Mbali ya Mapwando Andale m’Kusintha Zotulukapo

Magulu andale ndiwo madongosolo a mademokrase amakono. Amapanga mpikisano wa ulamuliro, zolinga zosiyanasiyana, ndi kutembenuza anthu kuti azichita zifuno. Pamene ovota amaponya mavoti kwa anthu oyembekezera, zosankha zimene zilipo, nkhani zotsutsana, ndi njira zogwiritsidwa ntchitozo zimafotokozedwa modabwitsa ndi magulu. Kumvetsa mmene mapangano a masankho a maufumu apamwamba n’kofunika kwambiri kuti amvetsetse mphamvu za ndale zadziko za demokrase kwa anthu a m'mabungwe a m'dzikolo ku mpikisano wa masankhola. Kupenda kumeneku kumafufuza maluso osiyanasiyana monga kutembenuza anthu, kusonkhanitsa, kukonza mapulogalamu, kupanga zigwirizano, ndi zipani zokambirana za a a gulu la ogwirizana m'zaka za 21.

Makobiri a Mapwando a Zandale

Magulu andale amachita zinthu zambiri zofunika kwambiri zimene zimakhudza mwachindunji masankho a voti.

Mapasa ozindikiritsa, sitima, ndi kuchirikiza anthu kuti athane ndi kukopa anthu obwera ku phwando angaone ngati phwando lipambana kapena lataya mpando.

[[FLT: 0] Kampaign Organization ndi Financing: [[FL:1] Magawo agwirizanitsa ntchito za ndawala, kuyang'anira antchito odzifunira, ndi kukweza ndalama. Ziwiya zawo zimayendera kwambiri mapangano, makamaka a mpikisano wotsika.

Mapwando a Boopera ndi Kupotoza: amawononga ndalama zambiri m'kudziŵikitsa ochirikiza, kuwalembetsa, ndi kutsimikizira kuti atuluka patsiku la chisankho (kapena mavoti mwamsanga kapena mwa kutumiza makalata).

Platform Articision ndi Agenda Setting: Mapartis akupanga mapulatifomu a malamulo amene amatumikira monga lonjezo la kampani kwa ovota. Amaikanso mapulani mwa kugogomezera nkhani zina (m's., zachuma, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, kusamuka) pamene akupeputsa zina.

Kuulutsa ndi Chipulumutso: kwa ovota ambiri, chizindikiro cha pa kagulu chiri njira yamphamvu koposa yopendera oyembekezera ndi nkhani, kuchepetsa mtengo wa kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chandale zadziko.

Ntchito zimenezi siziri kokha kulamulira; zimaumba mokangalika mawu amene amamvedwa, amene amapindula, ndipo potsirizira pake, amene amapambana kapena kulephera.

Kutsatira Zipani ndi Zotulukapo Zake

Chiŵerengero ndi mphamvu za zipani m'dziko lina . Magulu aakulu ndi madongosolo a masankho a magawo aŵiri, madongosolo osiyanasiyana, ndi magawo amphamvu, limodzi lililonse lokhala ndi tanthauzo losiyana la mmene masankho amagwirira ntchito.

Madongosolo Aŵiri

M’madongosolo monga United States ndi United Kingdom, pali magulu aŵiri aakulu amene amalamulira, ndipo zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsogolera ku:

Mpikisano wa Centripetal: Madansi kwenikweni amapita kupakati kukagwira wovota wa nyuzi, kuwongolera malamulo opambanitsa.

Kutenga- Zotsatira zonse: Magawo amodzi ndi kuvota (''''''''''''''''''''''''''kayamba mbuyo) kaŵirikaŵiri kumachititsa zinthu zazikulu koma kungasiye anthu ochepa kwambiri popanda kuimira kwenikweni.

Strategic Volution:[[FLT :1] Mavoti angapeŵe "kupotoza" mavoti pa mbali zachitatu, kulimbitsa mphamvu ya mbali ziŵiri.

Maselo Amitundumitundu

Madongosolo ambiri opezeka m’mademokrase ambiri a nyumba ya malamulo (m’njira yachib., Germany, India, Israel), ali ndi magawo angapo ochirikizidwa kwambiri. Zilembo za mademokrase zikuphatikizapo:

Maboma a Chivomerezo: Zisankho zimagamula mphamvu ya zipani, koma kulamulira kwenikweni kumafuna kukambitsirana kwa pambuyo pa chisankho, kumene kungasinthe malamulo.

