Maziko a Maufulu a ku America

United States Constitution imakhazikitsa kapangidwe ka boma la boma, koma ndi kusintha kumene kumalongosola unansi pakati pa boma ndi munthu. Chiyambire kukonzedwa kwa Bill of Rights mu 1791, Konsichushoni yasinthidwa nthaŵi makumi aŵiri ndi zisanu ndi ziŵiri, ndi kuwonjezera kulikonse kosonyeza kutsutsa kowopsa kwa chikhalidwe ndi chisinthiko cha ndale zadziko za Amereka. Aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa ukulu wa ufulu wawo wa anthu, kumvetsetsa bwino kwa kukonzanso kumeneku sikuli chabe maphunziro a unzika. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusanthula kwa kutsogolo kwa malamulo alamulo kumene kumatetezera ufulu wanu, kufufuza nkhani zawo za mbiri yakale, matanthauzo alamulo, ndi kupitirizabe kuzoloŵera ku America yamakono.

Mlanduwo wa Ufulu: Khumi Loyambirira

Atavomerezedwa mu 1789 ndi kuvomerezedwa mu 1791, Bill of Rights inakonzedwa poyankha ku nkhaŵa za Anti-Federasts kuti Malamulo atsopano anasumika mphamvu zambiri m'boma la dziko. Zikalata khumi zoyambirira zimenezi zimatchula malamulo ena oletsa ulamuliro wa boma, zikumatsimikizira ufulu wofunika umene wakhala maziko a demokrase ya Amereka.

Kusintha Koyamba: Chisonyezero cha Kulankhula Mwaufulu

First Amendment imatetezera ufulu waukulu asanu: chipembedzo, kulankhula, kusindikiza, msonkhano, ndi kuyenera kwa kupempha boma kuti libwezeretse zidandaulo. Malamulo achipembedzo . Chiyambitso cha Claus ndi Free Execree .Frebid Congress zimatetezera ufulu wa kukhazikitsa chipembedzo chalamulo ndi kutetezera ufulu wa kuchita chikhulupiriro chilichonse popanda kudodometsedwa. Nkhani ndi kusindikiza mawu ndi maziko a nkhani zandale, kulola nzika kusuliza boma popanda kuopa kubwezera. Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira zitetezero zimenezi mofala, kuwapereka mkupiti, ndi kulankhulana kwa zinenero. Nkhani zonga za m'dziko zonga [FLT: 0] New York Times. Collet. Sumily . V. [FLD [196] [12] ndi "FFFF]

Kusintha kwachiŵiri: Ufulu Wosunga ndi Kunyamula Zida

Chikalata chachiŵiri cha Amereka chimanena kuti: "Awu ndi malamulo oyendetsedwa bwino a Militia, pokhala ofunika ku chisungiko cha Boma laufulu, kuyenera kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, sikudzadodometsedwa. Pambiri yaikulu ya America, makonzedwe ameneŵa anatengedwa kukhala kuyenera kogwirizana ndi ntchito za asilikali. Komabe, [FLT: 0] mu [FLT] Diquality of Columbia v. Heller [200] [200], Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti kutha kwa munthu aliyense kuteteza ufulu wa kudzitetezera ndi kusungidwa kwa mfuti pakati pa nyumba. [FLT:] [FLD] [FD] v. [FLT] [FLT] [FLD] [20]) mlandu wowonjezedwa kumanja ndi boma lakwakuti.

Kusintha kwachinayi: Kukhala Wekha ndi Chisungiko

Demetrition yachinayi imateteza anthu ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi boma. Imafuna kuti lamulo likhale ndi lamulo lozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera lisanachite kufunafuna kapena kumanga, popanda kutchula zina. Kukonza kumeneku kwakhala kofunika kwambiri pofotokoza zoyenera zachinsinsi pa nyengo ya manambala. [[FL:0] Kapitantine . United States [2018], Khoti Lapamwamba linalamula kuti boma likhale ndi chilolezo chofikira chidziŵitso cha mbiri ya malo a foni, kuzindikira kuti luso la zopanga zinthu zakuya za moyo wa munthu. Desclective ndilo loyang'anira boma, makamaka ngati machenjera akupitirizabe kutembenuza.

