Kupendedwa kwa Malongosoledwe a Malamulo

Matanthauzo alamulo ndiwo maziko a malamulo ndi malamulo wamba. Amaika matanthauzo okhazikika, audindo ku mawu ndi mawu amene akanakhala osavuta kumasulira. Popanda mafotokozedwe ameneŵa, lamulo lililonse lingakhale lotsutsana kwambiri pa ukulu wake, kuchititsa chipwirikiti ndi kutsata. Mafotokozedwe apamwamba amatsimikizira kuti magulu onse . "malamulo, osungitsa, maloya, maloya otetezera, ndi oweruza kuchokera ku mfundo imodzi yakuyankhuli ya zimene mawuwo amatanthauza.

Mafotokozedwe alamulo amachokera m'zinthu zambiri. Mafotokozedwe a malamulo amalembedwa mwachindunji ndi opanga malamulo. Mafotokozedwe a malamulo amachokera ku zigamulo zachiweruzo. Matanthauzo auyang’aniro amapangidwa ndi mabungwe auyang’aniro ogwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo alamulo amitundumitundu. Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi kulemera kosiyana ndipo uli woyenerera ku malamulo osiyanasiyana, koma pamodzi amapanga maziko atsatanetsatane a lamulo.

Malongosoledwe a Zitsanzo

Malamulo ambiri amakono amayamba ndi mafotokozedwe amene amamasulira mawu ofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la boma lolamulira Substances Act limamasulira “mankhwala oletsedwa [1] kukhala“ mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena chinthu china, kapena choyambirira, kuphatikizapo ndandanda, II, IV, kapena V. Mafotokozedwe ameneŵa akuoneka ngati omveka bwino, koma kumasulira kwake kumafuna mafotokozedwe owonjezereka a ndandanda iliyonse. Mafotokozedwe akewo ayenera kuwagwiritsa ntchito ngati angathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa, kulandira mankhwala, ndi kutetezeka pansi pa uyang'aniro wa zamankhwala. [FLT: 0] Kachipangizo kachiŵiri, IV, kapena V] kalongosoledwe kake kake ka mawu a pulogani kuti mafotokozedwe a malamulo ndi olamulira: bwalo lamilandu ayenera kuwagwiritsira ntchito pokhazikitsa kumapeto ake.

  • Lamulo lachibadwidwe: Malongosoledwe a upandu onga “kugwetsa,”“ assault,” kapena “astraud” amakhazikitsa [ctus reus [ ndi [FLT] ndi mens rea [ mbali zimene oweruza ayenera kutsimikizira mosakaikira kwenikweni.
  • Lamulo lakukonza: Mawu onga “kulingalira,” ndi“ mphamvu,” amalongosoledwa mwalamulo (monga ngati Code la Zamalonda la Exchange) kapena mwachitsanzo cha lamulo lofala.
  • Lamulo lonena: Malongosoledwe a “chuma chenicheni,” "chimake,” ndi“ chuma” amagamula zoyenera ndi mathayo a eni malo.

Malamulo angasankhe dala kulankhula mawu otakata kapena osavuta kuti akwaniritse cholinga cha makampani opikisana ofuna kuthandiza anthu kapena kuti akhutiritse magulu a anthu opikisana.

Malongosoledwe a Lamulo Lofala

Mafotokozedwe a lamulo ofala amasintha ndi zigamulo zachiweruzo. Ngati lamulo ligwiritsira ntchito liwu popanda kulongosola, kapena pamene mkangano ubuka pa malire a mafotokozedwe, makhoti aloŵererapo kupereka tsatanetsatane. Mafotokozedwe achiweruzo ameneŵa kenaka amakhala chitsanzo cha milandu yamtsogolo pansi pa lamulo lachikhalidwe [[[FLT:]. Pakupita kwa nthaŵi, mafotokozedwe a lamulo amodzimodzi angasinthe kusonyeza kusintha kwa chitaganya, luso la zopangapanga, kapena luntha la makhalidwe abwino.