Projectation directoration: Malamulo apamwamba amene amaika mipando molingana kuti avote aloleni anthu aang'ono kupambana, kukulitsa malingaliro ambiri.

Fragment ndi Kusintha: Pamene mawu ambiri amveka, kusakhazikika kwa mgwirizano ndi malamulo kuchitika. Zisankho kaŵirikaŵiri zimadalira pa amene zipani zingalamulire bwino kwambiri ochulukitsitsa.

Dominitant-Party System

M’mademokrase ena, chipani chimodzi chimapata nthaŵi zambiri kwa nthaŵi yaitali (m’njira yachidule, Mexico pansi pa PRI, South Africa pansi pa ANC, Singapore pansi pa PAP). Zimenezi zingaumbidwe ndi zotsatirapo za kusanthula

Kuchepetsa Kusatsimikizirika: Makampani ndi misika zimayembekezera kupitirizabe, koma magulu otsutsa amayesayesa kupeza kudalirika ndi chuma.

Clientelism and State Resources : Gulu lolamulira lingagwiritsire ntchito chuma cha boma kuwonjezera phindu lake, kupanga masankho kukhala ocheperapo mpikisano.

Interal Factionism : Mpikisano kaŵirikaŵiri umasintha mkati mwa gulu lalikulu mmalo mwa pakati pa magulu, kusintha mmene ziyambukiro za votor zimayambukirira malamulo.

Zogwirizanitsa zakunja: [[FLT :0] - .Masinthidwe a : Ziyambukiro za Electoral Systems ] [1] - [[FLT:] .ACE CHONE : Programmes

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kachilombo Kosiyanasiyana pa Khalidwe la Anthu

Mabungwe apanga mavoti othandizira kuloŵerera mwachindunji m'zosankha. Njira zamphamvu kwambiri zimaphatikizapo kujambula, kujambula, kujambula, ndi kusonkhanitsa njira zovota.

Kudziŵikitsa Gulu

Kuzindikira gulu (kagulu ka zigawenga) ndi kukondana maganizo kumene kumakhalapo munthu ali wamng’ono ndipo kumalimbikitsidwa ndi achibale ake, mayanjano, ndi mavoti obwerezabwereza.

Nthaŵi zonse yamikirani oyembekezera phwando lawo, ngakhale pamene muli osakhutira.

Muzisankha zinthu zimene zimalimbikitsa maganizo awo odana ndi a Mboni za Yehova.

Lalani kapena masuliraninso mawu amene amatsutsana ndi malo a chipani.

Kusintha kwa chipani chapadera [1] Chifukwa cha zochitika za m'mibadwo kapena kusintha kwakukulu kwa zochitika [1] Can reshape revration reverlations kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa ovota achiyera kummwera kwa US kuchoka ku Democratic mpaka Republican pakati pa 1960 ndi 1990 zosintha kwenikweni za pulezidenti ndi ma collenion.

Nkhani Yovutitsa ndi Yosamveka

Mapwando sangovomereza malingaliro a anthu; amaumba mwamphamvu zimene ovota amaganiza.

Tsetsani Chigawo cha Nkhani Zina: Chipani chimene chili ndi nkhani ya chisungiko cha dziko chingagogomezere ziwopsezo, kupanga chisungiko kukhala chinthu choyamba kwa wovota.

Masunagoge fract ku Mapindu Awo: " Mwachitsanzo, kudula msonkho kungalembedwe monga "kukula kwa zachuma" (pro-makampani) kapena "Kupatsa olemera" (chipani chosalingana).

Mandanda a mawu a Nthano: mwa kusankha nkhani zokambitsirana, mapwando osadziŵika amene opitawo ndi mapwando amawonedwa kukhala ofunika.

Kupanga Blantyre ndi Kusamalira Mafano

Mapwando amajambula mosamala chithunzi cha anthu onse amene akufuna kulowa nawo, kuwagwirizanitsa ndi mapwando pamene akugogomezera nyonga zawo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo:

Kugwirizanitsa chilango: yolumikizidwa mfundo zolankhulana pakati pa oyembekezera, osinthana, ndi mawailesi akanema.

