Kodi Kholiji ya Electoral Nchiyani?

Electoral College ndi njira yokhazikitsidwa ndi Article II ya Malamulo a U.S. ndipo pambuyo pake inakonzedwa ndi Malamulo a 12 osankha pulezidenti ndi wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti. Ili ndi 538 osandutsa kampani, ndipo boma lililonse likulandira chiŵerengero cha osankhidwa olingana ndi chiŵerengero cha osankhidwa a United States (nthaŵi zonse aŵiri) ndi oimira a U.S. (amene amasiyana ndi anthu osankhidwa ndi kuŵerengera kwa anthu kwa decculver). Disty of Columbia imagawiridwa atatu osankhidwa pansi pa 23 Demendment. Kuti munthu wofuna kupambana pa Pereace, ayenera kusungidwa pa mavoti osachepera 270.

Magulu andale zadziko a boma lililonse amasankha mapepala a osankhidwa asanafike Tsiku la Chisankho. Pamene nzika ziponya mavoti kwa pulezidenti, iwo kwenikweni ali ovota kaamba ka osankha olonjezedwa a wobatizidwayo. M'maboma 48 ndi District ya Columbia, wofunsira amene amalandira mavoti otchuka kwambiri mu bomalo amapambana mavoti ake onse osankhidwa (“kutenga kwa onse” dongosolo la pulogalamu ya chisankho). Maine ndi Nebras amagwiritsira ntchito njira yachigawo ya chisankho cha chisankho, akumavomereza voti imodzi yosankhidwa pa chigawo chimodzi pa chipata cha chigawo chimodzi ndi mavoti aŵiri osankhidwa kaamba ka wopambana mtsogoleri wa boma.

Mmene Maseŵero a Electoral College Amachitira

Chigamulocho chikuyambika kwa milungu ingapo. Pa Lachiŵiri Loyamba pambuyo pa Lolemba loyamba mu November, ovota amasankha osankha. Osankha amakumana m'malikulu awo a boma pa Lolemba loyamba pambuyo pa Lachitatu lachiŵiri mu December kukaponya mavoti awo. Mavoti ameneŵa amatumizidwa ku Congress ndipo amaŵerengedwa mwalamulo pa chigawo chimodzi pa January 6. Ngati palibe wolembetsa amene amasankha 270, Nyumba ya Oimira imasankha pulezidenti (boma lirilonse likuchita voti imodzi), chochitika chimene chachitika kaŵiri kokha (1800 ndi 1824).

Otsutsa amanena kuti lamulo la kupambana kaŵirikaŵiri limanyalanyaza voti yotchuka ya dziko: wobatizidwa angapeze mipambo yaikulu m'maiko otetezereka komano kulephera mipikisano yapafupi m'maiko ozungulira ndi kupambanabe mavoti a voti popanda ambiri otchuka. Kusintha kumeneku kunachitika posachedwapa mu 2016 ndi 2000, ndipo m'mbiri mu 1824, 1876, ndi 1888.

Chipangizo Chotchuka: N’chosavuta Koma Champhamvu

Voti yotchuka ndi chiŵerengero cha mavoti onse ochitidwa ndi nzika zoyenerera m'dzikolo. Imapereka muyezo wapadera wa kusankha kwa wosankhidwa aliyense. M'dongosolo lotchuka la voti, voti lililonse lingakhale ndi mphamvu yofanana mosasamala kanthu za boma la wovota, kuipanga kukhala njira yolondola kwambiri. Komabe, malamulo a U.S. samapatsa mtundu wotchuka wosankhidwa kwa pulezidenti; koleji yosankha ndiyo njira yovomerezedwa mwalamulo. Chivoti chotchukacho, pamene kuli kwakuti chilocho chinapangidwa ndi boma lililonse, sichimavomerezana mwalamulo pa Electoral College.

Ngakhale zili choncho, voti yotchukayi ikupitirizabe kukhala chizindikiro chofunika kwambiri cha ndale zadziko. A Candidad mobwerezabwereza anapambana chivoti chotchuka kuti anene “tsiku lamwadzidzidzi,” ngakhale ngati alephera kupezeka ku Electoral College. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2012 Barack Obama anapambana mavoti onse aŵiri otchuka ndi osankhidwa, koma mu 2016 Hillary Clinton anapambana chivoti chotchuka ndi pafupifupi 2.9 miliyoni koma anataya koleji yosankhidwa.

