Malingaliro a kupima ndi kulinganiza ali ofunika kwambiri ku ntchito ya boma la democracy. Ilo limatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri, mwakutero kutetezera zoyenera ndi ufulu wa nzika. Dongosolo limeneli, loikidwa m'Malamulo a United States, limagaŵira ulamuliro pakati pa malamulo, mabwana, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo, iliyonse yokhala ndi mphamvu yochepetsa ena. Kumvetsetsa mmene njira zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito — ndi mmene zayesedwa m’mbiri yonse — nkofunika kwa nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kuzindikira mphamvu ndi kuloŵerera kwa demokrase yamakono.

Chiyambi cha Machesi ndi Kulinganizika

Opanga malamulo a U.S. anakokera kwambiri pa kulingalira kwa Kutseguka, makamaka malingaliro a Baron de Montesquieu, amene anatsutsa mu Mzimu wa Malamulo kuti ufulu wa ndale zadziko umafunikira kulekana kwa maulamuliro. James Madison anakulitsanso lingaliro limeneli mu Fedralist No. 51 , kumene analemba, “Chifunitso chiyenera kupangidwa kuti chitsutse chikhumbo. Chonulirapo chinali kukhazikitsa boma limene likakhala lamphamvu kwambiri kulamulira mokhutiritsa kotero kuti palibe nthambi imene ingalamulire ina.

Malamulo oyambirira anapanga dongosolo la maulamuliro osiyana: Nyumba za Malamulo zikagwirizana, prezidenti akapereka chilango, ndipo makhoti akamasulira.

Nthambi Zitatu za Boma

Nthambi Yolamulira Mwalamulo: Nyumba za Malamulo Monga Nthambi Yoyamba

Congress, yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndiyo bungwe lalikulu lopanga malamulo. Mphamvu zake zandandalitsidwa m'Chigawo I cha Malamulo ndi kuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa kukhoma msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kukweza magulu ankhondo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuvomereza ndi chivomerezo: Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kuvomereza kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti ku jadiary, kabati, ndi akazembe. Zimenezi zimapatsa nthambi ya malamulo chiganizo chachindunji m'maungwe a nthambi za akuluakulu ndi achiweruzo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kufufuza : Nyumba ingachotse akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo pulezidenti, kaamba ka “maupandu aakulu ndi kulakwa. Pamenepo Nyumba ya Malamulo imakhala ndi mlandu ndipo ingachotse nduna ndi kuvota aŵiri a atatu. Mphamvu imeneyi yagwiritsiridwa ntchito mosalekeza koma idakali chiletso champhamvu.
  • Mphamvu ya chikwama: Palibe ndalama imene ingawonongedwe popanda kuulutsidwa kuchokera ku Congress . Izi zimapereka chisonkhezero chachikulu pa malamulo a boma — kuyambira ntchito zankhondo kufikira maprogramu apanyumba.
  • Kupanda kuzindikira kwa mavetoe : Ngati pulezidenti agwetsa lamulo, Congress angaligonjetse ndi unyinji wa magawo atatu aŵiri m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti pulezidenti sangaletse lamulo limodzi lokhala ndi chichirikizo chachikulu.
  • Mphamvu za kugamula: makomiti a Congress angapereke zikalata ndi mboni zapansi pa zikalata ndi mboni, kusanthula zochita za nthambi, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma kuŵerengera mwa kuweruza ndi malipoti.

Nyumba ya malamulo imafufuzanso milandu mwa kulamulira chiŵerengero ndi ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma, kulinganiza bajeti ya nthambi yachiweruzo, ndi kukonza malamulo kuti asinthe zigamulo za khoti Lapamwamba.