Kutsatsa malonda kodziwitsa: Kuukira mchitidwe wa adani kapena cholembera cha kupsinja kapena kuchotsa osankha osasankhidwa.

Mapindu a kuchuluka: Kuwona, kukongola, ndi madongosolo operekera oikizira malo, kupangitsa icho kukhala chovuta kwa otonza.

Maseŵera a Pansi ndi Chipwirikiti cha Zopangapanga

Magulu amakono amawononga ndalama zambiri pothandiza ovota.

[[ML:0] Kutumiza ndi kutumiza foni Bank: Kulankhulana mwachindunji kumene kumawonjezera kuwonekera kwa ochirikiza.

M'''poyambapo kutulutsa ndi Mail-in Ballot Chasing: Ochirikiza chipani kuvota tsiku la chisankho lisanadze, kuchepetsa zopinga zomalizira za mphindi.

Kukopa kopekedwa: Kugwiritsira ntchito mipata yaing'ono yolozera kuti afikire ovota ndi mauthenga ogwirizana.

Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti makampani otchuka kwambiri angasinthe masankho ndi mfundo zingapo, makamaka m’nthaŵi ya kutsika kwa nyengo monga primie kapena masankho a kumaloko.

Ntchito ya Magulu Achitatu ndi Magulu Odziimira pawokha

Pamene kuli kwakuti zipani zazikulu zimalamulira, zigawo zachitatu ndi odzisankhira angasonkhezere mopambanitsa kuvota kwawo.

Ziyambukiro za Spine

M’njira zosiyanasiyana, munthu wofuna kulowa m'gulu lachitatu angavote mavoti okwanira kwa munthu wamkulu amene akufuna kupambana. Zitsanzo za ophunzira zimaphatikizapo:

Ndende ya Ralph Nader ya Green Party mu chisankho cha 2000 cha pulezidenti wa United States, chimene ambiri anatsutsa kuti Florida (ndipo pulezidenti) inachokera ku Al Gore mpaka George W. Bush.

Mkupiti wa Jill Stein wa mu 2016 wokagwira ntchito m’maboma akuluakulu, mwina umene unasokoneza mphepete mwa msewu wa Hillary Clinton ndi Donald Trump.

Kuwopsya kwa ziyambukiro za owononga kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera magulu aakulu ku nkhani za mbali yachitatu zotchuka kapena kusintha malamulo a voti kutsendereza kuloŵa kwa pepala lachitatu la pepala lokhala ndi mbali imodzi.

Kusintha Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito ndi Kukula kwa Agenda

Anthu achitatu amayambitsa maganizo amene anthu ambiri amakhala nawo pa nthawi ina.

Chipani cha United States Chopita Patsogolo cha kuchirikiza akazi, malamulo a ntchito ya ana, ndi kusankha mwachindunji oimira akazi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20.

Magulu a zomera za ku Ulaya akupotoza malamulo a malo okhala ndi malamulo obwezeretsa mphamvu m’ma 1980 ndi 1990.

Magulu oimba nyimbo zonyamula anthu onyamula anthu onyamula anthu onyamula mapepala onyamula anthu obwera kudzawanyamula kumanja ku Ulaya amakweza ulamuliro wa anthu osamuka ndi dziko, akumasintha malo apakati oima pabwalo lakumanja.

Ngakhale pamene mbali yachitatu sipambana, iwo angakakamize mbali zazikulu kutenga malo atsopano, mwakutero kukonzanso ndandanda ya osankhidwawo.

Kudziloŵetsamo ndi Kubwereranso

Magulu atatu angakonze osankha okanidwa amene akudzimva kukhala osachirikizidwa ndi zipani zazikulu. Zimenezi zingawonjezere pang'ono kutembenuka konse ndipo, makamaka, kuloŵetsa atsopano m'dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Komabe, ngati ovota achigawo chachitatu aikidwa m'zigawo zotetezereka, chiyambukiro chawo nchochepa; ngati aloŵerera m'zigawo zozungulira, amakhala ofunika kwambiri.

