M'kusintha kwa chuma chamakono, ma procypocturencreace ayambitsa zonse ziŵiri mwaŵi wosintha ndi mavuto ovuta kuwongolera. Chimodzi cha nkhaŵa zodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri kwa maboma ndi mabungwe a zachuma ndicho kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamakono ndi magulu a zigaŵenga kutumiza ndalama kumalire ndi kuthamanga kwambiri ndi kusadziŵika. Pamene dongosolo la zachuma lapadziko lonse likuwonjezereka, kulinganiza kwa kusintha ndi chisungiko kumafuna yankho lapamwamba, loikidwa ndi losinthasintha zinthu. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza njira zogwiritsidwira ntchito kutsutsana ndi zigaŵenga kupyolera ndi malamulo a zigaŵenga, kujambula pa ziwiya zenizeni za dziko, zida zamakono, ndi zoyendera ntchito zaumoyo, ndi kuyesayesa kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Kuopsa Kwa malo Okhala: Mmene Zigaŵenga Zimagwiritsira Ntchito Makompyuta Mwachinyengo

Magulu a zigaŵenga asintha njira zawo za ndalama kuti agwiritse ntchito zinthu zamakono, kugwiritsira ntchito liŵiro, kupanda malire, ndi kusoŵa uyang'aniro kumene kunachitika poyambirira pogulitsa malonda. Pamene kuli kwakuti mabizinesi apamwamba alembedwa pa wotsogolera wa anthu, kukhoza kupanga zikwama zatsopano ndi kutumiza popanda muyezo wapakati kumapangitsa kuti akuluakulu apange ndalama zoyendera panthaŵi yeniyeni.

Magulu onga ISSIS, Al-Qaeda, ndi makampani awo alembedwa kuti amagwiritsira ntchito ma psecycturecrective popereka ndalama, kugwiritsa ntchito zida, ndi kutumiza zipangizo kumadera a nkhondo. Nthaŵi zina, iwo agwiritsira ntchito ndawala zaumisiri zaumisiri kuti apemphe ndalama ku Bitcoin, Ehoyam, ndi ndalama zina, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsogolera ndalama kupyolera mwa mautumiki ophatikiza kapena mabodza achinsinsi kuti achotse njira. Kukula kwa njira zimenezi kumagogomezera kufunika kofulumira kwa maluso a zosinthira zinthu zimene zingayendetsedwe ndi kusintha kwa tekinoloji.

Ndiponso, kukwera kwa mapulatifomu a zachuma oyenerera (DeFi) ndi kusinthana kwa ausinkhu wanu ndi makampani kuli ndi zoyesayesa zowonjezereka zocholoŵana. Mapulatifomu ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito popanda uyang'aniro wapakati, kulola ogwiritsira ntchito kubwereka, ndi malonda popanda kugonjera ku njira za KYC. Zimenezi zimapanga njira zatsopano kwa ogulitsa oletsedwa kutembenuza ndalama ndi kuwonjezera pamene kuli kwakuti sapeza malo ofikira zibwana zamwambo zamakono.

Mabungwe Opanga Malamulo ndi Miyezo ya Padziko Lonse

Ntchito ya Ndalama (FATF)

Financial Action Task Force (FATF) yatulukira kukhala malamulo aakulu a bungwe la padziko lonse oletsa kugulitsa ndalama ndi zigaŵenga ku malo a zinthu zamakono. Mu 2019, FATF inatulutsa zikalata zokonzedwanso zimene zimawonjezera tsatanetsatane zoletsa ndalama (AML) ndi zothandizira oyendetsa nkhondo kuthandizira anthu osoŵa (CTF) kuntchito zapadera (VASP), kuphatikizapo kusinthana, kupatsana ziwitso, ndi mautumiki osamalira. Zitsogozo zimenezi zimafuna VaSP kukhazikitsa njira zolimbikitsira mphamvu za KYC, kusunga zolembera zogulitsa, ndi kupereka lipoti za ntchito zokayikira kwa akuluakulu a boma.

Imodzi ya njira zosonkhezera kwambiri ndi "Ulamuliro wa Travel," umene umalamula kuti VASP agaŵane chidziŵitso ndi cholandira kaamba ka malonda padera. Pamene kuli kwakuti Kulamulira kwa Forling kunalinganizidwa poyamba kaamba ka kutumiza mawaya amwambo, kufunsira kwake kwa mabodza kwakhala kovuta chifukwa cha kupenda kwaluso ndi kwachinsinsi kwa m'makompyuta a m'makompyuta. Komabe, maulamuliro ambiri ayamba kukhazikitsa Lamulo la Ulendo, kukakamiza masinthidwe kukhazikitsa njira zoyendera kuwonekera kwa chinsinsi ndi chinsinsi cha antchito.