Kusintha kwachisanu: Kuyenera Kuchitika ndi Kudzitsutsa

Chikalata cha Fite Amendment chimapereka chitetezo chowopsa kwa anthu amene akuyang'anizana ndi mlandu. Chikutsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene adzasungidwa kuti ayankhe mlandu waukulu kapena upandu wa mbiri yoipa popanda kuweruza kwakukulu, chimaletsa ngozi ziŵiri, ndi kutetezera kukakamiza munthu kudzikakamiza. Chikalata chotchuka kwambiri ndicho njira ya Servetic Process Claus, imene imalongosola kuti palibe munthu amene adzakhala "wachotsedwa moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo, "''''''''''anatembenuzidwa kuti aphatikize zonse ziŵirizo zofunikira (malamulo a ndege) ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu zofunikira za kuyenera zawo za kulengeza za kuyenera kwa dala kufunsa ndi kufunsa mlandu. [FLD:0] Magazine . [4]

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Nkhanza ndi Chilango Chachilendo

Kusintha kwa njira yachisanu ndi chitatu kumaletsa boma kuchulukitsa belo, kulipira ndalama zopambanitsa, kapena chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Kukonza kumeneku kwakhala maziko a zitokoso za chilango cha imfa, makamaka ponena za njira zophera ndi kupha ana ndi anthu opunduka. Mu Furman v. Georgia Georgia [7772]], Khoti Lalikulu limaletsadi chilango cha imfa chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito kopanda lamulo, ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake linabwezeretsedwa ndi njira zokonzedwanso mu . [Georgia .] . [8] .

Kukonzanso Mapempho: Kuchepetsa Kulingana

Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni itatha, masinthidwe atatu anavomerezedwa kufotokoza za lamulo la anthu amene kale anali akapolo ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo latsopano la unzika wa dzikolo.

Lamulo la 13 (1865)

Kusintha kwa khumi ndi atatu kunathetsa ukapolo ndi ukapolo mu United States yonse. Chinali choyamba cha Malamulo a Reconstruct ndi kuimira kusintha kwakukulu kwa chitaganya cha America. Chisinthiko chimaphatikizapo kusiyana: ukapolo waufulu udakali wololedwa "monga chilango cha mlandu wa gululo chimene chidzakhala chitakhala ndi mlandu. Chikalatachi chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'matsutsano amakono pa ntchito yandende ndi kupitirizabe kwa malamulo aupandu. Chikalatacho chimapatsanso Boma mphamvu yokhazikitsa malamulo ake kudzera mu "lamulo loyenerera," chimene chagwiritsidwa ntchito kuletsa kukondera kwachinsi kwa lamulo lachinsinsi pansi pa malamulo a Chilamulo cha 1966.

Mpumulo wa 14 (1868)

Mwinamwake chiwonjezeko cha lamulo chapadera kwambiri pambuyo pa Bill of Rights, Demendment ya 145 inakhazikitsa ufulu waufulu, inatsimikizira njira yoyenerera, ndi kutsimikizira chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo. Unzika wake Claus anagwedeza Develod Scott v. Sandford[[FL:1] chigamulo cha chivoti [1857] mwa kulengeza kuti anthu onse obadwira kapena obadwa ku United States ndi nzika za dzikolo zimene amakhala. Mgwirizano wa Clausssom's Claus wagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza ndi Bill of Rights , tanthauzo la boma logwirizana ndi boma lolamulira. Chitetezo chakhala maziko a ufulu wa dziko lonse, kuphatikizapo [FLBrow: Frome] Frome. [4]

Mpukutu wa 15 (1870)

