Mbali Yofunika Kwambiri ya Mapwando Andale m’Republic

Zipani za ndale zadziko zimapanga chigwirizano pakati pa nzika ndi boma lawo m'dziko. Mmalo mwa kukhala kokha magalimoto osankhidwa, izo ndizo mabungwe aakulu amene mwa iwo zipanga ndale zadziko zogwirizana, kusonyezedwa, ndi kutembenuzidwa m'dongosolo la anthu. Kumvetsetsa ntchito zawo, mphamvu, ndi kuchuluka kwa maufumu kuli kofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kudziŵa mmene democracy yamakono imagwirira ntchito. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mbali yaikulu ya magulu andale m'dziko, kuchokera ku chiyambi chawo cha mbiri yakale kufikira ku mavuto aakulu amene iwo akuyang'anizana nawo lerolino.

Kodi Mapwando Andale Nchiyani?

Gulu la ndale zadziko ndi gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofanana ndi zolinga, ndipo amene amagwira ntchito pamodzi kuti apambane masankho, kulamulira boma, ndi kusonkhezera lamulo la anthu. Mosiyana ndi magulu achifunitso, amene amafuna kulamulira popanda kulamulira mwachindunji, oyembekezera magawo a magawo a ntchito ndi kutenga thayo la kulamulira pa ulamuliro. Iwo ali magalimoto aakulu osankhira zokhumba, kupeputsa zosankha za osankha, ndi kukhazikitsa mpikisano wa ulamuliro wandale.

Zipani zandale zadziko monga momwe timazidziŵira zinatuluka m'nyengo yamakono, choyamba ku Great Britain ndi United States mkati mwa zaka za zana la 18 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 19. Ku United States, Federalist ndi Democratic-Republican adabuka kuchokera ku mapangano a maziko a Konsichura ndi ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, magulu a anthu apamwamba anachoka ku magulu apamwamba a anthu okhala ndi nyumba zachikhalire, misonkhano, ndi mapulatifomu. Lerolino, iwo akukhala m’mtundu wina pafupifupi m’dziko lililonse padziko lapansi, ngakhale kuti ntchito zawo zapadera zimasiyana kwambiri pa malamulo ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko.

Mitundu ya Mipatuko Yandale

Asayansi andale zadziko amasiyanitsa magulu m’mbali zingapo. Kusiyana kofala kuli pakati pa mapani apadera. Magulu, amene anakula ndi kuwonjezeka kwa masutu, kumanga maziko aakulu a mamembala ndi kukonza udzu. Posachedwapa, [FLT:] zipani zonse zogwirizana. Maguluwa anakula ndi kuwonjezera kwa masuffge, kuwonjezera mamembala aakulu a maluwa a udzu. [FLT:]

Ntchito ya Mapwando a Zandale ku Republic

Malamulo aakulu a zipani za ndale zadziko ngokhazikitsidwa bwino lomwe ndipo mwachindunji amachirikiza thanzi la mtundu wa boma la republic.

  • Kumasulira: Maparishoni amatumikira monga njira yotembenuzira zikondwerero za mayanjano osiyanasiyana m'mapulatifomu ogwirizana. Amagwirizanitsa zokonda za nzika, kulola mawu ambiri kumvedwa mwa zinthu zimene asankha.
  • Ndi makampani a zachuma: Kupyolera m'mapwando, mapulatifomu, ndi ntchito zaudzu, maphwando amaphunzitsa nzika za nkhani zazikulu za tsikulo ndi kuwalimbikitsa kutengamo mbali m'zochitika za ndale zadziko. Maphunziro a fuko ndi ofunika kwambiri makamaka m'dziko, kumene kusankhidwa kwa odziŵa bwino kuli kofunika kuti munthu adzipezere ufulu.
  • Kusankha ndi Recruit : Mastikiti amazindikiritsa, vet, ndi kuchirikiza anthu amene adzathamangira ku ofesi ya onse. Kujambula kumeneku kumathandizira kutsimikizira kuti oyembekezerawo ali ndi maziko a luso ndi kulinganiza kwa malingaliro, kupatsa ovota chosankha chowonekera bwino pa bokosi losindikizira.
  • Prolity Forformation : Maparishoni amayambitsa ndi kupititsa patsogolo malamulo ena, kaŵirikaŵiri oikidwa m'mapulatifomu a pagulu. Mapulatifomu ameneŵa amatumikira monga pangano la onse ndi ovota, kufotokoza zimene chipani chikufuna kuchita ngati chipeza mphamvu.
  • Gulu la Gawo: M'lipabuliki, makhoma malamulo amalinganizidwa motsatira mfundo za zipani. Magulu aakulu amapanga maboma ndi kuika malamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti zigawo zochepa zimatumikira monga chitsutso chokhulupirika, kuyang'ana boma ndi kupereka malingaliro ena.
  • Umboni: Mapato amapereka njira ya kuŵerengera akuluakulu osankhidwa. Ngati chipani chilephera kupereka malonjezo ake, ovota angachilange pa chisankho chotsatira mwa kuvota kaamba ka chitsutso. Kusintha kwanthaŵi zonse kumeneku kwa kuŵerengera ndiko kuvomereza kwa demokalase.

