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake zikhoza kutenga zaka zambiri kuti atengepo zinthu.

Mabungwe Okhalamo Anthu (ADU)

ADUS , tinyumba tachiŵiri pa malole a banja limodzi . . . mizinda yambiri yachepetsa ziletso ndi ATU yovomerezedwa kulimbikitsa kumanga. Ku California, lamulo la boma tsopano limafuna kuti mizinda ilole ADUs, ndipo boma limapereka maprogramu a ngongole kuthandiza eninyumbawo. ADUS angapereke ndalama kwa eninyumba pamene akuwonjezera sitolo ya nyumba.

Kuthandiza Mano ndi Kuthandiza Anthu Odwala Mantha

Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri amaonedwa kukhala thayo la boma, maboma ena akhazikitsa maprogramu awoawo a lendi. Mwachitsanzo, District of Local Rent Emedial Program ya Columbia imapereka machenjezo kwa mabanja opeza ndalama zochepa kwambiri, kutsegulira mpata pakati pa zimene angagulitse ndi marendi a msika. Maprogramu ameneŵa ndi odula koma angawonongedwe kwa nzika zosavuta kwambiri.

Mavuto a Kusamalira Nyumba

Ngakhale kuti atsogoleri a m’mayikowa amayesetsa kuchita zinthu mwaluso ndiponso kudzipereka kwawo, pali zinthu zambiri zimene zimalepheretsa kuti ntchitoyi ipite patsogolo.

Kuchepa kwa Ndalama ndi Kuvutika

Nyumba zokwera mtengo ndi zokwera mtengo. Bungwe limodzi lingagule madola zikwi mazana ambiri kuti lipange, ndipo ndalama zothandizira ntchito zingafunikire kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Maboma ambiri amadalira ntchito yochuluka ya ndalama za boma (monga HOMEment Investivation Prevenation Program and Community Development Development Grants), ndalama zoikizira nyumba, ndi zopereka ndalama za kumaloko monga kusungidwa kapena kulipira katundu. Masheya a ndalama a pa nthaŵi ya kutsika kwa chuma angachepetse kwambiri maprogramu a nyumba.

National Low Inhome Inhome Coalition ikusimba kuti dziko lonselo kuli kupereŵera kwa nyumba zobwereka zoposa 7 miliyoni za nyumba zokongola kwa anthu olandira ndalama zochepa kwambiri. Kusamalira mpata umenewu kungafunikire kuikizira ndalama zoposa pamlingo wamakono. Mizinda yambiri yatembenukira ku miyezo ya kugwirizana kovomerezedwa ndi boma, yonga ngati $290 miliyoni ya Seattle Houses Houses Levy , kupangira ndalama zoperekedwa zoperekedwa, koma njira zoterozo siziri zoyenerera nthaŵi zonse.

Chitsutso cha Anthu (N’zokhulupirira za Chipembedzo)

Kukana kwa anthu okhalapo panopa [1] “Sim'Backyard [1] Chikhumbo chimenechi chidakali chimodzi cha mavuto aakulu kwambiri. Ngakhale pamene kupita patsogolo kwatsopano kumaphatikizapo makampani otsika, kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsutsa, kutchula nkhaŵa za kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, kusoŵa kwa kuimika galimoto, sukulu kuchuluka kwa anthu, kapena kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu a m’dera. Chitsutsochi chikhoza kuchedwetsa ntchito za malo okhalako kwa zaka zambiri, kuchonderera, ndi makhoti.

