Kumvetsetsa Zopinga za Malamulo m’Malamulo a Tsankho Kumatsutsa Maboma

Kuimba mlandu boma chifukwa cha tsankho ndi imodzi ya madera ovuta kwambiri a ufulu wachibadwidwe. Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo la zamalamulo la ku America limapereka mankhwala kwa anthu ovulazidwa ndi khalidwe la kuphwanya lamulo, malo apadera a maboma monga maulamuliro achifumu amapanga zopinga za mlomo ndi zapansipansi zimene anthu wamba oimbidwa mlandu samasangalala nazo. Oweruza amene amafuna kukhala ndi boma loŵerengera mlandu ayenera kuyendetsa malo aakulu a matemera, zitsimikizo, miyezo, ndi zopinga zopinga zimene zingagonjetse ngakhale zinenezo zomveka asanazengedwe mlandu. Nkhaniyi ikulongosola zopinga zazikulu za lamulo, njira zapaipitsirana, ndi kupenda koyenera kuti nkhani zimenezi zikhale zopanga.

Chiweruzo chotsutsana ndi maboma chimakhalapo kaŵirikaŵiri pansi pa malamulo a boma onga ngati The Thit VII of the Civil Rights Act ya 1964, America Okhala ndi Lamulo la Kulemala (ADA), Tsankho la Nyengo mu Adreat Act (ADEA), ndi Gawo 504 la Lamulo la Rehabilitation Act, limodzinso ndi pansi pa Bungwe Lotetezera la 144 la Kusintha Kochitidwa pa 42 U.S.C. mu 1983. Koma mosasamala kanthu za chiphunzitso chalamulo, Demendment of Declarament imapanga mlandu uliwonse.

Chiphunzitso cha Kugwirizana kwa Mfumu ndi Mpambo wa Khumi ndi Chisanu ndi Chimodzi wa Lamulo

Maziko a chitetezo cha boma ndi chiphunzitso cha ufulu wodzilamulira, chimene chimatsatira lamulo la Chingelezi ndipo chinaikidwa mu Lamulo la U.S. kudzera pa Demendment ya 115. Chigamulo cha 1195, Demendment ya 115 chimapereka:

“ Mphamvu ya Chigamulo cha United States sichidzalingaliridwa kufutukula ku mpangidwe uliwonse wa lamulo kapena kukhazikika, kuyambitsidwa kapena kutsutsidwa ndi mmodzi wa United States ndi nzika za Boma lina, kapena ndi nzika za Dziko lina, kapena nzika za Dziko lina lililonse. [FLT:] Ngakhale kuti malembawo sawoneka kukhala audindo okha, Khoti lalikulu latembenuza kuletsa kutsutsa ufulu wosiyana ndi ufulu wa boma la boma. [FF]

Kuchepa kwa Malamulo Asanu ndi Amodzi

Chithandizo cha khumi ndi chimodzi chimagwira ntchito osati kokha ku boma komanso ku mabungwe a boma, madipatimenti, ndi zida zimene zimalingaliridwa kukhala zida za boma. Kutsimikizira kaya ngati chinthu choyenerera monga dzanja la boma chimaphatikizapo mayeso a mbali zambiri amene amapenda ukulu wa ulamuliro, magwero a ndalama, ndi ngati chiweruzo chikaperekedwa kuchokera ku chuma cha boma. Chiŵeruzo chimenechi chikhoza kuyenerera kaamba ka zowonongeka za ndalama, kupumula, ndi ngakhale kuchotsako mphamvu m'mikhalidwe m’mikhalidwe yambiri. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi lingaliro lakuti kutetezeredwa sikuli kokwanira, ngakhale kuli kosiyana ndi kupangidwa ndi: (1) pamene bungwe lotetezera la boma likhoza kugaŵa chigawo cha 14,2, (2) pamene boma lachepetsa, ndipo (3) labweretsa ufulu woyenerera kutetezera pa chiphunzitso cha boma pansi pa chiphunzitso cha [F_1:]