Nthambi Yotsogolera: Pulezidenti monga Mtsogoleri wa Okakamiza

Pulezidenti, monga mkulu wa nthambi, ali ndi udindo wopereka malamulo mokhulupirika operekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mfundo Yachiwiri imapatsa pulezidenti ulamuliro waukulu, kuphatikizapo lamulo la asilikali, mphamvu yopanga mapangano (ogonjera ku Nyumba ya Malamulo), ndi kukhoza kuika akuluakulu a boma. Njira zoyendera za desiteleneyu zikuphatikizapo:

  • Mphamvu ya ```Aivo'':[[FLT :1] pulezidenti angatsutse lamulo lililonse loperekedwa ndi Congress. Malamulo ameneŵa amalimbikitsa kupendanso ndipo, ngati akufuna kupambana, kumanga mphamvu zazikulu ziŵiri. Veto ndi kupenda kwachindunji kwa mphamvu za malamulo.
  • Malamulo otsatizana: Pulezidenti angapereke malangizo kwa mabungwe a boma kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo omwe alipo. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a akuluakulu sangapange lamulo latsopano, iwo amalola pulezidenti kulinganiza malamulo a m'malamulo a mapangano. Malamulo a boma angatsutsidwe m’khoti kapena kusinthidwa ndi boma lotsatira.
  • Kukhazikitsa ndi kuchotsa: pulezidenti amasankha oweruza a boma ndi maofesala aakulu, mwakutero kuumba achiweruzo ndi audindo kwa zaka zambiri. Mphamvu yochotsa — makamaka akuluakulu a nthambi — imatsimikizira kuti pulezidentiyo angasunge zinthu zofunika ndi kusungitsa malamulo.
  • Commander-pansi: Pulezidenti akulamulira magulu ankhondo, koma Congress imalengeza nkhondo ndi ndalama. Kupsinjika kumeneku kwakhala magwero obwerezabwereza a nkhondo zamakono.
  • Mapardon ndi mapulojekiti: pulezidenti angapereke chiwopsezo kaamba ka maupandu a boma, mphamvu imene imagwira ntchito monga kupima komalizira pa ulamuliro wa chiweruzo wa nthambi.

Ngakhale kuti pali maulamuliro ameneŵa, pulezidenti amayang’aniridwa ndi kukhoza kwa Congress kugonjetsa makampani, kukana kupereka ndalama, ndi kufufuza.

Nthambi Yoweruza: Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu ndi Makhoti Aang’ono

Oweruza amamasulira malamulo ndi Malamulo. Mfundo III ikhazikitsa Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi kupatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kukhazikitsa makhoti apamwamba. Chida champhamvu koposa cha nthambi yachiweruzo ndicho kupenda — mphamvu yolengeza malamulo ndi zochita za maulamuliro popanda kuikidwa mwalamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti siinatchulidwe mwachindunji m'Malamulo, ulamuliro umenewu unakhazikitsidwa m'nkhani yosinthasintha Marbury v. Madison .

Maulamuliro aakulu a oweruza amaphatikizapo:

  • Kupenda kwa judicial: Makhoti angaike pansi malamulo a boma kapena a boma amene amaswa malamulo. Izi zimagwira ntchito monga kupenda komaliza pa malamulo ndi kuchenjerera kwa akuluakulu a boma.
  • Kutsogolera malamulo: Makhoti amagamula tanthauzo la malamulo ndi malamulo a akuluakulu, kuumba mmene malamulo amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Ngati Congress imatsutsana ndi kumasulira kwa khoti, ikhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano.
  • Kuchinjiriza kwa ufulu wa munthu aliyense: [[FLT :1] Kupyola m'zochitika zonga Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ndi . Hodges [1] (2015) Khoti Lapamwamba lakulitsa ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu, kupenda kunkitsa kwa malamulo ndi manthambi a akuluakulu.
  • Mphamvu ya Injinction: [[FLT :1] Makhoti angapereke malamulo amene amaletsa ntchito zaudindo pamene zitokoso za lamulo zikupitiriza. Zimenezi zimapereka mpumulo wa mwamsanga ndi kukakamiza oyang'anira kutetezera malamulo ake.