Kusiyana Kokulira Pakati pa Esctoral College ndi Chochititsa Chidwi

Kusiyana kwakukulu ndiko kulemera kwa malo. Maboma aang'ono a Electoral College (chifukwa chakuti boma lililonse limalandira “bonos” aŵiri osankhira a bungwe lake mosasamala kanthu za anthu) ndi kulemera kwakukulu ndi malo a tauni. Wovota ku Wyoming, mwachitsanzo, ali ndi mavoti a anthu 3.3 pa miliyoni imodzi, pamene wovota ku California ali ndi pafupifupi 1,2. Kusintha kumeneku kumapangitsa anthu amene ali ndi malo abwino oyenera kukhala ndi anthu ochepa, kaŵirikaŵiri madera akumidzi.

Kusiyana kwina ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi. Pansi pa Electoral College, ndawala zamphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito “kugwetsa madera” – mpikisano wa mayiko kumene kusinthana pang'ono m’mavoti kungathetsere mavoti onse. Mu 2020, pafupifupi maulendo onse a mkupiti ndi ndalama zimene anthu amawononga pankhondoyi, mayiko asanu ndi limodzi kapena asanu ndi aŵiri okha (m’njira yokha, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsian, Florida, Arizona, North Carolina). Pansi pa chivoti chotchuka, mavoti a boma angapeze chisonkhetso cha kuyang'anira madera onse, kuphatikizapo mayiko oyenera kuwonjezera chivoti.

Kuvuta kwa Nzika ndi Khalidwe Lotulutsa Mtengo

Chisonkhezero Choipitsa

Nzika m'maiko osakhala ndi anthu ambiri zili ndi mphamvu zambiri zovota ku Eslectoral College kuposa zija za m'mayiko aakulu. Cholinga chimenechi chinali kuletsa maboma akuluakulu ku mayiko aang'ono kwambiri. Komabe, chimatanthauzanso kuti mphamvu ya wovota imadalira kwambiri pa mpikisano wa boma. Democrat m'chigawo cha Texas chakuya kapena munthu wa ku Republican mu chigawo chakuya kwambiri California angaone kuti voti yawo “yaikidwa chifukwa chakuti zotsatira zake za boma zaikidwiratu. Zimenezi zingakhudzidwe kwambiri ndi mayiko osakhala a dzikolo, kumene Foda angaone kuti kuchita nawo ntchito yawo monga wosathandiza pa zotsatirapo za dziko.

Mabungwe Othandiza ndi Achitatu

Wopambana wa lamulo lachitatu amaletsa kuvota chifukwa chakuti voti ya munthu wamng'ono woloŵa chipani imaonedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala “wopereka” amene angathandize munthu wamkulu wofunsira pagulu amene sakufuna. Zimenezi zimalimbitsa dongosolo la magawo aŵiri. Pansi pa dongosolo lotchuka lovota ndi zofunika zambiri, ovota angamve kukhala omasuka kuchirikiza mbali zachitatu popanda kuopa “kuponya sankho.

Chibwana

Pamene nzika zikhulupirira kuti voti yawo siiri yofunika chifukwa cha kumira kwa boma lawo, iwo angataye kotheratu. Mu 2020, kubwerera kwawo kunafikira 66% – wapamwamba kwambiri m'zaka zana lomwelo , koma kubwerera m'maiko abwino kunalibe malo angapo otsika kuposa m'maiko a kuzungulira. Mwachitsanzo, California anali ndi 70% wa otembenuka pamene Pennsylvania anali ndi 72% ndi Michigan 73%, ngakhale kuti California inali boma lalikulu kwambiri. Kusiyanako, ngakhale kuti kunali kwaling'ono, kukusonyeza kuti ngakhale m’zaka zapamwamba, Electoral College ingaletse kutengamo mbali m'maiko osagwirizana ndi 76i.

Mikangano Yosungira Koleji ya Electoral

Ochirikiza Electoral College amanena kuti amatetezera zikondwerero za maiko aang’ono ndi madera akumidzi, kuletsa oyembekezera kunyalanyaza madera onse. Amatsutsa kuti imalimbikitsa kumanga pamodzi m’madera osiyanasiyana, kukakamiza oyembekezera kukambirana nkhani zosiyanasiyana za m’madera osiyanasiyana a dzikolo. Dongosololo limakhazikitsanso lamulo pamene wofuna kugaŵiridwa wapatali, potsutsana ndi kuchuluka kwa mavoti ambiri m’mizinda yambiri yokha.

