Chifukwa Chake Khoti Limamanga Malamulo

Pamene wina aimbidwa mlandu, kapena kufuna kuthetsa mkangano, funso loyamba liri: ndi khoti liti limene likumva mlandu? Yankho likudalira kaya nkhaniyo imaphatikizapo lamulo la boma, lamulo la boma, kapena zonse ziŵiri. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa makhoti a boma ndi boma sikuli kokha kwa maloya [1] kuli kofunika kwa aliyense amene angafunikire kukhazikitsa pangano, kutonza lamulo, kapena kutetezera lamulo.

Makhoti awiri a ku United States ali ndi malamulo awiri osiyana ndipo ambiri a komiti yogawikana. Dongosolo lililonse lili ndi mphamvu zake, njira zake, ndiponso mitundu ya milandu imene likhoza kumva. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza udindo wa makhoti a boma ndi a boma m’chinenero chosavuta kumva, mfundo zazikulu pamene milandu ikhoza kupitirira, ndipo imapereka malangizo othandiza poyendetsa njira zonse ziŵirizo.

Malo a Khoti Lalikulu

Makhoti a boma amalandira ulamuliro wawo ku Mfundo III ya Malamulo a United States. Anapangidwa kusamalira nkhani zimene zimaphatikizapo Malamulo a boma, malamulo, mapangano, ndi mikangano pakati pa maboma kapena pakati pa nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana. Dongosololo limalinganizidwa kukhala milingo itatu yaikulu:

Makhoti Ozenga Milandu: Makhoti Achigawo a ku United States

Pali zigawo 94 za chiweruzo cha boma, chimodzi ndi chimodzi chokhala ndi khoti la Gawo la United States. Izi ndi makhoti a milandu kumene milandu imayambira. Woweruza mmodzi amaweruza milandu yambiri, ngakhale kuti milandu ina ingaphatikizepo ajuli. Makhoti a boma a boma amasamalira nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni ndi zaupandu, koma kokha aja amene amaloŵa m’boma lolamulidwa ndi boma. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo:

  • Upandu wapakhomo wonga kuba ku banki, kuzembetsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'zigawo, chinyengo cha pa mawaya, ndi kuswa lamulo la kusamuka.
  • Milandu ya chikole ikubuka pansi pa lamulo la boma, kuphatikizapo chinyengo cha mafaelo, kukana kudalirika, mikangano ya chilolezo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi milandu yozembetsa mabungwe a boma.
  • Zigamulo za kugawa kwa dziko milandu kumene zipani zili nzika za magawo osiyanasiyana ndi unyinji wa mkangano uposa $75,000.

Makhoti Ozenga Milandu: Makhoti a Apilo a ku United States

Makhoti 13 a apilo a ku United States akupenda zigamulo za makhoti a chigawo m’dera lawo. Samaweruzanso milandu yatsopano kapena kumva umboni watsopano; mmalo mwake, mabungwe atatu a oweruza amalingalira ngati zolakwa zalamulo zinachitika mkati mwa mlanduwo. Makhoti a apilo amachita mbali yaikulu kutsimikizira kuti lamulo la boma lilingana m’dziko lonselo.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States

Khoti lalikulu koposa m’dongosolo la boma lili ndi oweruza asanu ndi anayi amene amamva zikalata za apilo kuchokera ku khoti la Apilo ndipo, nthaŵi zina, kuchokera ku makhoti aakulu pamene nkhani yalamulo yaikidwa paupandu. Khotilo limasankha kokha milandu 100 -50 pachaka kuchokera pa zifuno zoposa 7,000, kusumika maganizo pa nkhani za kufunika kwa dziko kapena kumene makhoti aang’ono afikira zigamulo zowombana.

Phunzirani zambiri ponena za nyumba ya khoti la boma pa mitu ya masulo.gov.

Mabungwe a Boma

Chimodzi ndi chimodzi cha maboma 50, kuphatikizapo chigawo cha Columbia ndi U.S., chimagwira ntchito m'makhoti ake odziimira okha. Pamene kuli kwakuti pali kusintha, madongosolo ambiri a boma amatsatira kapangidwe katatu kofanana:

Makhoti Oweruza (Otchedwa Kuti Aakulu, Oyendera Madera, kapena Makhoti Achigawo)

Makhoti ozenga milandu a boma ndiwo mahatchi ogwira ntchito a aŵeruziro a ku America.