FTF imachititsanso kupendana kwa maiko a ziŵalo kupenda kugwirizana kwawo ndi miyezo yake, kulimbikitsa lamulo lapadziko lonse la kulamula. Njira imeneyi ya ausinkhu wanu yasonkhezera kachitidwe ka lamulo m'maiko ambiri, kuyambira ku European Union mpaka ku Southeast Asia, kuyambitsa njira yapadziko lonse yopezera ndalama zotsutsana ndi apanduki.

Malo Ofikira Achigawo: MiCA ndi Kuposapo

Mu European Union, malamulo a Markets in Crypto-Assets (MICA) amaimira dongosolo la malamulo lamphamvu kwambiri la zinthu zamakono. MICA ikhazikitsa malamulo operekera ndalama zothandizira ntchito, imakhazikitsa kuonekeratu ndi kuvumbula, ndipo imaphatikizapo makonzedwe enieni oletsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa ndi ndalama zosavomerezeka. Malamulo onse a CTF, MiCA amalamula kuti kusamutsira zinthu zonse za m'mafakitale kutsane ndi chidziŵitso cha woyambitsa ndi wolandira, kukwaniritsa FATF ARRR kudutsa EUP.

MiCA imaikanso zinthu zina za magetsi monga "ziphanga zosonyezedwa" kapena "zisonyezero za ndalama," kuzipereka ku zofunika zowonjezereka ndi zosungira. Njira yosinthasintha imeneyi imalola olamulira kupanga malamulo ozikidwa pa zisonyezero zosiyanasiyana zangozi, kuzindikira kuti ndalama zachinsinsi ndi ma algoric consic cointrines zingayambitse mavuto osiyana osungitsa lamulo.

Madera ena atengera njira zawo. United States amadalira ntchito ya malamulo a boma ndi audindo wa boma, ndi Financial Crimes Enighingment Network (FANCI) yopanga kusinthika kosadziŵika monga mabizinesi a mautumiki a ndalama (MSB) ndi kufunikira kuti zigwirizane ndi Bank Sheery Act. Panthaŵiyi, maiko onga Switzerland ndi Singapore alemba malo otsegulira zinthu zimene zimasonkhezera kumanga pamene kulimbika kwambiri AML/CTF. Kusiyanasiyana kwa mapangano ameneŵa kumagogomezera kulimba kwa mapangano a dziko lonse lapansi ndi kufunika kwa kugwirizanitsa miyezo kuti apeŵe kugawa.

Njira Zothandizira Kusintha Zinthu Mogwira Mtima

Dziŵani Masitepi a Wogula Wanu (KYC) ndi Oletsa Ndalama (AML)

Pa maziko a njira iliyonse yothandiza kwambiri pali kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a KYC ndi AML. Kufuna kuti anthu asinthene ndi anthu osunga zikwama, ndi ma VASP ena kuti atsimikizire kuti anthu amene amawagwiritsa ntchito akudziwa kaye asanalole malondawo ndi njira yoyamba yodzitetezera kuti asapereke ndalama. Njira zimenezi kwenikweni zimaphatikizapo kusonkhanitsa makompyuta, umboni wa maadiresi, ndi zinthu zina, . Nkhanizo zimasungidwa ndi kuyang'aniridwa kuti achite zinthu zokayikira, ndi kulembedwa kwa makampani a zanzeru za ndalama.

Pamene kuli kwakuti KYC/AML mathayo amavomerezedwa mofala, kukhoza kwawo kumadalira pa kulimba kwa kusungitsa ndi kukhoza kwa mabungwe kuyang'anira kugonjera. M'zigawo zokhala ndi chuma chochepa kapena za ndale zadziko, antchito achuma angagwire ntchito ndi kuyang'anira kochepa, kupanga njira zimene zigaŵenga zingagwiritsire ntchito. Ichi nchifukwa chake kukakamiza kwa mitundu yonse ndi kukhazikitsa ntchito zaudindo kuli kofunika kutsimikizira kuti maiko onse atsatire miyezo yolakwika.

