Chiphunzitso cha Incorporation Doctive ndi chimodzi cha ziphunzitso zapadera kwambiri za lamulo lachimereka, chikugwira ntchito monga mlatho umene umawonjezera Bill of Rights kutetezera boma ndi maboma. Kupyolera mwa Geneth Amendment’s Resignement Claus, Bwalo Lapamwamba lanena pang’onopang’ono kuti zambiri mwa zimenezi, koma si zonse zimene zitsimikizo zenizeni pa kukonzanso khumi koyambirira kochitidwa m'maboma. Pamene chitaganya chikusintha mofulumira ndi kupangidwa kwa luso la zopanga, kusintha malamulo a kakhalidwe kakhalidwe, ndi kugwirizanitsa malingaliro a ufulu, mavuto a Incoration Doctries atsopano ndi ocho. Kumvetsa mavuto ameneŵa kumafuna kuloŵa m'make a mbiri yakale, maziko alamulo, ndi nkhani zofunika zimene zidzaumba mtsogolo.

Mbiri Yakale ya Chiphunzitso Chosinthasintha

Nkhani yotchulidwayo ikuyamba ndi kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa Bill of Rights . Pamene kukonzanso khumi koyamba kunavomerezedwa mu 1791, kunali kolinganizidwa kutsendereza boma la boma. Mu Barron . Baltimore [1833], Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall anavomereza kuti Bill of Rights sanagwire ntchito ku maboma. Zimenezi zinakhalabe lamulo kwa pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi. Posinthira patapita nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni ndi kulandidwa kwa Genea la Geneast Amendment mu 1868.

Funso lalikulu linali lakuti kaya Lamulo la 14 la Administ’s Access Claus linaphatikiza Bill of Rights potsutsana ndi maboma. Nkhani zoyambirira monga Cases za Nyumba ya Suaker (1873] zinamasulira mofupia mwaŵi kapena Immunonice , kutseka khomolololololololo kuti liloŵetsedwe m'maboma ambiri. Mmalomwake, Khoti linatembenukira ku Cerst Procesclace, ndipo chiphunzitso chamakono cha kusankhoma chinabadwa.

[[FLT: 0] Inkaganiza kuti [pa] mlingo wotsatira, Khoti Lalikulu linatenga, popanda kupanga chosankha, kuti chitetezero cha ufulu wa kukonza Koyamba chiphatikizo chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ku maboma kudzera ku Demendment ya 1450. Malingalirowo anatsegula mawindo. Patheka lapakati pa makhoti, Khoti linaphatikiza pafupifupi makonzedwe onse a Bill of Rights. Nkhani za ufulu ([FLT:]]] M'mapepala otetezera ku maufumu wa kumanja. Ohio 4: [[FLT:]] (1196]) (196) (malamulo a kuchotsa chigamuyezo) (1961) (malamulo a kumanja). [FLT, "FLT] ndi ku , kumbali yachiŵiri kwa , kuwonjezera chigamuyeso.

Kumanga Malamulo Masiku Ano Ndiponso Kukumana ndi Mavuto

Lerolino, Chiphunzitso cha Kusankha chakhala choikizidwa kwakukulukulu kaamba ka zoyenera zimene zaikidwa. Komabe, kuyesa kwa kugamulapo kaya kuyenera kosakhala kokhala ndi ufulu kuyenera kukugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku maikowo. Khoti limagwira ntchito "kufufuza kwamphamvu": kuyenera kumaikidwa ngati "kuyakulu kwa mbiri ya Dzikoli ndi mwambo" ndi "kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za ufulu" muyezo, wofotokozedwa mu [[FLT: 0]. Mkhalidwe umenewu umafunikira kupenda malamulo a mbiri yakale. Glucksberg [1] (1997) ndi kutsimikiziranso kutsutsa [FL:]. Mastern Knobos . . . . . [1] Masterns [2]