Mwachitsanzo, kumasulira kwa “kuyembekezera zinthu zachinsinsi zopanda pake” kwawonjezeka kwambiri m'nyengo ya manambala. Katz v. United States (1967]), Khoti Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti chikondwerero cha munthu chachinsinsi chimakula kuposa kulakwa kwenikweni kuti chiphatikizepo zimene iwo “akufuna kukhala zachinsinsi." Tsopano kalongosoleka kake ndi kusanthula kwa Wechinayi ndi kutsegulidwa kwa zinthu [1] Ngakhale m'mawu ozungulira mawu ake sakanalingalira, monga masamu a pafoni kapena mauthenga a pa email.

Malongosoledwe a Malangizo

Mabungwe oyang'anira amapereka malamulo amene amamasulira mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malamulo. Malongosoledwe ameneŵa ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo koma ali oyenera kupendedwa pa Administrative Procedure Act . Chitsanzo chapadera ndicho “chitayi cholimba" pansi pa Resocial Conservation and Recovery Act. Mafotokozedwe amenewo afotokozedwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri, ndi makhoti olimbana ndi kulinganiza luso la zopanga zinthu ndi kusoŵa kwa pulogalamu yotsimikizirika, yotsimikizirika.

Malongosoledwe a malamulo ngofunika kwambiri makamaka m'makampani a zamankhwala apamwamba monga ngati mankhwala, malamulo a malo, ndi njira zolankhulirana. Amalola mabungwe kudzaza mipata imene siinganene molondola. Komabe, mabungwe ayenera kutsatira njira zodziŵikitsira ndi kulinganiza ndipo sangapambane ulamuliro wawo. Ngati mafotokozedwe samveka bwino kapena achuluka, mabungwe oyendetsedwa bwino angaitopetse m’khoti, ndipo zimenezi zingapangitse kuti apeze zinthu zina.

Mmene Malongosoledwe Amagwiritsira Ntchito Lamulo Lokakamiza

Popanda malamulowo, akuluakulu a boma amakayikira malamulo amene akugwira ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zofufuzira kapena kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo.

Kuwagwira ndi Kuwanyalanyaza

Upandu wa “assault” ungafotokozedwe m'maiko ena kukhala“ kuyesa kunyamula batire” ndipo m’mbali ina monga “chiwopsezo chimene chimadzetsa mantha oyenera a kuvulazidwa. Asilikali ayenera kudziŵa mafotokozedwe amene akugwira ntchito. Mofananamo, mafotokozedwe a “kuloŵa kopanda lamulo” kapena“ kuyendetsa zinthu kosiyana ndi boma ndi kuyambukira mmene apolisi amachitira ku mikangano ya katundu.

Tangolingalirani tanthauzo la “maupandu.” M'mayiko ambiri, munthu wolakwa amafotokozedwa ndi chilango chimene angalandire (m’chitsanzo, kumangidwa kwa chaka chimodzi). Kufotokoza kumeneku pankhani za kumangidwa kwa anthu (kumangidwa mwankhanza kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna chilolezo pokhapokha ngati mikhalidwe yosadziŵika ilipo) ndiponso kuti pakhala zotsatirapo zobwezera zimene zimatsatira chitsimikizo, monga kutaya ufulu wosankha kapena kutaya mfuti.

Kufunafuna ndi Kufufuza Mafupa

Chikalata chachinayi chotchedwa Rempumezment chinapangidwa ndi mafotokozedwe. “Kufufuza” kumafotokozedwa kukhala kuloŵerera kwa boma pa chiyembekezo choyenera cha kukhala pawekha.“ Chinthu” cha katundu chimachitika pamene munthu wasokonezeka ndi phindu lake. “Chifukwa choyenera” chimafotokozedwa kukhala kuthekera kwabwino . Kudalira pa zonse za mikhalidweyo. Kusintha kwa boma kapena umboni wa upandu kudzapezedwa. Malongosoledwe ameneŵa otsogolera kupezera zilolezo, kuchititsa kufunsa kuti munthu agwire ntchito yosayenerera, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga lingaliro loonekeratu kapena mikhalidwe yosadziŵika bwino.

