Malamulo a United States sanapangidwe kuti akhale okhazikika. Mwa njira yokonzanso mfundo V, opanga mafaelo anapanga dongosolo lokhoza kusintha pamene mtundu ukukula. Lerolino, ufulu wa anthu a ku America umachita zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku / kuchokera ku mawu amene amalankhula kwa munthu aliyense payekha amene akuyembekeza chifukwa cha kusintha kogwirizana ndi ufulu wofunika ndi kusalungama kwa m’mbiri. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kusanthula kosamalitsa kwa malamulo amene amasintha kwambiri ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, kupenda kumene achokera, kumasulira kwawo kwachiweruzo, ndi kukhalitsa kwa chitaganya chamakono.

Mlanduwo wa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe: Maziko a Kumasula Munthu Aliyense

Mu 1791, ziwongolero khumi zoyambirira ku Malamulo, zodziŵika monga Bill of Rights, zinatuluka pa mkangano wa kugoma. Osuliza a Malamulo oyambirira anatsutsa kuti ilo silinatetezedwe mwachindunji kaamba ka ufulu wa munthu. James Madison anasonkhanitsa zitsutso zimenezi, zojambulidwa pa Chikalata cha Virginia cha ufulu ndi malamulo a anthu a ku England. Bill of Rights loyambirira linkagwira ntchito ku boma la boma lokha, koma kupyolera mwa 144th Amendment’s Classiace, zambiri za zitetezero zake zaikidwa kuti zigwiritsiridwe ntchito ku boma ndi maboma akomwe.

Kusintha Koyamba: Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Chipembedzo

First Amendment imakhazikitsa maufulu asanu aakulu: chipembedzo, kulankhula, kusindikiza, msonkhano, ndi kuchonderera. Kumaletsa boma kukhazikitsa chipembedzo chovomerezeka ndi kutetezera ufulu wa chikhulupiriro. Ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kusindikiza wakhala wofunika kwambiri ku Amereka, kulola nzika kusuliza boma popanda kuopa kupondereza. Milandu ya Khoti Lapamwamba yaumba malire a ufulu umenewu. [FLT: 0] Brandenburg v. Ohio [1] [1969], Khoti inakhulupirira kuti kuchirikiza kachitidwe koletsedwa ndi lamulo kumatetezeredwa popanda kusonkhezera kuphwanya malamulo. New York Times. V. Sullivanton . [1964]

Kusintha kwachiŵiri: Ufulu Wosunga ndi Kunyamula Zida

Chisinthiko Chachiŵiri chimanena kuti: "Kulamulira kolinganizidwa bwino Militia, kukhala kofunika ku chisungiko cha Boma laufulu, kuyenera kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula Zida, sikudzadodometsedwa. Pambiri yaikulu ya Amereka, kukonza kunatembenuzidwa kwakukulukulu m'zochitika za ntchito za apolisi. Komabe, mu [FLT: 0]] Diquality of Columbia v. Hellar [FLT [200:] [200] [200] [200], Khoti Lapamwamba linazindikira kuyenera kwa kudzisungira mfuti mkati mwa nyumba. Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake, [FLT:] Mdondalve. My Wachigani wa Chipani cha Chivome cha Chikunja [FLP] [FLT] [FULT] [200] [Refreds Coultss, Revidentine . [Reverse , Reviced Revideclation: , Revition: , Revolutions of , chifulection, chifule cha m'chimoupt] chifule cha m's

Kusintha kwachinayi: Kutetezera Kukufufuza Kopanda Nzeru ndi Kuunika

Demendment Yachinayi imateteza anthu ku kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi chiwerewere mwa kufuna chilolezo chozikidwa pa chochititsa. Chitetezero chimenechi chakhala chofunika kwambiri pa ufulu wachinsinsi. Lamulo la kutsekedwa, lokhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT: 0]] Weeks v. United States (14]) ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku maiko [[FLT:]. . California .[FLT:] [1961], zipile za umboni wopezeka m'kuswa malamulo a Generame kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito m'khoti. Monga momwe luso la zamakono layambira, Bwalo lawonjezera chitetezo ku malo achinsinsi. [FLT:] M'zikulu. CaliforniavFLD] (1918, khoti lotchuka kwambiri la polisi limafunikira kutsegulidwa ndi kutsegulira njira ya foni. [Ft.]