  • Milandu yaupandu ya m'dziko kuchokera ku zolakwa kufikira maupandu aakulu monga kupha, kuba, ndi kuukira.
  • Malamulo a banja monga chisudzulo, kusunga ana, kulera, ndi chiwawa chapanyumba.
  • [[FUL:0] projekiti ya nkhani [[[FULT:1] kuphatikizapo zikalata, malo, zotetezera, ndi zoikizira.
  • [[FULT:0] Kutsutsana , kuvulaza munthu, mikangano yeniyeni ya katundu, ndi milandu ya mwininyumba.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kupulupudza kwa ana ndi nkhani za kudalirana.

Maina a khoti amasiyana malinga ndi boma: mwachitsanzo, New York imaimba mlandu khoti la Supreme Court, pamene kuli kwakuti California limaitcha kuti Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu.

Makhoti Opimirana a Boma

Maboma pafupifupi 40 ali ndi khoti lapakati lomwe limapenda zigamulo za khoti. M'zigawo zopanda mlingo uno, kuchonderera ku khoti lalikulu la boma. Oweruza ofunsira amapenda mbiri ya zolakwa za lamulo koma samapendanso umboni wokwanira.

Makhoti Apamwamba a Boma

Boma lililonse lili ndi khoti lomaliza, lomwe nthaŵi zambiri limatchedwa Bwalo Lapamwamba (Texas ndi Oklahoma lili ndi makhoti osiyana ochitira apilo a boma ndi apandu). Makhoti ameneŵa amaweruza milandu yomaliza pa nkhani za boma ndi kumasulira malamulo a boma.

Nyumba za khoti la boma pa National Center for State Courts [1].

Mlandu: Zimene Khoti Lilionse Lingamve

Jurisdiction ndi liwu lalamulo la khoti’ mphamvu yakumva mlandu. Makhoti a boma ndi makhoti a ulamuliro wa [[FLT: 0] wopereŵera, pamene makhoti a boma ali makhoti a ulamuliro wa [. Kusiyana kumeneku n’kofunika.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu kwa Funso la Federal

Makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu zoyambirira pa milandu imene imabuka pansi pa malamulo a U.S., malamulo a boma, kapena mapangano. Izi zimadziŵika monga ulamuliro wa boma. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo:

  • Zinenero zake zinalembedwa pansi pa Chikalata cha Chilamulo Choona za Ufulu Woyenera (42 U.S.C. . . . . . . . . . mu 1983).
  • Milandu ya bankiptacy (yophatikiza ulamuliro wa boma).
  • Kuzengedwa mlandu ndi kulembedwa kwa zikalata zoletsa kulakwa.
  • Nkhani zokhudza malamulo a boma okhudza malo okhala monga buku lakuti The Clease Water Act.

Kuzengedwa Chilango Kosiyanasiyana

Ngakhale ngati mlandu wazikidwa pa lamulo la boma, bwalo lamilandu la boma lingamve ngati zigamulozo zili nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana (kusiyana kotheratu) ndi unyinji wa mkangano woposa $75,000. Lamulo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti osachitidwa molakwika m'bwalo la boma. Komabe, makhoti a boma adzagwiritsira ntchito lamulo loyenerera la boma̱ lamulo laling’ono la kugawa pansi pa chiphunzitso cha Erie.

Zilembo zowonjezera. Concur Juricion

Nkhani zina ndi za boma zokha, monga ngati kulephera kulephera kubweza ngongole, lamulo lalamulo, ndi milandu yotsutsana ndi boma la United States pansi pa Federal Tort Pionness Act . Mofananamo, lamulo la banja, probate, ndi nkhani za upandu wa boma ndizo mkhalidwe wapadera. Koma nkhani zambiri, makamaka zija zokhudza mfundo za boma ndi boma, zimagwera pansi pa ulamuliro wa [ [1] kutanthauza mtsogoleri wachipembedzo ndi chigamulo.

Mmene Boma Limachitira Mlandu

Makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa kumvetsera mlandu uliwonse wosasungidwira mwachindunji makhoti a boma. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo pafupifupi mikangano yonse imene imabuka mkati mwa dziko la ̱ malire. Makhoti a boma amamasulira malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo a boma. Amaumirizanso kukhazikitsa malamulo alamulo alamulo wamba.