Bungwe lachiweruzo lafufuza: Nyumba ya Malamulo ingasinthe ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma, kupereka malamulo owongolera zinthu amene amaposa zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu, ndi kuweruza kwa boma. Pulezidenti amaweruza, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira. Njira imeneyi yobwezera imapereka chitsimikizo chakuti palibe khoti limene lingagwire ntchito popanda kuŵerengera mlandu.

Zitsanzo za Mbiri za Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika Zosonyezedwa

Marbury vesi. Madison (103)

Mlanduwu unakhazikitsa lamulo lachiweruzo. Pamene Pulezidenti womasuka John Adams anaika William Marbury kukhala woweruza wa mtendere, Mlembi watsopano wa Boma, James Madison, anakana kupereka ntchitoyo. Marbury anasudzulidwa, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba pansi pa Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall linagamula kuti lamulo lopatsa ulamuliro wa Bwalo lamilandu linali lopanda lamulo loweruza. Ilo linali kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwaluso kwa mayeso: Khoti linatsimikizira mphamvu yake ya kumasulira Malamulo pamene likupeŵa kulimbana mwachindunji ndi nthambi ya boma. Lidakalibe thanthwe la ulamuliro wachiweruzo.

Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson ndi Bank War (132)

Congress inapereka chikalata choperekeranso lamulo lachiŵiri ku United States , ndi Pulezidenti Jackson adalemba. M'mawu ake a chivomerezo, Jackson adatsutsa kuti chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Mcloch v. Maryland [1] (1819)) sanagwirizanitse chigamulo chake. Iye anagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wake wodziimira pawekha monga pulezidenti kuti asiye malamulo, ngakhale kuti Khotilo linachirikiza kale lamulo la banki. Chochitikachi chimasonyeza kutsutsana pakati pa nthambi ndi udindo wa pulezidenti woimira malamulo. Malamulowo sanathe kuchotsa lamulolo, ndipo banki inatha.

Kusintha kwa Madzi a Watergate ndi Pulezidenti Nixon (19974)

Watergate khawust-in ndi chikuto chotsatirapo chochitidwa ndi akuluakulu a Nixon chinachititsa kufufuza kwakukulu kwa bungwe. Komiti ya House Judiciary inavotera kutsutsa Nixon pa nkhani zitatu, kuphatikizapo kutsekereza chilungamo. Panthaŵiyi, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula mogwirizana mu [[FLT: 0] United States v. Nixon[FLF:1] kuti preziden ] sakanatha kuletsa kujambula nyimbo monga umboni, kukana kukana kupatsidwa kwake mwaŵi wa ulamuliro wapamwamba. Mwachidziŵikire ndi kuchotsedwa, Nixon chotsa — choyamba ndi nthaŵi U. Pulezidenti wachita motero. Chochitikachi chinasonyeza mphamvu yogwirizana ya nthambi zonse zitatu: Congresssion ndi kusatsa, khoti lolamulira la lamulo, ndi lotsatira lamulo lotsatira lamulo lotsatira lamulo la lamulo, ndi lotsogolera lomaliza.

Kusintha kwa Prezidenti Clinton (1998)

Pulezidenti Bill Clinton anatsutsidwa ndi Nyumba pa milandu ya kulakwa ndi kutsekereza chilungamo zochititsidwa ndi Monica Lewinsky. Komabe, nyumba ya malamulo, inalephera kufikira unyinji wa magawo atatu ofunikira kaamba ka chigamulo, ndipo Clinton anakhalabe mu ofesi. Chotulukapo chinasonyeza kuti kukana kuli kuyang'anira kwandale ndi kochitidwa ndi lamulo, ndi kuti kuyang'anira kwa Nyumba ya Nyumba kaŵirikaŵiri kumadalira pa mfundo zachiopsezo. Komabe, njirayo inasonyeza kuti ngakhale ofesi yapamwamba kwambiriyo ndiyo yoyang’anira.