Kusintha kwachisanu: Kuyenera Kuchitika ndi Kudzitsutsa

Demendment yachisanu imaphatikizapo machinjirizo angapo osuliza: kuyenera kwa ku mlandu waukulu wa ajuli, kutetezeredwa ku ngozi yoŵirikiza, mwaŵi wotsutsa kudzipatula, chitsimikiziro cha njira yoyenerera ya lamulo, ndi chiletso cha kulanda katundu popanda kulipira. Chikalata cha kugaŵana chakhala chodziŵika bwino kuchokera ku Dranda, kuuzindikiridwa, kokhazikitsidwa mu [FLT: 0] Mardanda v. Arizona . [1966], zimene zimafuna apolisi kudziŵitsa ufulu wawo asanafunse mlandu. Programme imaletsa boma kuletsa munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira zoyenerera. Kutenga Claus kumatsimikizira kuti pamene boma litenga chuma chapo mseri kaamba ka kugwiritsa ntchito, kulipira kwake koyenera kuyenera kuperekedwa kwa onse.

Kusintha Zinthu Kwachisanu ndi chimodzi: Kuyenera Kuzengedwa Mlandu Wabwino

Pa sixth Amendment pamapereka ufulu wa kuweruza kofulumira ndi kwa anthu kwa ajuli opanda tsankho, kuyenera kwa kudziŵitsidwa za mtundu wa mlanduwo, kuyang'ana ndi kuitana mboni, ndi kuthandizidwa ndi uphungu wa kutetezera munthu. Ufulu wa kupereka uphungu unafutukulidwa kwambiri mu Gideon v. Wainwr [[FL:1] kuweruza kwa anthu] (1963), kumene kunasungidwa kuti boma lipereke loya kwa oimbidwa mlandu m'nkhani za milandu yachilango. Chigamulochi chinafutukulidwa pa mlandu uliwonse umene uli chilango chothekera. Mlanduwo unatsimikizira kuti oimba mlanduwo angawoloze, mboni zimene zili ndi umboni womveka ndi chiwawa.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Nkhanza ndi Chilango Chachilendo

Chikalata cha Edzi chimaletsa kuchuluka kwa maliro, kulipira ndalama zopambanitsa, ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira mawu akuti “kupanda chilungamo ndi achilendo" kuti asinthe ndi miyezo ya anthu ya ulemu. Zimenezi zachititsa ziletso pa chilango cha imfa, kuphatikizapo kuletsa kupha anthu opunduka maganizo ([[FLT: 0]]] Attins v. Virginia Virginia ., 2002 ]] ndi ana (] R2]V. Sims, 2005]). Chikalatacho chimaletsanso kuweruza kwa polisi, monga mu [FLD:] v. Florida Florida , (20) ndi (20) popandaumoyo woletsedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa milandu yopanda chigawa.

Pambuyo pa Malamulo Ochepetsa Ufulu wa Anthu Amene Anafutukula Ufulu Wawo

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ndi m’zaka za zana la 20, ziwonjezeko zowonjezereka zinafotokoza zoyenera zazikulu zimene Bill of Rights inasiya osazithetsa [1] makamaka kwa Aamereka a mu Afirika, akazi, ndi achichepere. Kusintha kumeneku kunasintha demokrase ya Amereka ndipo kunakhalabe nkhani ya kutsutsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Kusintha kwa Nambala 13: Kuchotsa Ukapolo

Kusintha kwa malamulo kunkasintha kwambiri malamulo a ku America ndipo kunkachititsa kuti boma likhale ndi mphamvu zoletsa kuphwanya malamulo. Chigawo 2 chimaperekanso mphamvu zokhazikitsa malamulo, amene agwiritsidwa ntchito kuletsa ukapolo ndi kugulitsa anthu. Kusiya chilango cha upandu, ngakhale kuli tero, ndi chilango cha kugwiritsa ntchito m’ndende mosadzifunira, mwambo umene wachititsa kuti gulu la anthu likhale lopanikiza.

Kusintha kwa Zamkati: Kukhala Nzika, Kachitidwe Koyenera, ndi Chitetezo Cholingana

Demend Scott v. Sandford [[FLT: 1]] mwa kulengeza kuti anthu onse obadwira kapena obadwa ku United States ndi nzika zapadera kwambiri kuposa Bill of Rights. Chigawo chake Claus chagwiritsidwa ntchito kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ambiri ku maboma. Chitetezo cha Claus chimafuna kuti pasakhale boma limene limakana chitetezero chofanana cha malamulo, ndipo lakhala maziko a zosankha zazikulu pa mafuko ([FLT:] Brown. Boma la maphunziro a [FF3:], Filme [44], [F], [5]) ndi chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu, "[4]

Kusintha kwa 15: Kupereka Ufulu kwa Mafuko Onse

Mu 1870, Demetrie Yachisanu iletsa maboma a boma ndi boma kukana ufulu wa kuvota mwa mtundu, mtundu, kapena mkhalidwe waukapolo. Komabe, pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi pambuyo pa kuyesedwa, mayiko a Southern anagwiritsira ntchito misonkho yofunsira, kuyesa kulemba ndi kuopseza kwachiwawa kuti achotse Black Potice. Zotsatira za ufulu wa anthu za mu 1965, zoikidwa pansi pa mphamvu ya Congress Congress, zinachotsa zambiri za zopinga zimenezi. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, Supreme Court inapitiriza kutsutsa [Fl:0] County. Baker . [Flct:1] . . [1]