Kusintha kwa Nyumba ya Ufumu Pansi pa Chigawo 5

Khoma likhoza kulanda ulamuliro wadziko pamene lipereka lamulo pa Gawo 5 la 14th Amendment, limene limapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu yotsimikizira kutetezera kofanana ndi kachitidwe koyenera. Chofunika chachikulu nchakuti lamulo likhale "kulimbana ndi kuchulukana" [[FL:] [FFF:4] [FF:] [FFF:] [pansi] muyeso [zifukwa], chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa chipatso cha mpangidwe cha munthu. [Nkhazi] Khoti la anthu: "Nkhazi], Khoti lalikulu likuchirikiza kusiyanitsa ndi malamulo m'malamulo a Zigawo za Zigawo za Zigawo za Ziwiri, mwachitsanzo, [[FFF] [12] [12] [ziye] [ziyerome ndi zigawe za m’chipato cha m'zipuwamba za m’chipuwake za . Chifukunja cha . Chifuku

Opatulidwa ndi Opalamula: Mmene Maboma Amavomereza Kusutidwira

Ngakhale pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo siinapatsidwe mphamvu yotetezera thupi, boma lingavomereze modzifunira kuvomereza. Waiver ayenera kufotokozedwa mosabisa kuti ndi bwino . Maboma angawononge chitetezo kudzera m'malamulo a boma, malamulo, kapena mwa kuchotsa mlandu ku khoti la boma. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri apereka mawu oletsa maupandu a magulu ena, koma kaŵirikaŵiri zochita zimenezi zimaika malire okhwima pa ziwonongeko, kuzindikira nyengo, ndi mitundu ya zonena zimene zimaloledwa. Mtsogoleri wachipembedzo ayenera kuyang'anira mosamalitsa kaya lamulo lalamulo lalamulo lalamulo lalamulo la chiwolo lili ndi lamulo loletsa kuweruza milandu ya tsankho.

Boma Limanena Kuti Ntchito ndi Mabungwe Oyang’anira

M'mayiko ambiri, kulembetsa bungwe la boma lofuna tsankho choyamba kumafuna kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma ndi bungwe kapena bungwe la boma . Kaŵirikaŵiri m'zenera lachidule kwambiri (m’chitsanzo, masiku 90 kapena 180). Kulephera kutsatira zofunika za chidziŵitso zimenezi kungatulutse mwamsanga. Mwachitsanzo, pansi pa bungwe la California Tort Peations Act, chikalata chotchedwa kuti chilembe mawu otsutsa boma ndi bungwe la boma lisanaike mlandu. Chiyeneretso chimenechi chimagwira ntchito ngakhale kuti chingafunike kuletsa ntchito za boma kutsutsana ndi boma. N’kofunika kuti anthu amvetsetse mfundo za boma pakati pa mamenti a boma ndi khoti.

Mfundo Yomaliza ya Chiphunzitso Chaching’ono

Mwinamwake chopatulira choposa kutetezera ufulu wa kudziimira ndiko [[FLT: 0] Ex ex Young chiphunzitso, chimene chimalola akuluakulu a boma kutha kwa maulamuliro awo alamulo oyenerera kuyesa kuchotsapo kuswa lamulo la boma kosalekeza. Pansi pa chiphunzitsochi, munthu wofuna lamulo la boma lofuna nduna ya boma kuletsa lamulo lalamulo, kaamba ka chitsanzo, lamulo la kuleka kugwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito kuyenerera kwaufuko kwaufuko kwaufuko kwachiwna kwa lamulo. Komabe, chiphunzitsocho chili ndi malire: sichingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ndalama kuchokera ku chuma, ndi akuluakulu afunikira kutsutsa lamulolo. Ngati zigamu zonse, chikayitsatsa chiganizo chaposachedwapa, choperekedwa ndi chigamu chachikulu. [FFF4] Chikalata choperekedwa ndi chigamu chachikulu cha Boma: [FF]