Zogwirizanitsa zakunja:
- Kukhoma: Chifukwa Chachitatu Pasties Confect Comment [[FLT:]

Njira Yochitira Kampeni ndi Zotulukapo

Mabungwe akupereka ndalama zambiri kupangira ndi kukhazikitsa njira za ndawala zimene zimawonjezera mwaŵi wawo wa kupambana . kapena, m'madongosolo ambiri, wa kugaŵana kapena kulinganiza. Makina apadera amaphatikizapo kutumiza, kulemba makalata, ndi kugaŵira katundu.

Kusankha Amisinkhu Yoimba ndi Othandiza Makhora

Mapwando ayenera kusankha kaya kuikiza ndalama m’kusintha malo awo kapena kukopa odziimira paokha.

Kuchititsa Msampha Base: M'malo ogaŵanikana kwambiri, kukopa ovota osintha n’kovuta, chotero anthu amafunitsitsa kulimbikitsa anthu okhulupirika.

Purxasion: M'mafuko osasiyana, kapena pamene gulu lili ndi njira yopapatiza yopitira ku chipambano, iwo amasankha osankha osinthasintha moyenerera ndi mauthenga aulemu.

Geographic Critific Crifige: M'zigawo za chigawo chimodzi, maphwando amasumika zinthu pamipando ya mpikisano mmalo mwa zotetezeka.

Kumenya Nkhondo ndi Kusiyanitsa

Ofufuza apeza kuti kusatsa malonda kolakwika kungathandize ngati kuoneka kuti n’kodalirika ndiponso ngati kumangoganizira zinthu zolakwika.

Osankha ena amachepetsa mphamvu za adani awo.

Apheni anthu amene akulimbana nawo mwa kuwachititsa kuti asamasangalale ndi zimene akufuna.

Fotokozani wolimbana naye asanadzifotokozere.

Komabe, kuipidwa kwambiri kungabweretse mavuto ngati munthu abwerera m’mbuyo kapena kusokoneza chithunzi cha woukirayo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta ndi Makina Ofalitsa Nkhani

Masiku ano, mapologalamu a pa TV ndi a pa TV amapanga mapulogalamu otchuka kwambiri ophatikiza malonda amwambo ndi a pa TV, a zaubwenzi ndi anthu, ndiponso zinthu zina.

Kutsata: Kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha voti kugwirizanitsa ndi magulu a anthu kapena zithunzithunzi za maganizo kudzera ku Facebook, Google, kapena mapulatifomu otsatizana.

[[FLT :0] Kujambula ... Kufalitsa nkhani kupyolera m'zochitika, kutulutsa, ndi mavairasi.
[['FLT:0] Kukonzekera: Ndizo okonzekera kukangana pa wailesi yakanema, kumene kungasinthe kwambiri malingaliro a mafuko apafupi.

Makompyuta a makina amapanganso malo ochitira mawu ochirikiza kukhulupirika kwa chipani, koma angagwiritsiridwe ntchito molakwa ndi oseŵera achilendo kapena ndawala zopotoza zotulukapo za kusanthula.

Mavuto a Chisonkhezero cha Gulu m’Zosankha za Masiku Ano

Koma pali zinthu zambiri zimene zikusintha kuti zisinthe pa nkhani ya masankho.

Kuchotsa Kudzigawa ndi Kuonda Kowonjezereka

M'mademokrase ambiri okhazikitsidwa, chiŵerengero cha ovota ndi chipani chodziŵika kwambiri chatha. Opanga mavoti ali ofunitsitsa kusintha zipani pakati pa masankho kapena ochirikiza kuchokera ku zipani zosiyanasiyana kuti apite ku maofesi osiyanasiyana. "Uyang'anira" umachititsa kuti mavoti azikhala osadziŵika bwino ndipo amakakamiza anthu kuti azidalirana nthaŵi zonse.

Kukwera kwa Chipopopulimu ndi Kutumizidwa kwa Otsutsa Opinga

Magulu a populist, kaŵirikaŵiri otsogozedwa ndi anthu andale, amatsutsa zipani zamwambo. Magulu ameneŵa amakula bwino mwa kuukira zipani monga ziphuphu kapena kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito, nthaŵi zina kupambana mwa kukana mwambo wa chipani. Zimenezi zingasokoneze phwando lanthaŵi zonse la mapangano ndi kuchititsa zivomezi za sankho zosayembekezereka 2016, Brexit mendendium, ndi kukwera kwa magulu onga Five Star Movement kapena France’s National Rly.