Gore (2000)

Chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2000 chinafikira pachigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba lomwe linagamula bwino chigamulocho mwakuimitsa ndandanda mu Florida. Chigamulo cha Khotilo mu Bush v. Gore adadzudzulidwa kwambiri, popeza kuti chinakhudza jaji m'nkhani ya mkulu wa nthambi (chikalata cha voti). Otsutsa khotilo linapitirira malire ake; ochirikiza anaipereka chigamulo choyenerera pambuyo pa kutsutsana ndi makhoti a boma. Chochitikacho chimasonyeza kulinganiza kwamphamvu pamene nthambi ichita monga woweruza mtsutsa wa ndale zadziko, ndi kudalira kwapo kwapo pa anthu onse m'chisatsa.

Pambuyo pa 9 / 11 Mphamvu ndi Kulira (2000s-2010)

Pambuyo pa kuukira kwa zigaŵenga kwa 2001, Pulezidenti George W. Bush analoledwa kukhala ndi lamulo lopanda lamulo la kuyang'anira njira zamagetsi, kupitirira khoti la Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FASA). Pambuyo pake Nyumba inadutsa USA PATRIOTT ndi kukonzanso FISA , koma nthambi yaikulu inapitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazikulu pansi pa Chilamulo cha Nkhondo. Khoti Lapamwamba linalamulira mu [FL: 0] Hamdi v. Rumfeld [2004] [2004]) U.S. nzika zinakhalabe ndi adani oyenera kukhala ndi njira yoyenerera, ndipo mu [FLT: 2] ndi kugamutsira kwa anthu amakono, ndi chivomerezo cha , chiwonjezero chachikulu cha . Zigamu za , za . Zikalata zoyendera zamakono zoyendera za , zokambirana za magetsi za [1]

Mavuto Amakono pa Njira Yoyendera ndi Kulinganizika

Kusokonezeka kwa Malamulo

M’zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwapa, kutha kwa malingaliro kwapangitsa kuti kukhale kovuta kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo asiye malamulo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mwana wa mabwana m'Banga kumafuna kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa ndalama 60 za ndalama zambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa mapepala, kupatsa gulu laling'ono mphamvu yoletsa malamulo. Nthambi imeneyi ingathe kulepheretsa mphamvu ya nthambi ya malamulo ndi kudalira pa kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma.

Kukula kwa Mphamvu ya Ukulu

Manduna a maulamuliro aŵiriwo afutukula ulamuliro wa akuluakulu, kaŵirikaŵiri akutchula za ngozi kapena kufunika kwa kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira. Malamulo a pulezidenti, madenti a ntchitoranda, ndi zilengezo zakhala zida zothandizira kuletsa zopinga. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa gulu lankhondo popanda chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa — monga ku Libya mu 2011 kapena Syria mu 2017 ndi 2018 — kumadzutsa mafunso a lamulo la malamulo a maulamuliro a nkhondo. Kuwonjezerapo, kulamulira kwa boma kwa pulezidenti wa boma kupatsa nthambi yapamwamba mphamvu zopanga malamulo kupyolera kupyolera ku mabungwe onga ngati a Desitaleal Protection Agemental Agemental ndi Department of Education. Nyumba ya malamulo siichedwa kuchotsapo puleziza pulezidenti ya 2017 ndi 2018. Kutenga maulamuliro a mphamvu m'boma a Whitein House kutsutsa ntchito yoyamba ya Madiane.

Zitsimikizo za Chiweruzo ndi Kulemekeza Makhoti

Kutsimikizira oweruza a boma kwakhala kogaŵanika ndi kotsutsana kwambiri. Kuchotsa kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo a Chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu 2017 (kwa Woweruza Neil Gormoth) ndi kusintha koyambirira kwa oweruza a m'bwalo lapansi mu 2013 kulola oweruza ambiri kutsimikizira, komanso kunakulitsanso mfundo za maganizo. Mabishopu tsopano amaika patsogolo oweruza ndi zolemba zamphamvu, ndipo oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amavota m'magulu a zipani. Kusinthaku kungachotse chidaliro cha anthu onse mu jajita yosakondera ndi kuchititsa anthu kuzindikira kuti makhotiwo ali chabe kuwonjezera ndale zadziko.