Mpumulo Wachikhumi Nachiŵiri: Kuletsa Akazi

Pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kulephera, Demetriyo ya 19 inavomerezedwa mu 1920, kutsimikizira kuti kuyenera kwa kuvota sikukanakanidwa pamaziko a kugonana. Kusinthako kunabuka kuchokera ku gulu la akazi, limene linaona atsogoleri onga Susan B. Anthony ndi Elizabeth Cady Stanton akukakamiza kusintha kwa malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kusinthidwako kunali sitepe lofunika kwambiri la kugonana, sikunatsimikizire nthaŵi yomweyo kuvomereza kulowa kwa akazi onse, makamaka akazi a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mpambo wa 197 wa ku Demendment wakhala wopemphedwa m'nkhani zamakono zokhudza kuvomereza mavoti ndi kusanthula malamulo ndi kusanthula malo kumene kumakhudza akazi mokulira.

Mpando Wakuwonjezera Wachinayi: Kuletsedwa kwa Misonkho Yoipitsa

Mu 1964, Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Ma 20 - Fourth Reformation kunaletsa misonkho ya kufunsira m'masankho a boma. Msonkho wa kumayiko a Kum’mwera unagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuchotsapo anthu a ku Africa n’kuchotsapo anthu osankhidwa. Kusinthako kunalunjikitsa chopinga chimenechi ku voti. Pambuyo pake, Khoti Lapamwamba mu Harper v. Virginia Board of EFUctions [1] (1966) anawonjezera chiletso cha kutsendereza misonkho ya ku kusankhoma ya boma posankha chisankho cha Klaskoso ku ezaku

Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Ma 20: Zaka Zosinthasintha 18

Kusinthaku kunavomerezedwa mu 1971, kuchepetsa zaka za kuvota kuyambira 21 mpaka 18.

Mmene Kukonzanso Zinthu Kumakhudzira Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Mfulu

Chiyambukiro cha kusintha kwa malamulo sichingamvedwe popanda kusanthula njira ya kugwirizanitsa ndi ntchito ya judia . Kwa mbali yaikulu ya dziko loyambirira, Bill of Rights inagwirizanitsa boma la boma lokha. Pambuyo pa Geneth Amendment, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito makonzedwe ake ku maboma kupyolera ku njira yosankha. M'zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri, makonzedwe alionse a Bill of Rights anaphatikizidwa, ndi zigawo zochepa (monga ngati kulamulidwa kwachitatu kwa asilikali ndi ziyeneretso zazikulu za lamulo la Court Reconsole). Zimenezi zatanthauza kuti ufulu wa nzika ya nzika yagwirizana kudutsa dziko lonse, kutetezera boma ku nkhanza monga a boma.

Chizindikiro cha milandu ya Supreme Court chapereka moyo m'zosintha zimenezi. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) anagwiritsira ntchito Kusintha kwa 144 kuti athetse tsankho la utundu m’masukulu a anthu onse. [[FLT:]] Mainda v. Arizona [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [6] [6] [mayeso] otsimikizirika a ku mwaŵi wa Kudzisankhira ufulu wodzipangira. [[FLT] adagwiritsa ntchito zonse ziŵiri] kuchotsapo mapangano. [[FLT:] [4] [ma] [7] [malongosolera ufulu wofanana ndi kumasulira mawu a anthu onse, omwe amatsimikizira kuti angothandiza, ndipo sagwirizana ndi kumasulira kwa lamulo la lamulo la lamulo, lomwe limatsimikizira, ndipo limafuna kumasulira, kumasulira, kuwonjezera, kuti aunika motero,“ Mastersonsonsonsonsonsonsonsonson.

Kusintha kwa Nthaŵi Ino ndi Mavuto

Kusintha kwa malamulo kumene kumapanga ufulu lerolino si mbali za nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, kumatsutsidwa, kutsutsidwa, ndi kuyesedwa motsutsana ndi njira zatsopano zamakono ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Kulankhula Mwaufulu m’Masiku Omwe Akungofika Masinkhu Amakono

Chitetezero cha ufulu wa kulankhula chaperekedwa m'mabwalo a malamulo a za mayanjano, kudana ndi mawu, ndi nkhani zolakwika. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma silingafufuze mwachindunji nkhani ya kusiyanitsa (kupeputsa, kunyoza, kuipitsa), mapulatifomu aumwini onga Facebook ndi Twitter , si opanga mapangano a boma ndipo angakhale oyenera. Kuitana malamulo a boma ochotsa malamulo a Oyamba a pa Intaneti, monga momwe kumawonera m'malamulo ovuta amene amaletsa ogwiritsa ntchito mapulatifomu kuchepetsa kapena kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsira ntchito. Khoti Lapamwamba limaphatikizapo nkhani zimene zingamveke bwino chigawo chimene chikunena kuti chikukakamize kukamba nkhani inayake. Kuwonjezerapo, kufunsa kuti kaya akuluakulu angaletse otsutsa otsutsa za manyuzipepala a za chikhalidwe ndi kukambirana za malamulo a gulu la anthu.