Malo Okongoletsa ndi Kupima Zinthu

Luso la zopangapanga limathandizanso kwambiri pa ntchito yolimbana ndi makampani a oukira boma. Blockchain analytics monga Chainalysis, Ciphertray (tsopano mbali ya Mastercard), ndi Elliptic apanga zipangizo zapamwamba zimene zimatheketsa ofufuza kulondola zinthu zamakono pa makompyuta ambiri. Ziwiya zimenezi zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zofufuzira zinthu zokhala ndi mphamvu, kusonkhanitsa algoric , ndi kuzindikira maadireshoni okayikira, kugwirizana ndi maadiresi a makampani enieni a dziko, ndi malonda a mbendera ogwirizana ndi mafilimu oletsedwa oletsedwa.

Mwachitsanzo, pamene gulu la zigaŵenga liyesa kusintha ndalama kukhala ndalama zowononga posinthana, ma breckchain anozindikira malonda ngati kusinthana ndi wopereka mankhwala. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti lamulo lizipereka malamulo oumiriza kapena kulanda zinthu zisanachotsedwe. Kuphatikiza ntchito za mankhwala osokoneza thupi kukhala VaSP kwakhala njira yovomerezeka yosinthira zinthu, ikukhala ngati njira yotetezera kwambiri ku ntchito yoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kosaloledwa ndi lamulo.

Kupita patsogolo kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumathandizanso kutulukira njira za ndalama ndi njira zomangira zimene zigaŵenga zingagwiritsire ntchito kutsekereza njira zawo za ndalama. Mwakuphatikiza zinthu zofunikira ndi nzeru zopanda pake, akuluakulu a boma angapange ndandanda za ndalama zambiri ndi kuphwasula makampani onse ochirikiza.

Kugwirizana pa Nkhani za Padziko Lonse

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zigaŵenga, palibe dziko limene lingathetseretu ndalama zothandizira zigaŵenga podzipatula. Kugwirizana kwa mayiko n’kofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale dongosolo loyendera limodzi, kugawana nzeru, ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito. FATF imagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi pothandizana ndi mabungwe a m’madera, monga Eurasian Group (EAG) ndi bungwe la Financial Act Task Force of Latin America (GALIAT), limene limapereka mapulatifomu ofufuzira ndi chithandizo cha maluso.

Kugwirizana kwa ntchito kumachitika kudzera m'masitepe onga Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Unions, imene imatheketsa kusungitsa kusinthana chidziŵitso pakati pa maiko a ziŵalo. M'nkhani zapamwamba, magulu a ntchito amodzi asokoneza chipambano cha ndalama za zigaŵenga mwa kuphatikiza nzeru zotsekereza ndi kufufuza kwamwambo. United Nations Security Council yatsatiranso zigamulo zosonkhezera mamembala kuletsa kugwiritsira ntchito ma khowudi a zigaŵenga pa zolinga za uchigaŵenga, kutsimikizira kufunika kwa ntchito yaunyinga.

Kulangiza Ndalama Zoperekedwa (ICOS) Zoyambirira ndi Kutseguka

Zopereka zoyambirira za ndalama (ICOS) zakhala zoyanjidwa m'nthaŵi yakale kaamba ka kukweza ndalama m'malo osungirako zinthu, komanso iwo akopanso akanema osaloledwa ofuna kukweza likulu kaamba ka zifuno zamwambo. Magulu a uchigaŵenga angagwiritsire ntchito AICO kufunsira ndalama kwa ochirikiza, ndi chikalata chomwecho chomwe chikugwira ntchito monga chikalata chovomerezera zopereka. Kulimbana ndi zimenezi, oyendetsa aika malamulo okhwima pa ACOS, kufuna kuti opereka nkhani za kulembetsa ndi akuluakulu a mabanki, kuvumbula chidziŵitso cha za ndalama, ndi kayendetsekera KYC pa makampani.

Bungwe la United States lakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuteteza zinthu za anthu amene akuphwanya malamulo a kusungitsa zinthu, ndipo lakhazikitsa zitsanzo zimene zimaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosaloledwa. Mofananamo, Azungu a Sacurities and Markets Authority (ESMA) apereka machenjezo onena za kuopsa kwa AUNIO ndipo aitana kuti aperekedwe chilango chogwirizana ku mayiko ena. Ngakhale kuti zimenezi zingachepetse kuyambika kwa zinthu, iwo ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti zopereka za chizindikiro sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito monga magalimoto a zigaŵenga.