Malangizo a Olamulira ndi Malire Ake

Malamulo a akuluakulu a boma angakhale njira yothandiza kukhazikitsa malamulo, koma kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi zitokoso za lamulo ngati amapitirira ulamuliro walamulo kapena kuswa mphamvu za bungwe. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Obama’s Defered Action for Parents (DA) adatsekedwa ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba mu [FLT: 0] United States v. Texas . [20] pa chingwe cha 4-4, kusiya lamulo la khoti laling'onolo m’malo ake. Pulezidenti Trump anagonjetsedwa poyamba ndi makhoti a boma asanabwezeretsedwenso. [FLTFFL:2] trum v. Hawaii . (20) zochitika zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti lamulo lapamwamba la judiary judiac, komanol, ndi kuchotsapo malamulo ake, kutha kuchotsa lamulo la kumbuyo kwa zaka.

Ntchito ya Zofufuza Zamwamwaŵi: Zoulutsira Nkhani, Zosankha, ndi Chiŵeniŵeni

Malamulo a lamulo sali kokha njira yofufuzira mphamvu. Manyuzipepala aulere — otchedwa “chigawo chachinayi” — amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mwa kufufuza ndi kusimba zochita za boma. Pentagon Papers (19971) inatsimikizira kukhoza kwa manyuzipepala kufalitsa zikalata zoikidwa popanda chiletso, ndipo nyuzipepala yofufuza yavumbula maupandu kuchokera ku Watergate mpaka ku Contra ku mkangano wa Trump-Ukraine womwe unatsogolera ku ku ku kugaluza koyamba kwa Pulezidenti Trump mu 2019 ndi 2021.

Chisankhocho ndi chopimira chachikulu: ovota angachotse pulezidenti, gulu la anthu ambiri, kapena boma ngati sakhutira. Chisankho cha 2018 cha pakati pa Democratic House chinabweretsa ambiri amene anawonjezera kwambiri kuyang'anira kwa Trump. Lingaliro la anthu, kutsutsa, ndi pangano la boma laumisiri lingachititsenso atsogoleri kukhalabe m'miyambo ya malamulo. Mabungwe a zachikhalidwe monga Civil Rights Movement, Suffrage Movement, ndi Black Livement (Malamulo Olamulira Moyo wa Trup) asonkhezera boma kuwonjezera ufulu ndi kupondereza.

Kufufuza kwamwaŵi sikumatsimikiziridwa: zoulutsira nkhani zingachitidwe mogawanika kapena mopambanitsa, masankho angasonkhezeredwe ndi kupotoza ndi ndalama zakuda, ndipo chitaganya cha anthu chingaletsedwe.

Kumaliza: Kuteteza Kusapambanitsa

Macheke ndi magoli ndi maziko a demokrase ya ku America, kutsimikizira kuti ulamuliro suikidwa pa nthambi imodzi ya boma. Dongosolo lathetsa mavuto kuyambira pa Nkhondo ya Chiweniweni mpaka pa kuswa lamulo la Watergate chifukwa chakuti mapangidwe ake ndi ogwirizana ndi chibadwa chake ndipo chifukwa chakuti mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kukonzanso kumamatira kwawo ku mfundo zimenezi. Komabe, dongosololi limalimba kokha ngati anthu ndi mabungwe amene amalichirikiza. Nzika ziyenera kukhalabe zophunzitsidwa ponena za boma lawo, kupempha kuti nthambi zonse zidziwitso zao, ndi kukhala ndi phande m'zochita demo democrase. Pamene kukhumba kutchuka — ndipo pamene nthambi zikuyang'anira moonadi — ufuluwo uyenera kusungidwa nthaŵi zonse.