Demendment ya 15 imaletsa maboma a boma ndi boma kuletsa nzika kuvota chifukwa cha "fuko, mtundu, kapena mkhalidwe wa ukapolo wakale. Ngakhale kuti linali mawu amphamvu, lonjezo lake silinakwaniritsidwe pafupifupi zaka 100 chifukwa cha mayeso a kulemba ndi kulemba, kufunsira, ndi kuopseza kwachiwawa. Mabungwe anakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa ufulu wa anthu kudzera ku Chikalata cha Voting Rights Act cha 1965, chomwe chinachotsapo malamulo ambiri oletsa kuphwanya lamulo la boma. Mpando wa 15th unakhalabe wofunika lerolino, monga makambitsirano a malamulo odziimira ovota, gerryderman, ndi feonfranching .

Kusintha kwa Zaka za Zana la 20: Kufutukula Lamulolo

M’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri zinawonjezera masinthidwe asanu ndi aŵiri, amene ambiri a iwo anakulitsa ufulu wosankha ndi kulankhula za kutengamo mbali m’za demokrase.

Mpumulo wa 19 (1920)

Pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kuvomereza kwa akazi ndi ochirikiza a akazi monga Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, ndi Alice Paul, Demendment ya 19th Amendment inapatsa akazi ufulu wosankha. Chisinthiko chinali chimake cha nkhondo yanthaŵi yaitali yomwe inaloŵetsamo ndawala zonse ziŵiri za malamulo ndi kusamvera kwa anthu. Kusintha kwake sikunatsimikizire mwamsanga kuti akazi a mtundu wa malo osiyanasiyana akwanu. Koma kunayala maziko a malamulo a ufulu wosankha wotsatira. Democracy ya 195 inasintha democracy ya America ndi kuwonjezeranso kulingana kwa kugonana m'magawo onse a moyo.

Mpumulo Wachinayi (1964)

Kusintha kwa makumi aŵiri ndi anayi kunachotsa misonkho ya kufunsira m'masankho a boma. Polls misonkho inagwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulukulu m'maboma a Kummwera pambuyo pa kukonzanso kuchotsa ovota a Africa ndi olandira ndalama zotsika. Mwa kuchotsa chopinga chimenechi, chitsutso chinachotsa chopinga ku kusanthula ufulu umene unapitirizabe kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Khoti Lapamwamba linawonjezera lamulolo ku boma ndi masankhoti a kumaloko mu Harper v. Virginia State Board of EFocts (196666), kutsutsa misonkhongo yofunsira kutsutsa ufulu wotetezera Claus.

Mpumulo Wachisanu ndi chimodzi (1971)

Pambuyo pa zaka 21 ndi 18, kumbuyo kwa kusintha kumeneku kunali Nkhondo ya Vietnam, pamene anyamata analembedwa pa zaka 18 koma sanavomere atsogoleri amene anawatumiza kunkhondo. M'nthaŵi yakale, kuvomerezako kunavomerezedwa pasanathe miyezi inayi kuchokera pamene Congress . Kunawonjezera kusankhidwa kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ndipo kunapatsa anthu aang’ono mawu oyenera pa dongosolo la democracy.

Masinthidwe Ena Ofunika Kwambiri

Ngakhale kuti kukonzanso kumene kuli pamwambaku kumateteza ufulu wa munthu kapena kuvota, palinso anthu ena ambiri amene achititsa kuti malamulo azikhala ovomerezeka.

Mpumulo wa 10: Ufulu wa Maboma

Maulamuliro 10 a Kusintha zinthu sanaperekedwe ku boma la boma kapena anthu. Ngakhale kuti silikutsimikizira ufulu wa munthu mmodzi, limatumikira monga malire a boma. Mkangano wa 10 wa Amereka wagwiritsidwa ntchito potsutsana za ulamuliro wa boma, kuletsa mfuti, ndi malamulo a zaumoyo. Pretz v. United States (1997), Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsa ntchito kuswa lamulo la boma lofuna kuti boma ndi lamulo lakwanu lofuna kuti likhale ndi ulamuliro wa boma, kuletsa kuyendetsa mayeso a kumbuyo kwa ogula mfuti.