Kulimbana ndi NIMBYism, mizinda yatengera “mwakuyenera” kukhazikitsa malo otsegulira chenjera, ndipo ena apanga“ njira zamphamvu za "kutsatira” zimene zimagonjetsa chitsutso cha kumaloko. Komabe, kugwirizana kwa anthu ndi kukulitsa chidaliro n’kofunika. Kulankhulana kosonyeza bwino za mapindu a nyumba zotchipa . Zonga ngati kusiyana kwa chuma ndi kuchepa kwa kusoŵa pokhala [1]

Kulinganiza Kukula kwa Zinthu ndi Kudera Nkhaŵa za Malo Okhala

Kukonza nyumba kungasokoneze zolinga za malo okhala. Kumanga malo obiriŵira kungawononge malo otseguka ndi kuwonjezera galimoto zimene zikuyenda mtunda wautali, pamene kuli kwakuti kuchuluka kwa malo osungira zinthu kungayang’anizane ndi mavuto monga kuwonongeka kwa malo osungirako zinthu ovuta. Kuwonjezera apo, njira zopendera kwambiri za malo okhala, monga California Environmental Security Act (CEA), zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi anthu otsutsa nyumba zatsopano.

Mizinda yopita patsogolo ikuyesayesa kaamba ka “malamulo a zachuma . malamulo a nyumba amene amasumika kuwonjezereka pafupi ndi kuyendetsa bwino mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, makonzedwe odziŵa bwino a Minneapolis amaphatikizapo ponse paŵiri kuukira kumanga ndi kulakalaka mkhalidwe wa dziko. Koma kusagwirizana ndi kupitirizabe: chilungamo china chimatsutsa kuti kupita patsogolo kwa malonda kwa malo otsika ogulitsira ndalama kungatsogolere ku kubwerera m’malo ena, kukumalepheretsa kukhazikika kwa maluso a kachitidwe ka maluŵa.

Kusunga Ubwino M’nthaŵi Yakale

Popanda uyang'aniro wopitirizabe, ma thirakitale okhoza kukwera mtengo angabwerere ku mlingo wa mapangano a malonda amene atha kutha. “matanthwe a " achititsa kutayikiridwa kwa zikwi za magulu ang'onoang'ono a dziko lonse. Kulimbana ndi zimenezi, mizinda ikufutukula nyengo zokhoza kufikira zaka 99 kapena m'kukhala kwabwino, kugwiritsira ntchito malo odalirana ndi ziletso zachikhalire.

Ngakhale ndi mapangano alamulo, kusungitsa ndalama kumathandiza. Matauni amafunikira madongosolo amphamvu oyang'anira kuti atsimikizire kuti agwirizane ndi polekezera ndalama ndi zipewa za lendi. Ayeneranso kukhala ndi ziŵiya zalamulo zowabwezeranso ngati eni ake alephera kusungitsa ndalama. Maboma ena, monga Montgomery County, Maryland, apatulira maofesi okhoza kuyendera nyumba zimene zimayendera pamodzi.

Kufufuza za Anthu Omwe Boma Lawo Linawatsogolera

Zitsanzo zotsatirazi zikusonyeza mmene magulu osiyanasiyana atembenuzira malamulo kukhala chisonkhezero chenicheni cha dziko.

San Francisco, California

San Francisco walimbana kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi ndalama zokulira za nyumba. Kuwonjezera pa kulumikizidwa kwa malo, mzindawo unachititsa Thumba la Nyumba , limene limachotsa ndalama zomangira nyumba, ndalama zowonjezera, ndi ndalama za onse zothandizira kumanga ndi kuteteza. Programu ya tauniyi [[FLT:] Yothandiza mwini Nyumba imapereka chithandizo ndi pansi pa nyumba zokwerera ndalama zopezera mabanja. Monga 2023, San Francisco adapanga mayunithi otsika 30,000 kupyola ntchito zimenezi, ngakhale kuti zofuna zake zikupitirizabe kuperekedwa kunja kwa nkhondo. Dolosolo la Malo [1] Malo a ma [1] FLT [FFFFF: 5]

Mzinda wa New York, New York

Dolopo la New York City , likulinganiza New York 2. 0 , , linalengeza mu 2017, linapanga kapena kusungitsa mayuniti osakhoza kukwanira 300,000 pa 2026. Dongosololo limaphatikiza kumangidwa kwatsopano, kukonzedwanso kwa nyumba za anthu, ndi kusungidwa kwachibadwa kumene kumakhalako. Pofika 2022, mzindawo unali utapereka ndalama zoposa mayuniti 200,000. Chigawo chagona ndi Mandatory Holo (MH) [programme , yomwe imagwira ntchito zonse za mu mzinda wa 2022] ndipo imafunikira masinthidwe otsika. MIH yakhala ndi mabowonda zikwi zambiri m'madera onga New York ndi West.