Kuzindikira Anthu Onse ndi Maphunziro

Kusintha kokha sikungathetse vutolo; kuzindikira anthu ndi maphunziro kulinso mbali zofunika za njira yodziŵira bwino. Mwa kudziŵitsa ogwiritsa ntchito maupandu a kusinthana kosayendetsedwa bwino, zizindikiro zochenjeza za ntchito yosaloledwa, ndi kufunika kwa kulengeza khalidwe lokayikira, maboma ndi makampani angayambitse kulira kwamphamvu kwa chilengedwe. Mautumiki a maphunziro ochitidwa ku madera osoŵa chitetezo ndi akatswiri a zachuma amathandiza kukulitsa chikhalidwe cha kugonjera ndi kuletsa kuloŵerera m’mabungwe a zigaŵenga.

Kuwonjezera apo, kugwirizana pakati pa kusungidwa kwa malamulo ndi anthu a m’bungwe la boma kwathandiza kwambiri kutulukira ziwopsezo zimene zikubuka. Malamulo monga Global Coalition to Counter-Financ of Terrorism, amene amagwirizanitsa mabungwe a zachuma, makampani a zaumisiri, ndi mabungwe a boma, amapereka malo othandizira kuti agwirizane ndi njira zabwino ndi zothetsera zatsopano. Zoyesayesa zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti njira yogwirizana, kugwirizanitsa malamulo ndi maphunziro, kungathandizire kwambiri kukonzanso njira zotetezera moyo ndi kuukira zigaŵenga.

Mavuto a Kugwiritsira Ntchito ndi Kukakamiza

Makobiri a Umbeta ndi Kusadziŵa Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito

Mwinamwake vuto lalikulu kwambiri limene oyang'anira ayang'anira ndilo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zobisika zongopeka zonga Monero, Zcash, ndi Drash. Ndalama zachitsulo zimenezi zimagwiritsira ntchito njira zotsogola zobisa kubisa tsatanetsatane wa malonda, kuphatikizapo wotumiza, wolandira, ndi unyinji, kupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kutsata pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendera. Magulu a a phero atembenukira kwambiri ku ndalama zachinsinsi kuti apeŵe, kupanga malo obisika amene ali ovuta kufotokoza popanda kusokoneza zinthu zazikulu za tekinoloji imeneyi.

Maboma ena, kuphatikizapo Japan ndi South Korea, ayankha mwa kuletsa ndalama zachinsinsi za ndalama zachinsinsi ku kusinthana kokhala ndi malamulo, pamene ena akhazikitsa zofunika zolimba zochitira lipoti zinthu zophatikizapo chuma chimenechi. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti ndalama zachinsinsi zingagulitsidwe pa mapulatifomu oyenera kapena ku misika ya ausinkhu wanu, kusungitsa kumakhala kovuta. Oyang'anira akufufuza kugwiritsa ntchito umboni wa chidziŵitso chochepa ndi njira zina zopimira kutheketsa kugonjera popanda kulolera molakwa chinsinsi cha ogwiritsa ntchito, koma njira yosavuta kutulukira idakalipo.

Kukwera kwa Ndalama Zochepetsedwa (DeFi)

Mapulatifomu a zachuma oletsedwa amaperekanso malire ena a ndalama za zigaŵenga. Mosiyana ndi malamulo apakati, DeFi malamulo akugwira ntchito modziimira, ogwiritsa ntchito kusunga chuma chawo ndi kutumiza zinthu mwapadera. Malo amenewa amachotsa nthumwi kuti malamulo a AML /CTF amadalira, kuyambitsa mpata wa kuyang'anira. Apandu angagwiritse ntchito mapulatifomu a DeFi kuti asinthane ziphatso, kupereka madzi, kapena kubwereka ku mapangano awo popanda kuulula, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotsalira ndalama zotsa malonda achinyengo.

Oyang'anira akulimbana ndi mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito maluwa omwe alipo ku DeFi. Ena amalingalira kuti okonza kapena ogwirizanitsa malamulo a DeFi ayenera kukhala ndi thayo la kugonjera, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amatsutsana za kulengedwa kwa magulu atsopano a dongosolo lapadera. FatF yapereka chitsogozo chakuti mapulatifomu ena a DeFi angayenerere kukhala ngati a VSP ngati alamulira kapena asonkhezera malamulowo, koma kumasulira kumeneku kudakali kotsutsana. Chilengedwe cha DeFichi chimatanthauza kuti njira iliyonse yosinthira iyenera kukhala yosinthika ndi yodziŵitsidwa bwino.