Ufulu wa Mfuti ndi Chitetezo cha Anthu

Second Amendment idakali imodzi ya mbali zotsutsana kwambiri ndi lamulo lovomerezeka. Pambuyo pa chigamulo Bruen , makhoti aang'ono alimbana ndi mmene angagwiritsire ntchito kuyesa kwa mbiri yakale ndi kutengera malamulo a mfuti zamakono. Maboma ayankha ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana: osaloledwa kunyamula, kuwonjezera kuyang'anira, kuyembekezera, ndi kutsekereza pa zida zoukira. Malamulo a malamulo a njira zimenezi satsimikizirika. Panthaŵi ino, Khoti Lapamwamba lavomereza kumvetsera milandu yoletsa kukhala ndi mfuti zachiwawa cha anthu oletsa chiwawa chapanyumba. Chotulukapo chidzalongosolanso kukula kwa malamulo achiŵiri m'chitaganya ndi zida zankhondo zoposa 400 miliyoni.

Kuvomereza Ufulu ndi Kupeza

Mosasamala kanthu za kulephera kwa 15, 19, makumi aŵiri ndi makumi aŵiri ndi Aŵiri-Osaini, ufulu wovota ukupitirizabe kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto. Malamulo a Voter, kuchotsa mipukutu ya ovota, kuchepetsa malo oyambirira, ndi kuchepetsa kwa kutsutsa zonsezo kukhala kuswa lonjezo la maziko a kukonza. Khoti Lapamwamba la 2013 [[FLT: 0] Shelby County [1] Chigamulo cha mavoti, chigamulo cha maufumu ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti asinthe njira zovota popanda chilomo. Mpatuko, poyankha, bungwe la Gawo la John Levis Congres Activement laonabe kuti lamulo labwezeretsa kulowa m'malo. Panthaŵiyiyo, boma lakhazikitsa chigamu cha 2020, potsatira malamulo a Redementmentation Redement (kupment).

Kudziimira pa Wekha pa Makompyuta ndi Kusintha kwa Kachinayi

Chitetezero cha Fourth Amendment chikusinthidwa ndi tekinoloji yamakono. Kodi ndi liti pamene boma likuchititsa kufufuza kumene kumafuna chilolezo? Chiyeso cha Supreme Court . cha “kuyembekezera kwachinsinsi”, kuchokera ku Katz v. United States [1967] [[FLT]] [197]], lagwiritsidwa ntchito ku GPS kujambula, kujambula zithunzi zotentha, ndi maselo-m'malembo. M'ZIYENDE] ndi [FLT] Kartent [FL:] [FLT] , Khoti likudziŵa kuti chidziŵitso cha masamu chili ndi chitetezo chachikulu. Koma mafunso okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito kwa otchuka, mphamvu ya pankhope, ndi mphamvu ya oŵerenga.

Kumaliza

Malamulo amene amapanga ufulu lerolino ndiwo malamulo amakhalidwe abwino opangidwa kuchokera ku mbiri, kumasulira, ndi nkhondo ya boma. Kuyambira pa Bill of Rights mpaka pa Reconstructives ndi kukonzanso ufulu wosankha ndi kukonzanso ufulu wa anthu m’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri, makonzedwe alionse amasonyeza kuyesayesa kwa mtunduwo kopitirizabe kugwirizanitsa mfundo zofunikira ndi chitaganya cha anthu ongofuna kungokhala. Kumvetsetsa kusintha kumeneku sikuli chabe njira ya maphunziro; kuli kofunika kwa nzika iliyonse imene imafuna kugwiritsira ntchito zoyenera zawo ndi kuchirikiza kutetezera ufulu wa onsewo. Pamene mavuto atsopano akubuka pa luso la zopanga zinthu, zachitetezo, kapena kusintha kwa kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakhale chida champhamvu kaamba ka chilungamo, choperekedwa kuti chikhale chigwirizano choyenera ndi kukwaniritsa.

[[FLT: 0] zotsala zambiri: Kufufuza malemba onse a Malo a Ufulu pa National Archives , ŵerengani malingaliro a Khoti Lapamwamba pa milandu ya chochitika [[FLT:]] Oyez [1] , ndi kupenda chidziŵitso chamakono chosanthula kuchokera ku [FOLT:6] U.S . . Komiti ya Phunzilo [FLT:].[FLT:] Centrition Anutetic .]