Kuwonjezera apo, Electoral College ikhoza kupereka zotsatira zomveka bwino, zotsimikizira pamene voti yotchuka yayandikira kwambiri. Mu 2000, chisankhocho chinagamulidwa ndi mavoti mazana angapo ku Florida – koma chigawo cha voti (271 v. 266) chinapereka opambanawo osasintha. Popanda Electoral College, nkhani ya dziko lonse ingakhale yosokonezeka ndi yokhalitsa. Potsirizira pake, dongosololi limakhala lozikidwa kwambiri pa malamulo a malamulo; kusintha kulikonse kukafuna kusintha kwa malamulo, kumene kumafuna kuti makampani aakulu kwambiri a m'mageonda ndi ma greeths atatu a majora, kupanga kusintha kovuta.

Kukangana kwa Anthu Otchuka

Ochirikiza voti lotchuka la dzikolo amagogomezera kulingana kwa demokalase: voti ya nzika iliyonse iyenera kukhala ndi kulemera kofanana. Amatchula kuti Electoral College imaswa “munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi” lamulo chifukwa cha kuperekedwa mopambanitsa kwa maiko aang'ono. Amatsutsanso kuti dongosolo lamakono limapangitsa oyembekezera kuyembekezera kukhala ndi chisamaliro chokha ponena za zofunika za maiko ozungulira dzikolo, kunyalanyaza zosoŵa za dzikolo. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani zonga ngati mphamvu yobwezeretsedwa (m'ponse m’dziko lachipululu) kapena kukhazikika kwa gombe kungalandire chisamaliro chochepa chifukwa chakuti silina nkhaŵa za [1]

Ndiponso, voti yotchuka ingawonjezere wovota, monga momwe chivoti chirichonse chingakhalire chofanana ndi malo. Wosankhayo afunikira kuchita kampeni m'maiko onse 50, osati kokha m'malo ochepa ankhondo. Zimenezi zingachepetse chisonkhezero cha anthu ochepa osankhidwa m'maiko otsata ndi kusonyeza chifuniro chenicheni cha dziko. Osankha otchukawo angachotsenso kuthekera kwa kutaya chisankho chotchuka koma chopambana, chimene ambiri amalingalira kukhala vuto la kusankhidwa kwalamulo.

Kusintha Zinthu Kukuperekedwa Ndiponso Msonkhano Wotchuka wa Boma wa Vote Interstate

Chifukwa chakuti kukonzanso Konsichushoni kuli kovuta kwambiri, gulu la kukonzanso lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito pa National Popular Vote Interstate Community (NPVIC). Pansi pa pangano limeneli, maboma angapereke mavoti awo onse osankhidwa kwa wopambana wa chivoti cha dzikolo, koma kokha maboma okwanira ogwirizana kuti afikire mavoti 270 osankhidwa. Pakali pano 2025, 17 mayiko limodzi ndi Chigawo cha Columbia chasaina, chivoti cha osankhidwa 209. Gululo lidzangotenga ntchito pamene lipereka mavoti 270. Otsutsa lamulo lake ndi kuzindikira kuti lingatsutsidwe m’khoti kapena kutsutsa maganizo awo.

Malamulo ena okonza zinthu amaphatikizapo kuchotsa Electoral College kotheratu kudzera pa kukonzanso (kumene kukafuna msonkhano walamulo kapena magawo aŵiri atatu a nyumba zonsezo limodzi ndi magawo atatu 884 a maiko – maofesi apamwamba), kusintha ku njira ya chigawo ya chigawo cha msonkhano m’dziko lonselo, kapena kukhazikitsa ndandanda ya mavoti a voti (kupatsa wosankhidwa aliyense gawo lozikidwa pa mlingo wake wa voti yotchuka ya boma). Kulingalira kulikonse kumasintha pakati pa kupeputsa, chilungamo, ndi kuyenerera kwa ndale zadziko.

Zitsanzo Zakale za Zotulukapo Zolakwika

  • 1824: Andrew Jackson anapambana voti yotchuka koma anataya unduna m'Nyumba ya Oimira kwa John Quincy Adams pambuyo pakuti palibe wosankha amene analandira voti zambiri.
  • [[FLT: 0] 76:[[FLT :1] Samuel Tilden anapambana chisankho chotchuka koma anataya unduna wa Rutherford B. Hayes pambuyo pa bungwe la voti lotsutsana ndi chivoti linapereka mavoti onse otsutsana ku Hayes.
  • 188: Grover Cleveland anapambana voti yotchuka koma anataya voti yosankhidwa kwa Benjamin Harrison.
  • : [1] Al Gol anapambana chivoti chotchuka ndi mavoti oposa 5400,000 koma anataya Electoral College kwa George W. Bush ndi mzera wa 271-266 pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba Florida .
  • 2016: Hillary Clinton anapambana voti yotchuka ndi pafupifupi 2.9 miliyoni (magawo 2.1 percental College) koma anataya Electoral College kwa Donald Trump (304-227).