Pamene mafotokozedwe achilendo, kusungitsa lamulo kumakhala kosintha. Mwachitsanzo, kumasulira kwa “kuvomereza” m'kufufuza kwakhala kunkhondo. Makhoti anena kuti chivomerezo chiyenera kukhala chodzifunira / osati chotulukapo cha mabwinja kapena kukakamiza. Koma zimene zimapanga zikhoterero zingasiyane: kuonetsa mphamvu, malamulo a pakamwa, kapena kukhalapo kwa maofesala ambiri kungayambukire kuchuluka kwa mphamvu za mphamvu. Akuluakulu ayenera kuphunzitsidwa pa malongosoledwe achiweruzo ofala m'manja mwawo kuti apeŵe kutsendereza umboni ndi kulakwa kwa anthu.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malamulo a Gulu

Mafotokozedwe alamulo otchuka kwambiri m'ntchito zapolisi ndi aja olamulira ogwiritsira ntchito usilikali. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Graham v. Connor (19989) chinatsimikizira kuti mphamvu zopambanitsa zimayesedwa pansi pa “kulolera kwa" muyezo. Mafotokozedwe ameneŵa amafuna nduna kupenda mkhalidwe uliwonse mogwirizana ndi lingaliro la apolisi ololera pa malowo, popanda phindu la 20 / 20 knor. Mfundozo zimaphatikizapo ukulu wa upanduwo, kaya wokayikiridwayo apereke chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga, ndi kaya ngati wokayikirayo akutsutsa kapena akuyesa kuthaŵa kugwidwa.

Nkhani zotsatira zawongolera mafotokozedwe ameneŵa. Mwachitsanzo, tsopano akuwonjezera mafotokozedwe ameneŵa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mphamvu yakupha ku mikhalidwe imene apolisiwo angafune kukhulupirira kuti wokayikirayo akupereka chiwopsezo chachikulu cha imfa kapena kuvulala kwakukulu. Madipatimenti a apolisi angakonzetse mafotokozedwewa kuti agwiritse ntchito malamulo a mphamvu, kulangiza, ndi kupenda mamilingo. Pamene matanthauzo ali osamveka bwino kwambiri monga ngati akulola “akuluakulu. [1] Makampani angalandire chitsogozo chotsutsana ndi chotsutsana ndi kusakhulupirirana kwa anthu.

Mbali ya Chiweruzo m’Zilongosolero Zotsutsa

Ngakhale pamene malamulo amapereka mafotokozedwe omvekera bwino, kumasulira kwachiweruzo kungafutukule, kuchepetsa, kapena kuwamveketsa. Njira imeneyi iri yokulira ku mwambo wa lamulo wofala ndipo imatsimikizira kuti malongosoledwe akhalabe ogwira ntchito m’zochitika zenizeni zambiri.

Kupha Koyamba ndi Katswiri

Pamene khoti limasulira mawu m’lingaliro lofalitsidwa, makhoti aang'ono m'njira imodzimodziyo amagwiritsira ntchito mafotokozedwe amenewo. Zimenezi zimapanga bata ndi kukwaniritsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, kumasulira kwa “kusonkhezera kuchita zosayeruzika zitayandikira” kuchokera ku Brandenburg v. Ohio [1994] [1994]) agwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza m'nkhani za Olamulira kuyambira kale. Mofananamo, mafotokozedwe a“ kusasamala kwa zinthu za m'ndende zachisanu ndi , okhazikitsidwa mu Mbali v. Brennan [1994], muyezo wolamulira.

Komabe, chitsanzo si chamuyaya. Makhoti angatsendereze mafotokozedwe a poyamba pamene akhala osagwira ntchito kapena pamene kumvetsetsa kwa anthu kwasintha kwenikweni. Kusintha kwa ukwati kwa Khoti Lalikulu kufunikiritsa mavoti a kuvomereza ukwati mu bergefell v. Hodges (2015) ndi chitsanzo chodabwitsa. Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti chitsimikiziro cha Jenformation cha njira yoyenera ndi chitetezo cholingana chimafunikira maulamuliro a kuvomereza ndi kuzindikira maukwati a anthu a nyukiliya, mokhutiritsa mawu omwe anamvedwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri monga mgwirizano pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi.

Malongosoledwe a Zidutswa

Oweruza amagwiritsa ntchito zida zomasulira zinthu . Odziŵa kukhala mabuku ovomerezeka a matanthauzo. Malamulo ameneŵa ali ndi lamulo lomveka (mawu ayenera kupatsidwa tanthauzo lawo lachibadwa), lamulo la kulakwa (malamulo a mlandu ayenera kumasuliridwa moyanja woimbidwa mlandu), ndipo lamulo la kusamvera malamulo (malamulo ayenera kulingalira za vuto limene linalinganizidwa kukonza). Lamulo losankhidwa la mabuku apamwamba lingayambukire kwambiri zotsatira zake.