Kugaŵanika ndi Kutsogolera

Kusoŵa malamulo ofanana padziko lonse kumapereka mipata ya kukhazikitsa malamulo, kumene oseŵera osaloledwa amatembenukira ku maulamuliro ndi malamulo ofooka kapena zofunikira zosasamala. Maulamuliro aubwenzi onga Malta, Cayman Islands, ndi mbali zina za Southeast Asia akopa kusinthana ndi ndalama zimene sizingakhale zogwirizana ndi miyezo ya mitundu yonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti maulamuliro ameneŵa atenga masitepe kuletsa malamulo awo, kusintha kwa masinthidwe, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kusungitsa kumachepa.

Kuti athetse zimenezi, FATF yalimbikitsa mayiko onse kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zake ndipo yayambitsa "oeral" a maulamuliro amene amalephera kukwaniritsa miyezo ya mayiko. Komabe, ndandandayi imagwira ntchito kokha ngati anthu a mitundu yonse akufunitsitsa kugwiritsa ntchito chitsenderezo ndi kupereka zilolezo. Chipangano chamwambo, chithandizo cha zaluso, ndi zisonkhezero zothandizira kugonjera n’zofunika kwambiri kuti achepetse ndi kutseka mipata ya malamulo imene zigaŵenga zimagwiritsira ntchito.

Njira Yake: Luso Lofalitsa Dziko, Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito, ndi Kugwirizana kwa Padziko Lonse

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, malo opezerapo ndalama oopera ndalama adzasinthidwa ndi kuyendera limodzi kwa kupangidwa kwa luso ndi kusintha kwa madongosolo. Luntha la zopangapanga (I) ndi kuphunzira mamakina akupereka ziwiya zothandizira kudziŵa njira zokayikirira panthaŵi yeniyeni, kupenda masamu aakulu ogulitsira, ndi kuneneratu zoopsa zimene zikubwera. Umisiri umenewu ungawonjezere akatswiri a anthu ndi kuthandiza oyendetsa malo apamwamba a kutsogolo pamene apandu akutulukira njira zatsopano zopimira.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za magetsi zapakati pa banki kungasinthe kwambiri mphamvu za ndalama za zigaŵenga. CBDCs, zomwe ndi mitundu ya makono ya ndalama zoperekedwa ndi kulamulidwa ndi mabanki apakati, kukhoza kulola kutsalira ndi kulamulira malonda a zachuma. Pamene kuli kwakuti CBDCs imakweza nkhaŵa zachinsinsi, iwo angatumikirenso monga chida champhamvu kwambiri chosungitsira malamulo, kuchititsa kuuma kwa chuma ndi kuyang'anira ntchito yokayikira. Vuto lidzakhala kukonza CBDCCC kuti likhale logwirizana ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi ndi chitetezo.

Chomalizira, kutsatsa malonda otsatizana ndi mgwirizano wa padziko lonse n’kofunika kwambiri. Palibe dziko limodzi limene lingathetse vuto la ndalama za zigaŵenga mwa kulira kwa magetsi okha. Mapulatifomu a luntha pamodzi, mphamvu zaumboni zoyendera pamodzi, mapangano aumboni a kuyang'anirana ndi kuthandizirana kwalamulo ziyenera kulimbikitsidwa ndi kukulitsidwa. Kagulu ka anthu kalinso ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri yochitira ntchito, monga kugulitsana, kugulitsa ndalama, ndi makampani a zaumisirikali okhala ndi chidziŵitso zofunika kuwona ziwopsezo. Maungwe a anthu a pambali amene amachirikiza kudalirana ndi kugaŵana chidziŵitso kudzakhala kofunika kwambiri, kubweretsa chivomerezo, chigawo chapadziko lonse.

Kumaliza

Kulimbana ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zauchigaŵenga kupyolera m'malamulo otsatizana ndi cholinga chovuta kukwaniritsa. Mwakuphatikiza zofunika za KYC/AML, zotsendereza zopitira kudziko lonse, kugwirizana kwa mitundu yonse, ndi kulinganiza kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zamakono, maulamuliro angachepetse kwambiri kusokonezeka kwa zinthu zamakono pa uchigaŵenga. Njirayo imafuna kuti zipitirirebe, kusungitsa luso la zamakono, ndi kudzipereka kolimba kwa mgwirizano wa dziko lonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto adakalipo, zida ndi madongosolo omwe alipo lerolino akupereka maziko olimba otetezera dongosolo la zachuma kwa awo amene akuigwiritsira ntchito. Mwa khama ndi mgwirizano wopitira ku madera osiyanasiyana, chitaganya cha padziko lonse chingatsimikizire kuti makampani a zitumikire monga makampani a zaungwe osonkhezera zida zaunda.