Kusintha kwa malamulo, njira yojambulanso malamulo a m'chigawo cha mabungwe ndi boma kutsatira malire a kuŵerengera anthu kwa zaka, imaima pa kudutsa kwa njira ya ndale, kupenda za anthu, ndi lamulo la malamulo. Malamulo olamulira kachitidweka ndi ovuta kwambiri, kuphatikiza pa zaka makumi ambiri pa zigamulo za bungwe la Supreme Court ndi lamulo la boma. Cholinga chachikulu cha malamulo ameneŵa ndicho kugwirizanitsa mkhalidwe wandale wachibadwa wa kujambula ndi malamulo a democracy ya malamulo a democracy ya kuimira chiyero ndi kulingana. Malo a boma ndi aakulu: malire a chigawo angatsimikizire kulamulira, kupanga kulinganizika kwa mphamvu m'maboma, ndi kusankha kaya anthu ochepa ali ndi liwu lopindulitsa m’boma lawo. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kovomerezeka kwa lamulo, malamulo a zamalamulo, ndi malire a zachiweruzo oyenerera m'dziko la United States, kujambula mozungulira mozungulira kapenyerere 2020.

Chikalata cha Malamulo: "Munthu Mmodzi, Mphatso Imodzi"

Malo oyamba kusanthula kochitidwa ndi lamulo kulikonse kwa kukonzanso kotchedwa "kusintha," Khoti Lalikulu la [FLT: 0] la 14th Amendment ku Malamulo a U.S.]. M'zigamulo zotsatizana za zoimira zinthu zapadera mkati mwa ma 1960, kaŵirikaŵiri limatchedwa "kusintha kwa nyengo," Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. linakhazikitsa kuti madera a malamulo ayenera kukhala ofanana kwambiri ndi anthu. Pasanakhazikitsidwe, maiko ambiri anawononga kwambiri madera akumidzi kumene Fotodoota anasunga mphamvu yaikulu poyerekezera ndi kuwonjezeka kwa anthu a m’matauni, zikululuza mphamvu zovomereza za anthu mamiliyoni ambiri.

Baker v. Car[FLT :2] (1962]], Bwalo lamilandu linatsegula zitseko za khomo la boma kuti ziwoneke zopinga, kuweruza kuti kujambula zigawo za malamulo kunali nkhani yomveka ndipo sikunali "nkhani ya zandale" yoposa kupenda kwachiweruzo. Imeneyi inatsatiridwa ndi [FLT]]] [FLT]]] Hardsry v. Sandrs [[FLT:] (1644] [1]) [1] [1] [zifukwa:], zimene zinagwiritsira ntchito "munthu mmodzi, chivoti chimodzi" ku U. Oimira, omwe amagwirizana " "kufanana ndi "pansipansi pa [1] .[3]

Chiyambukiro chopindulitsa cha malamulo ameneŵa nchachikulu. Mapu alionse osintha zinthu ayenera kuyamba ndi kumamatira kwambiri ku kuŵerengera anthu. Magawo a chipani chimodzi, kupatuka kulikonse kwa kulingana kwa anthu angwiro kuyenera kulungamitsidwa ndi boma lovomerezeka, losagamula. Maboma a boma, makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amalola muyezo wosinthika, kulola kusokonezeka kotheratu kwa anthu osakwana 10% popanda kufuna kulungamitsidwa kwakukulu . Makonzedwewo samalinganizidwa kulinganiza kuyanja gulu limodzi kapena chigawo. Chifuniro chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti voti ya munthu aliyense ikhale ndi kulemera kolingana, lamulo limene limakhalabebe muyezo wamkulu pa zipingwe zonse za lamulo.

Lamulo Lolimbikitsa Ufulu: Kuletsa Tsankho la Ufuko

Pamene kuli kwakuti Lamulo la 14 la Kusintha limapereka chitsimikizo chachikulu cha kufanana, Lamulo la kugamula ufulu wa anthu la 1965 (VLT ) [VRA] limapereka chitetezo champhamvu chotetezera ku tsankho la fuko m'zosankha. Chigawo 2 cha VRA, chimene chimagwira ntchito m'dziko lonselo ndipo n’chokhalitsa, chimaletsa kachitidwe kalikonse ka kusanthula kapena njira imene imatulukapo kuyenera kuvota pa fuko, mtundu, kapena chigawo cha chinenero cha anthu ochepa. M'mawu opendera, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mapu sangaletse mphamvu ya kusanthula kwa anthu ochepa.