Kusiyana Kokulira m’Makhoti

Ngakhale kuti makhoti onse aŵiriwo amatsatira njira zofananazo (m’njira yofanana, kuchonderera, kutulukira, kuzenga mlandu, kukopa), pali kusiyana kwakukulu:

Malamulo Ofotokoza za Malamulo

Makhoti a Federal Authority of Civil Procedure, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedeure, ndi Federal Malamulo a Umboni . Makhoti a Boma ali ndi malamulo awo ofanana, omwe amasiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena amatsatira pa ̴ kuchonderera kwa ” muyezo wofanana ndi wa makhoti a boma, pamene ena amafuna tsatanetsatane wowonjezereka ̴ kuchonderera kwamphamvu. ”

Mayeso a Jury

Ufulu wa mlandu wa oweruza umakhala m’mabungwe onse aŵiri a milandu yachiŵeniŵeni ndi ya apandu, koma ukulu wa milandu ndi malire ofunikira a chiweruzo ungakhale wosiyana. Oweruza a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi mamembala 6 mpaka 12 ndipo ayenera kugwirizana. Maboma ena amalola 5 /6 zigamulo m’nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

M’dongosolo la boma, apilo ochokera ku makhoti a chigawo amapita ku Bwalo la Apilo la United States, ndiyeno ku Khoti Lapamwamba (kudzera m'chipilala). M’madongosolo a boma, njirayo ingaphatikizepo khoti lapakati ndipo kenaka khoti lalikulu. Ngati nkhani yalamulo ya boma iloŵetsedwamo, chipani chingapemphe khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. kupenda khoti lalikulu la boma la ̱ zigamulo.

Pamene Nkhani Zisintha pakati pa Madongosolo a Zinthu

Nthawi zina anthu ofufuza milandu amayesa kuchotsa mlanduwo kuupititsa ku khoti la boma.

Kusamutsidwira ku Khoti Lalikulu

Woimbidwa mlandu m’khoti la boma angachotse mlanduwo ku khoti la boma ngati mtsogoleri wa boma akanausunga poyambapo. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitika m'milandu yosiyanasiyana kapena milandu yokhudza chinenezo cha boma. Kuchotsako kuyenera kukhala kwa panthaŵi yake, ndipo oimbidwa mlandu onse ayenera kuvomereza. Atachotsedwa, khoti la boma limatsatira malamulo akeake.

Kusunga Zinthu ndi Kuzigwiritsa Ntchito

Makhoti a Federal nthaŵi zina amakana kumva nkhani zofunika kwambiri zokhudza mafunso a boma kapena nkhani za boma zopitirizabe, pansi pa ziphunzitso zonga wachichepere kutsimikiza kapena . . Ziphunzitso zimenezi zimalemekeza malo a makhoti ndi kupeŵa mikangano yosafunikira pakati pa madongosolo aŵiri.

Zitsimikizo za Mafunso

Bwalo lamilandu la boma likayang’anizana ndi nkhani yosathetsedwa ya lamulo la boma, lingatsimikizire funsolo ku khoti lalikulu la boma kaamba ka yankho lotsimikizirika.

Kusankha ndi Zigamulo za Chiweruzo

Njira yosankha oweruza imasiyana kwambiri, ndipo izi zimakhudza mmene makhoti amagwirira ntchito.

Oweruza Olamulira

Mfundo III yoweruza imasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikiziridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Iwo amatumikira kugawiridwa kwa moyo wonse, kochokera kokha mwa kukana. Kudziimira kokha kumeneku kuli ndi cholinga chotetezera kupanga chigamulo chachiweruzo kuchokera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.

Oweruza a Boma

Oweruza a boma amafika pa benchiyo mwa njira zosiyanasiyana: masankho osintha kapena osakhala a partisan, kuikidwa ndi kazembe, kapena kusankhidwa (m’chitsanzo, Missouri Plan). Mawu amafunika kusankhidwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Nthaŵi zina masankho a zamalamulo amatsutsidwa kuti athandize anthu kuti agwirizane ndi mfundo za lamulo.

Kuŵerenga za kusankha boma pa American Bar Association [[FLT: 1].

Mafunso Othandiza a Nzika ndi Mabizinesi

Kudziwa mmene khoti limagwirira ntchito kungachititse kuti aliyense ayambe kuweruza mlandu mwamsanga.

Mabizinesi Ang’ono ndi Maganizo Ogwirizana

Mabizinesi amene amagulitsa zinthu kwa makasitomala m’mayiko ambiri angasankhe khoti la boma kuti likhale ndi pangano ngati ndalamazo zikupitirira madola 75,000 ndipo mapwandowo ali ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana.

Malamulo Ovulaza Aumwini

Zinenero zambiri za kuvulala zimabuka pansi pa lamulo la boma ndipo zimaikidwa m'khoti la boma. Komabe, ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo ali bungwe la boma kapena kampani kuchokera ku boma lina, kuchotsedwa kungakhale kotheka. Plaintiffs ̱ maloya kaŵirikaŵiri amakonda khoti la boma chifukwa cha mapindu a procedtural, monga ngati maiwe a bwalo la milandu kapena malamulo a umboni.