Anthu ambiri ovota anena kuti mavoti awo angathetsedwe ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya dziko lapansi ogwirizana ndi mfundo za dziko.

Chiyambukiro pa Khalidwe la Zopangapanga ndi Mkupiti

Electoral College imapanga osati kokha amene amakhala pulezidenti komanso mmene oyembekezera amalankhulira ndi osankhidwa. Kampeni zochititsa kafukufuku ndi ma microbic progate thistings pafupifupi okha m'mayiko olingaliridwa kukhala osankhidwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ovota m'mayiko osakhala 768wing salandira chisamaliro chochepa, kutsatsa malonda ochepa, ndiponso kusayendera anthu ofunsira. Mwachitsanzo, m'masankhoti 2020, 96% a ndalama zowonongedwa pa kampeni zinaikidwa m'maboma 12, ndipo Pennsylvania yekha inalandira $731 miliyoni m'zatsatsatsa malonda. Dziko lonselo linanyalanyazidwa ndi makampani onse aŵiri a m'makampani a .

Atsogoleri a boma angachititse kuti mayiko awonongeke kwambiri, apereke chithandizo cha osoŵa, ndi ntchito za akuluakulu a boma. Kufufuza kwa akatswiri a zachuma John N. Friedman ndi Richard Honden anapeza kuti mayiko osintha zinthu amalandira ndalama zambiri pafupifupi 7% m'dziko lililonse kuposa mayiko otetezeka. Otsutsa zimenezi amatsutsa kuti “nkhumba ya magetsi [1] imawononga chithunzi chofanana.

Kwa nzika, chiyambukiro chogwira ntchito nchakuti kukhoza kwawo kusonkhezera chisankho cha pulezidenti kumadalira kwambiri pa mpikisano wa boma lawo. Wovota m'dziko lachisungiko sangakhale ndi chisonkhezero chochepa cha kuphunzira za malo a oyembekezera kulowa kapena kuvota, mwakutero kuchepetsa pangano la boma. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, ofufuza m'maiko osintha amakhala “oposa " chifukwa chakuti zikonda zawo zimachitidwa ndi zipani zonse ziŵiri. Zimenezi zingayambitsenso mphamvu pakati pa ovotawo, koma zimayambitsa kusalingana pakati pa oweruza.

Mbali ya Mapwando Achitatu

Ofuna kusankhidwa achitatu mu 1992, iwo alibe mwaŵi weniweni wa kupata mavoti osankhidwa m'maiko ambiri opambana . Ngakhale ngati wobatizidwa wachitatu angapambane mbali yaikulu ya chivoti chotchuka m'dziko lonselo (m., Ross Perot’ 18.9 mu 1992), angalandire mavoti osasanthula. Zimenezi zingalimbitse kutchuka kwa dzikolo, [1] Ofunsira achitatu angapeze gawo la voti yotchuka imene, ngakhale kuti siingapambane, angasinthebe kapena kukambirana. Ena amatsutsa kuti kuimira kolejila ya Elector (kapena kuichotsa) kungatse malo andale kuti agwirizane ndi mfundo zina.

Kumaliza

Kulimbana pakati pa Electoral College ndi voti yotchuka kumakhala ndi mfundo za demokrase ya ku America: kuimira, kufanana, ndi kukhazikitsa boma. Kwa nzika, kuzindikira dongosolo ndilo njira yoyamba yoloŵera m'makambitsirano osintha zinthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Electoral College idakali yokhazikika mwalamulo, mikangano yopitirizabe ndi kuyendayenda kwa udzu monga NPVIC zimasonyeza kuti kusintha nkotheka, ngakhale ngati n’kovuta. Nzika ziyenera kudziphunzitsa okha mmene boma lawo limaperekera mavoti a opanga mavoti ndi kuchirikiza masinthidwe amene amagwirizana ndi makhalidwe awo. Pomalizira pake, kaya dongosolo la zinthulo likhalabe lodziŵika ndi lovomerezedwa ndi lovomerezedwa ndi logwira ntchito, limakhala maziko a dziko la ufulu.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani National Archives mapeji pa Electoral College [FLT :1], Fairvote ya kusanthula kwa National Popular Vote , ndi [FLT ] Center ya Brennan