Muyezo walamulo wopendera Chigawo 2 cha kupeputsa mlandu ukuchokera ku chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu . Thornburg v. Gingles (1986). Pansi pa Gingles kapangidwe, ka maposttiff [malamulo] ayenera kusonyeza atatu: gulu laling'ono ndi lapadera lakupanga unyinji wa gulu limodzi la chigawo; (2) kagulu kagulu kamodzi kali kandale kandale kogwirizana ndi kachigawo kosankhidwa ndi kagulu kochepa; ndi (3) kavoti koyera kokwanira kugonjetsa ka anthu ochepa. Ngati madeti atatu onsewo akumana ndi oyenerera, kuti agwirizane ndi oyenerera ndi oimira amodzi omwe akugwirizana ndi ogwirizana.

VRA inalinso ndi chiyeneretso champhamvu cha kuonekera m'Chigawo 5, chimene chinakakamiza maboma ndi maulamuliro ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti apeze chivomerezo cha boma cha kusintha kulikonse kwa kuvota. Komabe, mu [[FLT: 0]. [[FLT] Shelby County v. Hamer [[FL:2] [2023]] [202] [chiweruzo] [202], Khoti Lapamwambalo linagonjetsa njira yothetsera chigawo chilichonse 5, chipambano chofunikira. Zimenezi zaika kufunika kokulira pa Chigawo 2 cha milandu, chimene chabweretsedwa m'khoti pambuyo pa mapu atsopano. M'chigamu yachiŵiri, [FL:] Chosankha chachikulu, [FL:] [F.FL:5] VF.F.FLT.FFFF: [6]

Kulimbana ndi Kulimbana ndi Majeremusi: Mipambo ya Ufuko ndi ya Malo Opatulidwa

Kuchepetsa Ufuko: Malire a Kujambula Mizera Yozikidwa pa Fuko

Pamene kuli kwakuti VRA nthaŵi zina imalamula kulingaliridwa kwa fuko kuletsa kupeputsa, Kutetezera kwa Ault Claus kumaletsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kopambanitsa, kosalungamitsidwa kwa fuko monga "pansinsi" pojambula mizera yachigawo. Kupsinjika kwalamulo kumeneku kunaperekedwa kumutu ku [[FLT] [[FLT1]]. Reno [[1993] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]], kumene Khoti Lalime Lapamwamba linalamulira madera opangidwa mwachilendo amene sangafotokozedwe moyenerera kusiyapo pa malo aufuko. Ngati m'po angasonyeze kuti fuko linali lolamulira ndi kujambula mizere ya chigawo, nkhaniyo iyenera kutsimikizira kuti likhale lolimba. Panthaŵiyo liyenera kutsimikizira kuti ligwiritsiridwe ndi mbali ya Vara yoyenerera kuyang'ana ndi lamulo la mpikisano.

Partisan Gerrymandering: Funso la Ndale Zadziko kaamba ka Makhoti Aboma

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, Khoti Lapamwamba linavutika kutsimikizira ngati kusiyanitsa kopambanitsa kwa anthu kuli bwino kuchititsa chipani chimodzi cha ndale zadziko . Chinali choyenera m'khoti la boma. M'chigamulo chozengereza mu Ruuko v. Common Change [2011] [2011] [(2011]) , Khoti la 5-4 lotchuka limakhulupirira kuti gerrymerdering ikupereka nkhani yosayenetseka "Abiliki. Khotilo linagalamu lachi ndi "kugwirizana ndi malamulo a democracy, makhoti osoŵa kulinganiza kwambiri, ndi kugamula kwakukulu kwa malamulo a boma.

Chiyambukiro chogwira ntchito cha Rucho nchapadera: makhoti a boma sadzamvanso zitokoso kwa mapu ozikidwa pa kunena kuti atsata tsankho. Komabe, lingalirolo linasiya chitseko cha makhoti a boma kuti apende makhoti a gulu la [Gerrymander] mawu pansi pa malamulo a malamulo a boma [. Zimenezi zayambitsa mliŵiro wa boma la ukulu wa dziko. M’maumboni ngati Ohio, North Carolina, ndi Pennsylvania, makhoti aakulu ataya malamulo a boma monga mapu a boma oletsedwa pansi pa lamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri akutchula zitsimikiziro za ufulu ndi chitetezo zolingana.