Ndalama m’Ndale ndi Ndalama Zoipa

Kukwera kwa ndalama zimene anthu achita mkupiti ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoyendera (PURR PACs, 501(c)(4) zingafooketse ulamuliro wa chipani. Magulu akunja angayendetse malonda awo, kusonkhanitsa ovota, kapena kuukira adani popanda kugwirizana ndi chipani.

Lolani anthu olemera amene amapereka ndalamazo kuti ayambe kuchita nawo zachipembedzo.
Pangani makambitsirano owonjezereka kukhala opikisana, monga momwe okonzekera kuchirikiza ndi matumba ozama angatsutse mabwalo a zipani.
Chongani mauthenga otsutsana, kusokoneza ovota ndi kufooketsa magulu a zipani.

Kukhulupirika ndi Kusadziŵitsidwa

Mabwalo tsopano amagwira ntchito m'malo amene chidziŵitso chimatsutsidwa nthaŵi zonse. Ndawala za kusagwirizana . Nthaŵi za kudziko kapena zapanyumba zingapondereze kutsekereza pakati pa magulu ena, kujokera kwachinyengo, kapena kufooketsa chidaliro m'zosankha. Mapalikiti ayenera kuphatikizapo zonse ziŵiri zotsutsa (kufufuza nkhani zonama) ndi kutetezera (kuyang'anira njira zosankhira, kuŵerengera zotsatira).

Kusintha kwa Kapangidwe ka Zinthu ndi Kusunga Malo Osungiramo Malo

Maiko akusiyana kwambiri mwa "mafuko, fuko, chipembedzo, msinkhu, ndi malo okhala a m'tauni . Maparishoni amene amalephera kugwirizanitsa magulu awo ogwirizana ndi kulephera kulephera masankho. Mwachitsanzo, nkhondo ya Chipani cha Republican cha U.S. kukopa Aspanic ndi achichepere ovota pamene akudalira pa ziyambukiro zazikulu za osankhidwa a kumidzi. Mathiraiti ayenera kuwonjezera nthaŵi zonse zisonkhezero zawo kuti asunge mapangano.

Zogwirizanitsa za kunja:
- [[FTL:1] Kufufuza: Partisan Polarection ndi American Electorate

Kuyerekezera: Chisonkhezero cha Gulu m’Madongosolo Osiyanasiyana a Democratic

Mmene magulu amapangira zotulukapo za kusanthula zinthu zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri m’maiko onse, malinga ndi madongosolo a zinthu, mbiri yakale, ndi miyambo. Kupenda kofulumira kumasonyeza kusiyana kumeneku.

United States

Mapartior amavomerezedwa, ndi ulamuliro wochepa wa dziko wosankha ofunsira (maunyinji a zipani. mpambo wa magawo). Dongosolo la magawo aŵiri, limodzi ndi dongosolo lamphamvu la pulezidenti, limatanthauza kuti masankho ali osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa koma ochirikizidwa kwambiri. Chisonkhezero cha gulu chimadutsa kudzera m'migwirizano ya ndalama, kuvomereza, ndi kugawana madeti a gulu mmalo mwa mapulatifomu apakati.

Germany

Mabungwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi kugawa ndi kulangiza. Dongosolo la magawo osanganizidwa limapatsa mapwando (osati osankhidwa okha) mphamvu yotsimikizirika chifukwa chakuti ovota amavotanso ndandanda yachiŵiri ya zipani. Mapangano ali ofala, chotero maphwando ayenera kukambitsirana za kugwirizana kwa chisankho chapasadakhale ndi kupangidwa kwa boma lapambuyo pa kusankhidwa, zipambano za lamulo zowongosintha.

India

Demokrase yaikulu koposa ya dziko imasonyeza dongosolo la magawo ambiri ogaŵanika kwambiri, makamaka pa mlingo wa boma. Nthaŵi zambiri magawo amapanga mapangano a chisankho chisanagamulidwe, ndipo zipani za mitundu monga gulu la Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ndi Indian National Congress ziyenera kuyendetsa gulu la anthu, chipembedzo, ndi kuimira madera. Chisonkhezero cha chipani chimagwira ntchito kudzera m'migwirizano ya ochirikiza, magulu aumunthu, ndi ndale za ndale.