Mpumulo wa 11: Kuleka Kulamulira Kolamulira

Kusintha kwa zinthu kwa mu 1795, kumathandiza kuti anthu a m’boma asakhale ndi mlandu wozengedwa mlandu ndi anthu a m’boma la boma kuchokera ku boma lina kapena dziko lina.

Mpumulo Wa 22: Malire a M’chigwirizano ndi Prezidenti

Chikalata cha 22 Amereka, chomwe chinavomerezedwa mu 1951, chinaletsa mapresidenti kuikidwa m'mawu aŵiri mu ofesi. Kusintha kumeneku kunali yankho lachindunji kwa Franklin D. Roosevelt's's amasiku anayi a ulamuliro. Ngakhale kuti sichimatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense m’lingaliro la mwambo, chimatetezera kusumika kwa mphamvu mwa munthu mmodzi, lamulo limene lili lozikidwa pa demokrase ya America.

Mmene Masinthidwe Amakakamizidwa ndi Kutsutsidwa

Kukonzanso koikidwiratu sikunadziphere okha; chitetezo chawo chimadalira pa kumasulira kwachiweruzo ndi kachitidwe ka malamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba limachita mbali yaikulu polongosola ukulu wa kukonzanso kulikonse kupyolera m'lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, tanthauzo lachiŵiri la Amereka linadziŵika bwino kufikira Heller chigamulo. Mofananamo, Chitetezo cha Ecult Classiano chagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera nkhani, kuyambira pa kusankhidwa kwa amuna ndi akazi kufikira ku malo a kulowa m'dziko. Nyumba za malamulo zingasungitsenso kuvomereza [FLT:] Zoyenerera za 1965 [FLT:] [FLT:], pansi pa mphamvu za kukhazikitsa lamulo.

Masinthidwe angatsutsidwenso kapena kusiidwa ndi mafotokozedwe kapena malamulo otsatira. Khoti Lalikulu nthaŵi zina lakana kupereka chitetezo china chapadera mwachitsanzo, silinavomereze kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kusamalira thanzi kapena maphunziro pansi pa Kusintha kwa 144. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira kuti ufulu walamulo sumakhala wokhazikika; umasintha kupyolera mwa kukambitsirana kwa democracy ndi kulingalira kwachiweruzo.

Zimene Mungachite Kuti Mudziwe Zoyenera Zanu

Kudziŵa zimene Malamulo amanena kuli sitepe loyamba lokha. Kutetezera mokwanira zoyenera zanu, talingalirani zochita zotsatirazi:

Choloŵa Chokhalitsa cha Malamulo Osintha Malamulo

Kusintha kwa Malonjezo a Kulinganiza Malamulo a United States ndi zinthu zakale za m'mbiri; iwo ndi zipangizo zamoyo zimene zikupitirizabe kuumba ufulu ndi mathayo a munthu aliyense wa ku America. Kuyambira pa Bill of Rights's zitsimikizo za ufulu waufulu ndi njira yolungama kufikira pa malonjezo a Reconsolence Conformation ogwirizana, ndi kuchokera ku kukula kwa kusankhidwa kwa mphamvu ya pulezidenti, kukonzanso kulikonse kumasonyeza kudzipereka kwa onse kwa chitaganya chachilungamo ndi chaufulu. Pamene dzikolo likuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano, kuyang'anira, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi malingaliro osintha a kudalirana kwa mayeso ndi kumasulira kwa chiweruzo kudzakhala ziŵiya zofunika kaamba ka kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Kuzindikira zimenezi sikuli kokha ponena za kuyenera kwanu; kuli kogwirizana ndi ntchito ya kulinganiza kwa ku America.