Mfundo za Malamulo Zobwezeretsa: Zofunika za Boma

Kusiyapo malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma, madirowa ayenera kulimbana ndi mapulinsipulo a "malamulo opeputsa amwambo" mfundo zimenezi zimaikidwa m'malamulo a boma kapena malamulo ndipo zimagwira ntchito monga maziko oonera mamepu a m'chigawo. Malamulo a chikhalidwe amaphatikizapo:

  • Udani: Mbali zonse za chigawo ziyenera kugwirizana ndi madera ena, kutsimikizira kuti nzika ikhoza kuyenda kupita kumbali ina iliyonse ya chigawocho popanda kuchoka.
  • Upo: Mafuko ayenera kukokedwa mumkhalidwe womangika, kupeŵa kulinganiza kwachilendo, kuchuluka kumene kumasonyeza kupotoza kwa ndale zadziko kapena ufuko.
  • Kusintha kwa Magawo Aaunyinji Andale zadziko: Madirowa kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira kulemekeza malire a mizinda, mizinda, matauni, ndi zipinda, kusungitsa midzi imeneyi kukhala yosawonongeka pamene kuli kotheka.
  • Kusintha kwa Midzi ya Chikondwerero (KOS): Mafuko ayenera kukhalira pamodzi madera ogwirizana omwe ali ndi zikondwerero zofanana za chitaganya, zachuma, zachikhalidwe, kapena mbiri yakale, kuwalola kukhala ndi mawu ogwirizana m'zipinda za malamulo.

Opanga mapu amakono amagwiritsira ntchito pulogalamu yovuta kuŵerengera masamu a magawo (monga ngati Popby-Ppaper kapena Reock mayeso) ndi kudziŵira anthu amene angakhale okondwerera kupyolera mwa kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi chidziŵitso cha zachuma. Kukhoza kuyesa kumamatira ku malamulo a mwambo kumapereka malamulo otsimikizirika, zolinga zimene makhoti angagwiritsire ntchito kupenda kuyenera kwa mapu a chigawo. Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito monga zoletsa mwamphamvu pa kachitidweko, ndi pamene mavuto abuka m'makhoti, oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa kumamatira kwa boma ku malamulo ameneŵa kuti atsimikizire ngati mapu anakodwa ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino kapena kuti aikidwe ndi munthu woimba dala.

Kusintha Kachitidweko: Ntchito Yodziimira Imodzi Yokonzanso Magawo

Poyankha nkhondo yomakulakula ndi yogaŵanitsa yozungulira kupenyedwa kwa zinthu, chiŵerengero chowonjezereka cha maboma chasamuka kuchotsa ulamuliro wokoka mapu kuchokera kwa opanga malamulo a boma ndi kuuika m’manja mwa Kusankha Redicoliging Commissions (IRCs) . Cholinga cha ntchito zimenezi n’chakuti a bungweli achotseretu mamepu, kuonekera bwino, ndi mfundo za anthu onse, zikumachepetsa mphamvu ya andale za m'ndale za m'gulu la anthu kuti asankhe kuvota. Maboma onga Arizona, California, Michigan, ndi Colorado akhazikitsa ntchito yolimba ya nzika. Iowa amagwiritsira ntchito chitsanzo chapadera pamene mabungwe osakhala a malamulo amajambula mapu ndi malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito monkitsa ntchito ntchito njira yokhwima ya chidziŵitso cha dzina la dzina la Globalki.

Kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa ntchito zimenezi kunatsimikiziridwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu mu [FLT: 0]. Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redicifealiging Commission [1] (2015] [[FLT:]]. Khotilo linavomereza kuti anthu a Arizona, kupyolera mwa njira ya kugamula, angatenge mphamvu ya kufiira kuchokera ku nyumba ya boma ndi kuipereka ku ntchito ya kudziimira, monga "Legislature" yotchulidwa mu Euclaus of U.S. Constitution imaphatikizapo mphamvu ya anthu mwa njira zodzisankhira. Chaposachedwapa, [FL:] [5]

Mpangidwe wa 2020 wa Nyengo ya Dziko Lofiira ndi Dziko Latsopano Lokhala ndi Malo Ofiira

Kusinthasintha kwa malamulo kumene kunatsatira Chiŵerengero cha 2020 kunali chimodzi cha zolembedwa zapamwamba koposa m'mbiri ya America. Kugwirizana kwa luso lapamwamba la zojambula mapu, kugaŵana kwa ndale zadziko, ndi zitsanzo zapadera za Bwalo Lapamwamba kunayambitsa chiwopsezo changwiro cha malamulo. Zigamulo ziŵiri zosintha zochitika kuchokera ku Bwalo Lapamwamba mu 2023 zidzaumba kwenikweni mkhalidwe walamulo wa zaka khumi zotsatira.