Minneapolis, Minnesota

Mu 2018, Minneapolis adatengera Makampani a kampani ya nyumba. Makonzedwe oyambirira kuchokera pa 201-2022, anasonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa 66% ya zilolezo za duplexes, tittles, ndi quadplexes poyerekezera ndi kusintha kwa zinthu pasadakhale. Kuwonjezera apo, Minneapolis inagulitsa ndalama zokwana madola 5 miliyoni pachaka ku Affordbiavho.

Seattle, Washington

Seattle’s Mandary Home Affordibility (MHA]) inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2019, kugwirizanitsa malo ndi zofunika za ndalama. Mu “midzi ya ku Russia,” omanga maprojekiti ambiri ayenera kuphatikizapo mayuniti otha kukwera (asanu ndi 11 peresenti) kapena kulipirira ndalama pa mlingo wa sikweyare imodzi m’nyumba. Kuyambira kumanga kwake, MALA wapanga mayuniti 2,500 ndi mamiliyoni a madola m’malipiro. Programu inapangidwa kuti ikhale yodzidalira yokha, monga mitengo ya dziko m'madera okongola. Seattlea inawonjezeranso ndalama zolipirira ndalama zowonongedwa za mzinda. [FLD:]

Kuyang’ana Kutsogolo: Njira Yopezera Kulimba Kokwanira

Kupeza nyumba si vuto limene lingathetsedwe mwadzidzidzi kapena ndi lamulo limodzi. Kumafunikira kusungitsa ndalama, kufuna ndale, ndi kugwirizana m'mbali zonse. Maboma akutsimikizira kuti angakhale malaboratori atsopano, njira zoyesera, ngati chipambano, zingapimidwe. Matauni ogwira mtima kwambiri amaphatikiza njira zoperekera katundu (kusintha kwa kukonza zinthu, zisonkhezero zopanga zinthu) ndi zichilikizo zofunidwa (thandizo la m'nyumba, maprogramu a nyumba) ndi zitetezero zamphamvu.

Kusintha kwa zinthu kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito madongosolo a nyumba [1] monga ngati nyumba zofunikira kupendedwa ndi misonkho yotsalayo . Ndiponso kupeza malo ogona ndi m'mabungwe a nyumba kumene makampani ambiri amagwirizanitsa kuti akambirane ndi vuto lofanana. Mwachitsanzo, Malo Olamulira za Ndalama ndi bungwe loyamba la chigawo ku California ndi ulamuliro wa kukhoma msonkho kuti apereke ndalama zopimira nyumba zopimira kupyola ziŵerengero zisanu ndi zinayi.

Maboma akomweko sangathetse kusoŵa kwa nyumba okha. Mwa kuphunzira pa zitsanzo zimenezi ndi kuzigwirizanitsa ndi zochitika za boma, kukonzanso zinthu zachinsinsi, ndi kukhazikitsa chigwirizano kwa anthu nkofunika kwambiri. Koma zochita zimene zikuchitika lerolino m’mizinda kuchokera ku San Francisco mpaka Minneapolis zimasonyeza kuti malamulo olimba mtima, oikidwa bwino angathandize kwambiri. Mwa kuphunzira pa zitsanzo zimenezi ndi kuzigwirizanitsa ndi zochitika za m'deralo, anthu angayandikire chonulira kuti nzika iliyonse iyenera kukhala ndi malo abwino, oyenerera, ndi otheka kuitanira kunyumba kwawo.