Kuteteza Apandu

Oimbidwa mlandu afunikira kudziŵa kuti ndi boma liti limene likuwazenga mlandu. Upandu wa boma (m’jere, kuba galimoto) umasamaliridwa m’khoti la boma (m’chitsanzo, kuba galimoto m’chigawo cha boma), kumene kaŵirikaŵiri zitsogozo za kuweruza zimakhala zokhwima. Zonga kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zingaikidwe mlandu m’madongosolo onse aŵiri popanda kuswa ngozi yoŵirikiza kaŵiri chifukwa chakuti boma ndi maboma ali ogawikana.

Magwero ndi Magwero a Mbiri

Khoti la aŵirilo lazikidwa pa kakonzedwe ka boma la United States. Mafulensi anafuna kupanga boma la dziko lokhala ndi malire, mphamvu zoŵerengedwa pamene akusunga ulamuliro wambiri ku maboma. Act ya Judiciary ya 1789 inakhazikitsa makhoti a ang'onoang’ono a boma ndi kulongosola malire a boma. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, Nyumba za Ufumu zawonjezera ulamuliro wa boma, makamaka m’madera onga ufulu wa anthu, malamulo a malo, ndi malonda a mayiko.

Koma makhoti a boma anachokera ku malamulo a anthu wamba a ku England ndiponso makhoti a atsamunda ndipo nthawi zonse ndi amene akhala akugwira ntchito kwambiri pothetsa mikangano imene imakhudza moyo wa anthu.

Maganizo Olakwika Amene Anthu Ambiri Amaganiza

  1. “ Bwalo Lapamwamba lingamve mlandu uliwonse. ̵ Bodza. Khoti Lalikulu lili ndi ulamuliro wochepa (m.g., mikangano pakati pa maboma) ndi mphamvu ya chinsinsi.
  2. “ Makhoti a boma nthaŵi zonse amakhala abwinopo. ̵ Osati kwenikweni. Makhoti a boma angakhale ozoloŵerana kwambiri ndi malamulo ndi machitachita a kumaloko, ndipo kutsatizana m'khoti la boma kaŵirikaŵiri kuli kosavuta ndi kotsika mtengo.
  3. “ Ngati mutalephera m'khoti la boma, mungayambe m'khoti la boma. ̵ Kaŵirikaŵiri nbodza. Chiphunzitso cha res jucata (pasadakhale) chimaletsa kugaŵiridwanso kwa mawu amodzimodziwo. Makhoti a boma sadzamvanso mlandu umene unaikidwa m’khoti la boma ngati sanadzutsidwe.

Mmene Mungadziŵire Komwe Mungakapeze

Ngati mukulingalira zokachita nawo zalamulo, tsatirani njira izi:

  • Kodi ndi lamulo la boma, la malamulo, kapena la boma?
  • Kuti mupeze malamulo osiyanasiyana, tsimikizirani kuti ndalamazo n’zoposa madola 75,000.
  • Kodi onsewo ali otsutsa ochokera m’maiko osiyanasiyana kuposa oimbidwa mlandu onse?
  • Talingalirani kaya ngati pali ulamuliro wa boma wokha wonga kulephera kubweza ngongole kapena lamulo lokhala ndi mphamvu.
  • Funsani loya amene amadziwa bwino njira zonse ziwirizi; zimene zachitikazo zingakhudze malamulo a m’mabanja, mizere ya nthawi, ndiponso ngati zingatheke kuti zinthu ziyende bwino.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma ndi a boma alinganizidwa kukhala pamodzi, kuyang'anira kulikonse milandu imene ili yoyenerera. Makhoti a Federal amasamalira nkhani za nkhaŵa ya dziko ndi mikangano imene imadutsana ndi mipatuko ya boma, pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti a boma amasamalira nkhani zambiri zalamulo zimene zimayambukira anthu ̱ moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kumvetsetsa kuti ndi bwalo liti limene lili ndi ulamuliro, pamene milandu ikhoza kusonkhezeredwa, ndipo mmene njira zosiyana zimapatsa oweruza ndi uphungu wawo phindu lalikulu. Kaya ndinu mwini wa bizinesi wopanga mapangano, nzika yochita ndi nkhani zabanja, kapena munthu aliyense woyang'anizana ndi milandu, kudziŵa kusiyana pakati pa makhoti angathandize kuyendetsa bwino dongosolo lalamulo.