Miyezo ya Malamulo ndi Mtolo Waumboni M’milandu ya Tsankho

Ngakhale pamene munthu wotchuka agonjetsa chitetezo cha ulamuliro, ayenerabe kukwaniritsa miyezo yofuna kupambana ya lamulo la tsankho. Malamulo ofala kwambiri ndi osintha zinthu ndi opangidwa ndi mutu wolemera . Mcnell Douglas Corp. v. Green[FL] [FLT] [773] [773] [77] [77], zimene zimagwira ntchito ya Ditut VII, ADEA, ndi ADA. Pansi pa paradigm iyi, woyang'anira ayenera choyamba kukhazikitsa primie. Woyambirira kuonetsa kuti: iwo ali m’gulu lotetezeredwa; (2) iwo anagwiritsira ntchito ndi kuyenerera kaamba ka kupindula; anavutika ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kuwonjezera kwa kuwonjezera kwa kusiyanitsa. Munthu wodwalayo, kuti asonyezedwe chifukwa chake chomveka chomvekacho.

Kusonyeza Tsankho Mosaganizira

M'nkhani za mu Sucture Protection Claus , wotsutsa ayenera kutsimikizira kuti boma linachita ndi cholinga cha kukondera . Khoti Lapamwamba mu . [FLT] Shahington v. Davis[[FLT]] [1979] [67] adakhulupirira kuti lamulo kapena lamulo limene limayambukira gulu lotetezedwa kwambiri silimaswa malamulo a boma pokhapokha ngati wopanga chigamuloyo angasonyeze kuti wachitapo kanthu ndi chifuno chimodzi. Zimenezi zimafuna umboni wa mawu, mbiri yakale, kutsika kwa njira zachibadwa, kapena umboni wina wosonyeza zolinga zomveka. Chivomezi chokha n’cho chimene chingakhale chopanda lamulo, ngakhale kuti chingakhale chogwirizana ndi mfundo yachi, chikayikire pa chigamu cha chivomezi cha chika cha chiwonjeze cha chivomezo chachikulu. Chivomezo chopanda chika cha chika cha chikanetso chomveka chotsutsa chika cha chika cha chikanetso cha chika cha chika chika cha chika cha chika cha chika cha chika cha chika cha chika cha chika

Kuchotsedwa kwa Malamulo a Uyang’aniro

Asanalembe mlandu pamutu pa mutu VII, choyamba EEOC ayenera kuimbidwa mlandu wa kukondera ndi Aumelt Opportunity Commission (EOC) kapena bungwe lofanana ndi la boma lochitira ntchito. Mlandu uyenera kuperekedwa m’masiku 180 a tsankho lonenedwa (masiku 300 m’zigawo ndi bungwe loona bwino la ntchito). Ilo liyenera kufufuza ndi kutulutsa kapena kufalitsa kalata ya kumanja kapena kuchotsa mlandu. Kulephera kuletsa njira zauyang'anira kuli chipangizo choyenera. Mofananamo, pansi pa Udindo wa ADA I, zonse za VII prozedrugaw zimagwira ntchito. Pansi pa Zifukwa za AD (mautumiki aunikonse), zingafunikire kutulutsa malamulo monga ngati mabwalo alamulo angofunika kugawa. [F.0]

Milandu Yaposachedwapa ndi Kukula kwa Malamulo

Malo a kusudzulidwa akupitiriza kusanduka. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, makhoti alimbana ndi kudutsana kwa chitetezo cha kudzilamulira, Thit VII, ndi ADEA, kaŵirikaŵiri kufalikira zotulukapo zochokera pa mfundo zenizeni. Mwachitsanzo, mu [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [1] [MCELT v. Boma la Georgia [I] [I] [I] [i] [i] , 22-12254]) [[FFFO:], wokhulupirira kuti Depansi pa mikhalidwe yake ya kugonana. MFFFFFFFF] I imakhala ndi chipalemo cha chigawo cha . MFUSP] MFUS, chifukwa chakuti chisavulu cha .