Chitokoso chimodzi chachikulu ndicho ngati kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wachiŵiri wa munthu aliyense payekha ndi kunyamula zida kumagwira ntchito mokwanira ku maiko omwe ali ndi cholinga chofanana ndi boma. Mu New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [1] [22] [22], Khoti linasintha kwambiri mayeso a kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma lachiŵiri, kufuna kuti malamulo agwirizane ndi malamulo a m'mbiri a kayendetsedwe ka mfuti. Lamulo limeneli limakhudza ndi malamulo a boma mwa kujambula yunifomu, Highal, kudzutsa mafunso ponena za ngati boma ndi maboma akusintha kuti avomereze mikhalidwe yapadera ya kumaloko.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Umisiri ndi Ufulu Wochita Zinthu Zachinsinsi

Kusintha kwa makompyuta kumapereka chimodzi cha zitokoso zazikulu kwambiri ku Chiphunzitso cha Incorporation. Malamulo ambiri a maziko a ufulu , msonkhano, kufufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda . Kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, tanthauzo la ufuluwo. Lamulo la Four Amendment loletsa kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, lomwe tsopano likulimbana ndi nkhani zonga ngati kutsata selo la foni, migodi, kutchuka kwa nkhope, ndi kupezeka kwa mabodzaledi achitatu.

Mu Karpeent v. United States (2018), Khoti Lapamwamba linazindikira kuti munthu amayembekezera kukhala yekha pambali ya njira zonse za kuyang'ana kwathupi monga momwe kwalembedwera ndi foni, ngakhale pamene chidziŵitso cha m'gulu lachitatu. Khotilo linaona kuti chilolezo chinafunikira, kusonyeza kusintha m'kugwiritsira ntchito kwa makompyuta ophatikizapo Olamulira Otsogolera Osaini. Koma funsolo likukhalabe: Kodi kulingalira kumeneku kumakula kufikira pati? Makhoti a pansi amagaŵana pa kaya ngati [[FLT:] Platenter [FLD]] [FLT]] [3] [masinthana mitundu ina ya zolemba, monga maidiadia, ma-masewera, kapena njira zodziŵira zamakono.

Ufulu wa kulankhula pa Intaneti umayesanso malire a Kusintha kwa Malamulo. Mpando Woyamba, wophatikizidwa kudzera mwa Gitlow, umagwira ntchito ku malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu olankhula pa Intaneti, ndi pa Intaneti. Malamulo onga [[FLT:] Packingham v. North Carolina [2017], amene analetsa opalamula za kugonana ndi oulutsa nkhani za chikhalidwe cha anthu, amasonyeza mmene Khoti limagwiritsirira ntchito malamulo amwambo ku ndandanda ya masamu. Koma mavuto atsopano: anganene kuti malamulo amene amalankhula ndi olankhula?

Kulinganiza Uchifumu wa Boma ndi Ufulu Wake

Chikalata chosatha cha Chiphunzitso cha Kusintha ndi chakuti chimaluluza ulamuliro wa boma. Ochirikiza ufulu wa maboma amatsutsa kuti kuphatikiza kuyenera kwa maboma kumachotsa kulolera kwa maboma ndi maboma kukonza malamulo awo apadera. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti litaphatikiza Kusintha kwachiŵiri mu [FLT: 0] [[FLT:] , ikunena kuti singaperekenso chiletso chokulira cha mfuti, ngakhale ngati mikhalidwe yawo ya kumaloko ndi milingo ya upandu italingaliridwa kukhala yoyenerera. Mofananamo, kuphatikiza lamulo lachiŵiri mu kumakakamiza kuti agwirizane ndi kuchepetsa chigamu cha boma, kugawa ndi kugawa chigawa, kugawa ndi kugawa kwa chigawa.