Brazil

Kuimira kwa anthu onse a ku Brazil kumapatsa mphamvu zambiri kwa oyembekezera kugawira ndi kugaŵira kampani. Chigwirizano cha mabungwe (Prezidenti wa ndale zaudindo wopanga mgwirizano wochuluka ndi wosakhazikika) chimatanthauza kuti zotsatira za kusankhidwa kwa nyumba ya malamulo zimapangidwa kwambiri ndi mapangano pakati pa zipani, ndipo kutumiza mavoti ku mizere ya magulu pansi pa dongosolo la Brazil "kugawana".

Zogwirizanitsa zakunja:
- [[FULT:1] IDEA padziko lonse: Desikitale ya za Ndalama za Chipani cha ndale zadziko [[[FULT:2]

Tsogolo la Mapwando ndi Zotulukapo Zake

Zipangizo zamakono, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndiponso mabungwe zimasintha, moteronso njira zimene zimachita zinthu posankha zikhoza kuchititsa kuti anthu asankhe bwino.

Mapwando a lamulo ndi Chipani Chamkati: Mapwando angagwiritsire ntchito mapulatifomu a pa Intaneti kulola kuphatikizidwa kwaunyinji m'kusankha munthu ndi makambitsirano a lamulo, kuwapangitsa iwo kukhala ovomereza kwambiri komanso okhoterera ku kulondola.
Luntha Lopanga m'Maganizo: Ziŵiya za AI zikhoza kupanga kutuluka kwa munthu, kuneneratu kutuluka ndi kulondola kwambiri, ndi kupanga zolembedwa zokopa pamlingo [1] Mowonjezera kugwira ntchito za pabwalo pokulitsa nkhaŵa za makhalidwe abwino.
Kusintha ku Electoral Systems : Maiko ena akutembenukira ku kuvota kwapamwamba kapena kuimira koyenerera, kumene kungachepetse mphamvu ya madongosolo aŵiri ogaŵikana ndi kupatsa ziyambukiro zina zazing'ono.
Kuletsa Ziŵalo za Chipani: Malo a membala ang'onoang'ono angakakamize mamembala kudalira kwambiri pa akatswiri olangiza, zolembapo za matenda, ndi opereka kunja, kufooketsa mizu yawo ya udzu.
Climate and Generation Politics: Osankha achichepere amaika kusintha kwa mkhalidwe wa dziko ndi chilungamo cha kakhalidwe, zimene zikabwezeretsa mapulatifomu a pagulu ndi nyumba za mgwirizano m’kupita kwa nthaŵi.

Pamene kuli kwakuti maphwando adzasintha, mbali yawo yaikulu monga mameseji pakati pa nzika ndi boma, ndipo monga opanga masankho a zinthu zosankhika, imawoneka kukhala yokhalitsa. Anthu amene amazindikira mmene zipani zimagwirira ntchito, amakhala okonzeka bwino kwambiri kuyendetsa ndi kusonkhezera ndale.

Kumaliza

Zipani za ndale zadziko zidakalibe zamphamvu kwambiri m'makampani opanga zisankho za democracy. Zimalemba zosankha ndi kuphunzitsa osankhidwa, kutumiza ochirikiza, ndi kukonza zokambiranazo. Chisonkhezero chawo, sichiri chachikhalire. Chisonkhezerocho n’chokhala ndi madongosolo osankhidwa, olamulidwa ndi malamulo ndi anthu odalirika, ndipo amatsutsidwa ndi mapulogalamu a boma, luso la zopanga zinthu, ndi kusintha kwa anthu. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi opanga nzika, kumvetsa mphamvu zimenezi si zamaphunziro chabe; n’zothandiza kumasulira masinthidwe, ndi kutenga nawo mbali m'moyo wa democrase. Kaya m'zochitika ziŵiri monga United States, , chigawo cha mayiko osiyanasiyana onga Germany, kapena mbali ya dziko la South Africa, mbali ya mbali ya ndale zadziko m’zonse ziŵiri zosankhidwa ndi kuyenderana kwa zifunsi kwa zifunsinsi.

Mbali ya Mapwando Andale m’Kusintha Zotulukapo

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