Zotsatirapo za Lamulo la ADA ndi Kubwezeretsa Moyo

Mbali ina yofunika ya kukonza mapangano imaphatikizapo ADA ndi Chigawo 504 cha Chilamulo cha Rehabilitation. TANSEVE v. Lane [2004] , Khoti Lapamwamba linachita kuti Mtengo II wa ADA ukhale lamulo lovomerezeka la kulowa m'makhoti. [FLT] Wotetezedwa ndi Malamulo a Clausce. Komabe, Bwalo la mu [FL:] [FLT] United States]. . Georgia v [FFLT:6] [magalamu a AIFF:] [F:] [FL:] [F.F.F.NUF.NUM.] [F.N.N.[4] Sumpset , imavomereza kugalamu yachiŵirinso ya , monga kugalamu yachiŵiri kwa zigalamu ya II, kuti alo: [F.]

Ntchito ya Kazembe Wankhondo ndi Boma Lotetezera

Pamene boma lipatsidwa mlandu wa tsankho, maloya ake aakulu kwenikweni amatsutsa kuti malamulo oletsa kulephera kutetezera thupi, lache, kulephera kutulutsa utsi, ndi ntchito yogaŵidwa. Oimbidwa mlandu a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsanso kuti wopatula wofananayo sangaone wopanga mlandu. Kuwonjezera apo, majeremusi anganene kuti malamulo a kulephera kwa mphamvu za munthu atha; pakuti Chigawo 1983, makhoti akubwereka nyengo ya kuvulaza kwa boma, imene ingasiyane ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Kulimba kwa chitetezo kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti [[FLT: 0] kaŵirikaŵiri, mavoti a malungo ambiri afunikira kuyembekezera ndi kutsutsa malire ambiri a kumbuyo kwa ku LYP:1., kupenda kwa chinenero, kudandaula kwa kuyang’anizana ndi kuyendetsa koyambirira, kuzoloŵera kochitidwa kwapadera, ndi kulephera kulephera kuchitika.

Malangizo Othandiza kwa Ophera ndi Ochirikiza

Poona zopinga zowopsya, ofufuza akuona kuweruza boma kukhala koyenera. Choyamba, lingalirani ngati lingalirolo likubuka pansi pa lamulo loti litetezedwe ndi boma. Umutwe VII, Gawo 504 (mwa mkhalidwe wa boma), ndi la Fel Pay Pact onse amapereka njira zoonekera bwino. Zonena za kusankhidwa pansi pa ADA, amapenda ngati kuyenera kumene Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kukhala kofunika kwambiri (mphata, kulowa ku mabwalo, kuvota, maphunziro). Ngati simukulingalira za kupempha akuluakulu a boma kuti apereke thandizo pansi pa [FL:] Osanja la achichepere [FL:] monga woyang'ana. [FL:1] monga woyang'anira.

Kumaliza

Kuchotsa boma la boma kaamba ka tsankho kudakali ntchito ina yowopsa kwambiri m'lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe ku America. Kuphatikiza pamodzi kwa 11th Amendment development, kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima, kufuna umboni wa tsankho ladala, ndi kutopa kwa productive kumachititsa kulephera ngakhale kupambana koyenerera. Komabe mbiri imasonyeza kuti makhotiwa asintha masinthidwe [“kuchotsapo makampani a boma, kuchotsapo masukulu a boma kuti athetse ntchito yopatula lamulo. Suti iliyonse yopambana yolimbana ndi boma imapereka chitsanzo chimene chimalimbitsa lamulo ndi kulimbikitsa lonjezo lofanana la chitetezo. kwa ochirikiza ndi otsutsa ufulu woikidwa ndi omveka bwino. Chilungamo cha boma, chimakhala choyenerera kukwaniritsa chipambano cha kuweruza mlandu.