Kulimbanako kuli kwakukulu makamaka m'malo kumene maboma akhala ndi malabola ofufuza za demokrase. Lingalirani mkangano wa kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba. Pambuyo pa Roe v. Wade [77]], Bwalo linanena kuti kuyenera kwa kubisa kunaphatikizapo kuchotsa mimba, ndipo linagwiritsa ntchito ufuluwo ku maufumuwo kudzera ku ufulu wa 144 Demendment Ceastem Claus. [Pambuyo pa ] Dobbs [, Bwalo lakulamulira [[FLT:] [FFL:] [FFFF:]] [i] [ifuse] yosayeyeyeyeyeye, yosayenetsekera m'mbiri ya m'mbiri ya mbiri yakale, ndipo imakana kuti kuchotsapo, chiganitso chakumbuyo chakumbuyo. Izi zikhoza kuvomereza bwino kwambiri. Zomwezozozozozozozozozozozozozo. Zomwezozozozozozo. [ziyene

Kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense kudzapitirizabe kutsutsidwa. Akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti "kuloŵa m'gulu lochepa" kumene kumapatsa ufulu wochuluka woyesa, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amaumirira kuti ufulu wofunika uyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mogwirizana kutetezera magulu aang’ono ndi opatulidwa ku chiwembu.

Malangizo ndi Kuganizira Zam’tsogolo

Kuyang’ana kutsogolo, mfundo zazikulu zingapo zidzaumba mtsogolo mwa Chiphunzitso cha Incorporation.

Kuzindikira Ufulu Umene Uli Wofunika Kwambiri ndi Woyenera Kuphatikizidwa

Mayeso aakulu a ufulu ndiwo chikhoterero choyenda. Ndi ambiri osunga mwambo amene amagogomezera mbiri ndi mwambo, Bwalo Lamilandu lingakhale losafuna kuphatikiza ufulu watsopano kapena kuwonjezerapo mawu atsopano. MaDobbs [1] [ akusonyeza kufunitsitsa kubwereranso ku mayeso ofunikira oikidwa poyambapo ngati alibe mizu yakuya ya mbiri yakale. Zimenezi zingayambukire ufulu wonga ngati kulingana kwa ukwati, sodomay, ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala obisika m'zosankha zachinsinsi. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Bwalo lingakhale lotsegukirapo kukhazikitsanso ufulu umene uli ndi chichirikizo champhamvu cha m'mbiri, monga ngati kuyenera kunyamula zida, monga momwe zimaonekera mu [FL:] BBB [FF]

Malo ena oyenerera kuwafotokoza bwino ndi ufulu woyenda. Ngakhale kuti Khotili lavomereza kuti lili ndi ufulu wofunika woyendera madera ena, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake pansi pa Demetriement ya 14 kukukhalabe kovuta. Maboma amakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuyenda kwa anthu opatulidwa. Maboma monga malamulo oletsa kusamuka kwa anthu, kuvota, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendera alendo osakhala a m’dzikolo.

Kusamalira Zodetsa Nkhaŵa za Kubisika kwa Anthu m’Nthaŵi ya Makompyuta

Kuyenera kwachinsinsi, makamaka pansi pa Kusintha kwa China, kudzapitirizabe kukhala kogwirizana ndi luso la zopangapanga. Khotili lidakali ndi udindo wofotokoza bwinobwino mmene chiphunzitsocho chimakhudzira malamulo a boma, kukhazikitsanso malamulo, ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru zopeka poonetsetsa kuti malamulo ayende bwino. Mwachitsanzo, kodi njira yosinthira zinthu yachinayi ikufuna kuti munthu apeze chilolezo asanapeze mfundo zolembedwa pa mameta apamwamba, asanavale zipangizo zoyendera, kapena povala galimoto?

Ndiponso, kutetezeredwa kwa First Amendment kwa kubisa mawu kwa anthu osadziŵika kuli ndi mavuto atsopano. Mayiko akukakamiza kwambiri kuti mapulogalamu a zaunyinji agwirizane ndi dzina la Mulungu kapena kuvumbula dzina la zithunzi zolembedwa zosadziŵika, makamaka za kuvutitsidwa pa Intaneti kapena kuchotsedwa. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Packingham chikusonyeza kuti malamulo amwambo aufulu a kulankhula akugwira ntchito pa Intaneti, koma kuti malamulo enieni a ufulu wa kulankhula wosadziwika apitirizebe kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kusunga Kulinganizika Pakati pa Zitetezero Zaukulu ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma

Kulimbana pakati pa ufulu wa boma ndi ufulu wa kudzilamulira sikudzatha. Malamulo ofutukula Chiphunzitso cha Incorporation kuti aphatikizepo zoyenera zonga kuyenera kwa nyumba, kusamala zaumoyo, kapena maphunziro kukafuna khoti kufunafuna ufulu wokwanirawo m'malemba alamulo kapena wozikidwa kwambiri pa mwambo . Malamulo angabwezere kumbuyo mwa kunena kuti Khoti lakhazikitsa ufulu wina, ndi kuti mankhwala oyenera ndiwo kubwerera ku ulamuliro wowonjezereka ku maulamuliro. Retrenchment ndilo lotheka, monga momwe zimaonekera mu [[FLT:] Dobs .

Chimodzi chimene chikubuka ndicho kuloŵetsedwa kwa chiwongola dzanja cha Rendement ya Eight Reformation yochuluka. Timbs v. Indiana (2011), Khoti likugwirizana kunena kuti kuletsa kwa Eighth Amendment kulipira ndalama zochuluka kumagwira ntchito ku maboma. Chigamulo chimenecho, ngakhale kuti chikugwirizana, chinasiya mafunso otsegulira zinthu zabwino kwambiri. Mafunso adzagwira ntchito m’boma ndi m’makhoti a a boma. Mofananamo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Demendement kutchula zachiŵiri pansi pa [FLT:] Denal " [FL:3] ndi [FL:] [FLT] BB] BB. [FFF:5]

Kutengera Masinthidwe a Zinthu ndi Njira Zamakono Zosinthira

Kumvetsetsa kwa Sosaite kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe kumasintha mkupita kwa nthaŵi. Chiphunzitso cha Incorporation, chiyenera kukhala chofeŵa mokwanira kukwaniritsa zenizeni zatsopano. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa Khoti "chikumbumtima" m'mayeso ofunikira a milandu kunja kwa Bill of Rights, limodzinso ndi "kuyesa kwakukulu" kaamba ka kuloŵetsedwa, mazira a ma chipinda osinthira, koma kusintha kungalephereke ndi kumasulira kwa chiweruzo.

Ganizirani za kuyenera kwa kubisa nkhani za majini. Mayiko ayamba kusonkhanitsa DNA kwa anthu ogwidwa, kugwiritsira ntchito zolembera za makolo kuti atsimikizire kuti malamulo ayende bwino, ndipo amafuna kuti ayese majini kuti apeze mapindu ena. Chitetezero cha Four Amendment chitetezedwe ku kufunafuna kosaganizira, kophatikiza ndi maboma, chingafunikire chilolezo chofufuzira zimenezi. Koma Khoti silinalankhulebe pankhaniyi. Mofananamo, chitetezo cha Oyamba kukonzanso malamulo a ufulu wa gulu la boma chingayesedwe ndi malamulo amene amafuna kuti litulutse mindandanda ya mamembala a mabungwe andale kapena achipembedzo.

Kumaliza

Chiphunzitso cha Incorporation Doctrine chidakali maziko a lamulo lachimereka, kutsimikizira kuti ufulu waukulu woikidwa m'buku la Malamulo amasungidwe kutetezera anthu ku mlingo uliwonse wa boma. Komabe, mtsogolo mwake silingathetsedwe. Monga momwe luso la zopangapanga limasinthira zinthu, kulankhula, ndi kugwirizana, ndipo pamene mfundo zachikhalidwe zikusintha, chiphunzitsocho chiyenera kusinthira popanda kutaya mphamvu yake m'malemba alamulo ndi m'mbiri. Khoti Lapamwambalo limavomereza kuti zinthu zatsopano zidzayang'anizana ndi chipilala chapamwamba, koma kuti cholinga cha kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense chidzapitirizabe kuletsa. Potsirizira pake, mtsogolo, chiphunzitsocho chimadalira pa mmene makhoti, malamulo, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zosonkhanira pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma, ufulu, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zamakono.