Mu Alligan v . Milligan [1] [FLT , khoti linadabwitsa openyerera ambiri mwa kuchirikiza Gawo 2 la VRA kutsutsana ndi vuto lalikulu la Alabama. Boma linatsutsa za njira ya kupenda mpikisano wa mpikisano wa mpikisano wa mpikisano, koma Khoti linatsimikiziranso [[FLT:] Gingles [FL:5] ndi kulamula mapu atsopano amene anaphatikizapo chigawo china cha Alabel . Chigamulo chimenechi chakakamiza kale kujambulanso mapu m’mayiko ena, kuphatikizapo Louisia ndi Georgia, ndi VRA zipikikirizo zimene zidakali chida chofunika kwambiri kwa chisonyezero cha m'dziko lofuna kuyang'anira.

Mu nthanthi, imene inaperekedwa kuti malamulo a boma akhale okha, ulamuliro wosatsekerezedwa pa malamulo a chisankho cha boma, kuphatikizapo kupenda ndi kutha kwa makhoti a boma. Chigamulo chosungidwa cha mamepu a boma openda ndi kuchotsa pansi pa malamulo a boma. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti boma la likulu la malamulo apitiriza kukhala bwalo lalikulu la mikangano yopeputsa, monga ngati machiritso a boma a german pambuyo pa kusapezeka [FFF:]

Kuyang’ana Mtsogolo: Zaluso, Malamulo, ndi Mpangidwe wa 2030

Pamene dzikolo liyang'ana ku kayendedwe ka 2030 kosintha zinthu, zikhoterero zingapo za lamulo ndi zaluso zingagonjetsedwe. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa luntha lopanga ndi chidziŵitso chachikulu cha zinthu zojambula ndi kujambula. Nkhondo za m’tsogolo zidzalimbana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri luso la zopangapangapanga zisanatseguke m'malo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolozera zinthu zolakwika. Marojemusi opita patsogolo angakuletsegule kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira opaleshoni, kupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzindikira ndi kutsimikizira kulakwa kwa kayendetsedwe kaketsekedwe ka zinthu.

Legislated, kukakamiza kaamba ka njira ya boma yothetsera ku [Formandering]. Mabuku onga John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act cholinga cha kubwezeretsa ndi kulimbitsa VRA, kuphatikizapo njira yatsopano ya kukhazikitsa malamulo a dziko kaamba ka kupendedwa kwa msonkhano, kuphatikizapo ziyeneretso za kuonekera ndi kudalirana. Pamene ndalama zimenezi zakhala zikusungidwa pa mlingo woyenerera wa dziko lapansi. [FLT:]. [FLT: 4.] Freedom ku Zochita Vote Act Act [makhazikitsa malamulo alamulo alamulo] kukhazikitsa miyezo yofanana ya dziko kaamba ka kupendedwa kwa kuonekera ndi kudziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti zofunikira zimenezi zakhazikika za bungwe la United States, kuwongolera chigamu cha kumbuyo ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo lakusintha ndi kuwonjezera lamulo.

Chidule cha Mfundo za Malamulo

Malamulo otetezera kulinganiza ali ndi kuphatikizana kocholoŵana kwa malamulo alamulo, malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo a boma. Mwakulingalira kwapamwamba, malamulo ndi malire aakulu amene amalamulira njira yojambula mzera angafupikitsidwe motere:

  • Kulinganiza: Munthu mmodzi, muyezo umodzi" umafuna kuti madera a maufumu akhale olingana mwa masamu ndi a boma kukhala olingana kwambiri pakati pa anthu.
  • Udani wa Chigawo Non-Discrimina: Chikalata cha Kutulutsa ufulu wachibadwidwe chimaletsa mapu amene amachepetsa mphamvu ya kuvota yaing'ono. Kufuna kugamula kwa fuko kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamalitsa.
  • Ziletso pa Partisanship: Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti a boma samva kuvomereza kwa ozembetsa, makhoti a boma ali okangalika kukhazikitsa ziletso zalamulo za boma pa kutsendereza kopambanitsa.
  • Mkhalidwe wa m'nyengo zonse: Madziko amamangidwa ndi malamulo awo ofuna kugwirizana, kugwirizana, ndi kusungidwa kwa magawo andale zadziko ndi midzi ya chikondwerero.
  • Uyang'aniro Wodziimira: Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mabungwe odziimira okha kuli chikhoterero chomakulakula, ndipo ulamuliro wawo watsimikiziridwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. monga kupenda kotsimikizirika kwa mphamvu ya malamulo.

Zipilala za zamalamulo zimenezi ndizo maziko ofunika kwambiri otsimikizira kuti kujambula zigawo zosankhidwa kudakali kogwirizana ndi malamulo a demokalase a chilungamo, kulingana, ndi kuimira.