Mwachitsanzo, mu United States v. Santos (2008), Bwalo Lapamwamba linalimbana ndi mafotokozedwe a “maprojekiti” pansi pa lamulo la ndalama. Kodi “maprojekiti” amatanthauza phindu kapena malonsi? Khoti lopatuka, ndi kuchuluka kwa malamulo a kuchuluka kuti athandize kupeza phindu, kapena kumasulira kofunikira kwambiri kwa lamulolo. Poyankha, Congress adakhazikitsa lamulo lomasulira kuti “chinthu chilichonse chotengedwa kapena chopezedwa kapena kupezedwa, kapena kusungidwa mwachindunji, kapena kuchitidwa mwanjira ina yake yosakhala ya lamulo.

Mavuto ndi Mapangano a Malamulo

Kuumirira pa zinthu mopambanitsa, ndiponso kuumirira pa zinthu mopambanitsa, zonsezo zingafooketse zolinga za kumveka bwino ndi kuyenerera zimene mafotokozedwe a matanthauzo a boma amatanthauza.

Kudzisunga ndi Kupambanitsa

Lamulo nlopanda tanthauzo ngati limalephera kudziŵitsa munthu wamba wanzeru moyenerera za khalidwe limene likuletsedwa. Chitsanzo chapadera ndicho lamulo limene limalanga “kubwezera” kapena“ kumasulira". Mawu otero amaitana kutsata lamulo kodzifunira ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsidwa pansi pa Claus. Mofananamo, mamasulidwe opambanitsa amayambitsa khalidwe lotetezeredwa, mawu ochititsa mantha kapena khalidwe limene nyumba ya malamulo sinafune konse kuletsa.

Talingalirani mkangano wokhudza “kuloŵetsedwamo kwa [1] mafotokozedwe a malamulo otsutsa gang. Ena amanena kuti“ gulu laupandu la m’khwalala” likhoza kuphatikizapo magulu a mabwenzi amene nthaŵi zina amachita upandu waung’ono pamodzi. Maofesala a malamulo angatchule anthu kukhala ziwalo za gulu lozikidwa pa zolemba, zovala, kapena mayanjano, ngakhale ngati sanaikidwepo mlandu wa upandu wochititsidwa ndi gulu. Malongosoledwe ameneŵa angatsogolere ku ku kuwonjezera zigamulo, zofunika zolembetsa, ndipo ngakhale kuthamangitsa anthu osatsatira malamulo omveka bwino.

Kuthetsa Makhalidwe A anthu

Mafotokozedwe alamulo amene poyamba anaoneka ngati omveka bwino angasinthe pamene anthu akusintha. Mafotokozedwe a “chilango chachilendo” awonjezeka kuphatikiza kuphedwa kwa anthu opunduka maganizo ndi achinyamata, ndi miyezo ya zamankhwala ya“ imfa za" imasiyana m'dziko ndi boma. Ngati mafotokozedwe sagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kapena luso la zopangapanga, makhoti ndi malamulo ayenera kuloŵererapo kuti akonze zinthu.

Mafotokozedwe a “kuzunza” kuntchito amapereka chitsanzo china. Kuyenerera kwa makhalidwe oipa kapena ofala m'ma 1980 kungaoneke kukhala kofatsa malinga ndi miyezo yamakono. Makhoti asintha pang’onopang’ono mafotokozedwe a kuphatikizapo kuvutitsana kwa kugonana, kulankhulana kwa pakompyuta, ndi khalidwe limene limayambitsa mkhalidwe waudani ngakhale popanda kuwonongeka kwenikweni kwa zachuma. Komabe mafotokozedwe ake aakulu amakhalabe ogwirizana ndi “munthu wolingalira bwino” pamkhalidwe wa munthu wovutitsidwayo.

Federal v. State Descriptions

Ku United States, maboma a boma ndi a boma omwe amakhazikitsa malamulo, ndipo mafotokozedwe awo nthaŵi zina amatsutsana. Chitsanzo chapadera ndicho kumasulira kwa “ukwati” Obergefell , koma madera ena ambiri amayambukiridwa. Mafotokozedwe a “crime" iokha amasiyana: maiko ena amagwiritsira ntchito mafotokozedwe a Model Penal Code, pamene ena amasunga mafotokozedwe alamulo. Mafotokozedwe a “arson". Akhoza kuphatikizapo kapena kuchotsa katundu wa woimbidwa ndi Mkwiyo, kuyambukira mayeso a inshuwalansi.

Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amaluluza mafotokozedwe a boma m'madera onga ngati kusamuka, kulephera kwa boma, ndi kulephera kwa ntchito. Komabe m'madera a apolisi amwambo . Monga upandu wa mankhwala ogodomalitsa kapena milandu ya zida . Maboma ali aufulu kulongosola mawu osiyana. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku ntchito yotsalira imene imasokoneza nzika ndi kupangitsa kufufuza kosiyanasiyana.

Kusintha Mafotokozedwe a Chilungamo

Chifukwa chakuti mafotokozedwe a zamalamulo ali ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa kusungitsa lamulo, zoyesayesa zosintha zimatsutsa mafotokozedwe a malamulo, kuloŵerera m’zembe, kapena kuweruza kwapoyera, cholinga ndicho kupanga mafotokozedwe olondola, oyenera, ndi osonyeza makhalidwe amakono.

Ntchito ya Malamulo

Masinthidwe ambiri amayamba ndi opanga malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, poyankha nkhaŵa za kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu mopambanitsa, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo amene amalongosola “mphamvu yosapambanitsa” kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo ena otsimikizirika. Ena alamula kuti aofere maluso asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kuphatikiza mafotokozedwe a liwulo mwachindunji m’lamulo. Malamulo angathetsenso mafotokozedwe achiweruzo otchuka: Congress asintha mobwerezabwereza malamulo oyenerera anthu kumasulira matanthauzo a “kulephera," ndi“ thangata, ndi “Sext” kuti afutukule chitetezo.

Chikole cha Kugaŵanitsa kwa Malo a Unduna wa Department of Justice [1] kaŵirikaŵiri chimapereka chitsogozo cha mmene mafotokozedwe a boma ayenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito m'mbali zonga ngati ufulu wovota, nyumba zoyera, ndi upandu wa udani. Makalata otsogolera ameneŵa, ngakhale kuti si lamulo lokha, amaumba mmene mabungwe osungitsa malamulo amasulirira mathayo awo.

Kusamala ndi Kusamala

Magulu a zikondwerero, akatswiri a zamalamulo, ndi mabungwe a m’chitaganya amachita mbali yaikulu m’kugogomezera malongosoledwe a mavuto. Mwakukopa, kukopa, ndi maphunziro a anthu, amakakamiza masinthidwe amene amapangitsa mafotokozedwe olondola ndi osaposerapo. Mwachitsanzo, kachitidwe ka kukonzanso chilango choyenerera kakhala konena za “kulakwa kwakukulu kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo” ndi“ kuphwanya lamulo lachiwawa,” kutsutsa kuti mafotokozedwe a mitundu yambiri amatsogolera ku chilango chankhanza kwambiri.

Malo a pa Intaneti onga dikishonale ya Wex ya malamulo imapanga mafotokozedwe osavuta kwa anthu, kupatsa nzika mphamvu kuti zimvetsetse mmene malamulo akuwakhudzira. Ngati anthu azindikira kuti mafotokozedwe osamveka akugwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi magulu a mzera, angakonzekere kuti afune kusintha malamulo.

Kumaliza

Mafotokozedwe alamulo si a maphunziro okha. Ndizo zipangizo zofunika kwambiri zimene zimamasulira cholinga cha malamulo kukhala malamulo ovomerezeka. Malongosoledwe omveka bwino ochititsa malamulo kugwira ntchito motsimikiza ndiponso mosasinthasintha; mafotokozedwe odabwitsa amachititsa kusokonezeka, kukondera, ndi kumasulira. Njira yopitirizabe yofotokozera ndi kukonza mawu alamulo ndi imene ili pa maziko a lamulo. Kaya mwa kukonza njira za komiti, kukonza bwino komiti, kapena kukakamiza anthu, kufunafuna mfundo zolondola ndi zomasulira zinthu zikupitirizabe. Kumvetsa mmene kumasulira malamulo kuliri kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuyendetsa kapena kuwongolera dongosolo la malamulo.