Chifukwa Chake Mapwando Ali Ofunika mu Republic

Zipani zandale ndizo zingathandize kwambiri kuti anthu asankhe anthu oyenerera kuimira anthu a m’dzikolo. Popanda iwo, nzika zikanakumana ndi anthu ambirimbiri ofuna kubatizidwa ndiponso nkhani zosiyanasiyana, ndipo zikanangopanga masankho odziwika bwino.

Kulimbana ndi Ulamuliro Wademokrase

Mabungwe asintha mbali zambiri za zosankha za munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi kukhala malangizo ogwirizana. Zimakhazikitsa mgwirizano wa malamulo, utsogoleri wa akuluakulu, ndi kukambirana. Ngakhale m'madongosolo a anthu apadera, mgwirizano wamwamwayi umapanga ntchito imeneyi ngati zipani. Monga wasayansi yandale E. Schattschneider analemba motchuka, "democracyism ndi yosatheka kupulumutsa m'mabungwe. Mabungwe amathandiza kuti mphamvu zisamutsidwe mwamtendere, kukhazikitsa malamulo kudzera m'masankhoti, ndi kusintha maganizo a boma kuti asinthe maganizo a anthu.

Kutenga Mbali m’Zandale ndi Kugwirizana kwa Ukwati

Zipani zandale zimasonkhanitsa nzika kupyola tsiku la chisankho. Zimachita misonkhano, zofalitsa, kulinganiza zitsutso, ndi kuyendetsa galimoto. Kwa anthu ambiri, kukhala mamembala a chipani ndi njira yoyamba ya kuloŵetsedwamo m'zandale, kuchokera ku kugogoda kwa khomo ndi kutumiza foni kukatumikira monga nthumwi. Mwakupanga midzi ya cholinga chimodzi, magulu amathandiza kulimbana ndi kusungulumwa ndi kusamvera kwa ndale zadziko. M'dziko, magawo apamwamba a boma afunikira kuchirikiza kuvomereza kwa boma ndi kuletsa kuperekedwa kwa mphamvu m’manja mwa anthu ochepa.

Kulimbikitsa Kukhazikika ndi Chikhalidwe

Mu republic yogwira ntchito bwino, zipani zimaloŵetsa nkhondo ya ndale m'bwalo la osankhidwa mmalo mwa makwalala. Zimapereka njira yolinganizidwira kaamba ka ulamuliro popanda kutembenukira ku chiwawa kapena kusagwirizana kwa anthu. Mwakulandira malamulo a masewerawo ndi kugonjera ku zigamulo za masankho, zipani zimachirikiza kuyenerera kwa malamulo a lamulo. Ntchito yokhazikitsa imeneyi iri yofunika kwambiri makamaka m'mayanjano osiyanasiyana ndi zipani za anthu kapena zachuma.

Kugwirizanitsa Nzika ndi Boma

Mapaleshoni amatumikira monga njira ziŵiri zolankhulirana pakati pa boma ndi nzika. Amatumiza zofuna ndi zidandaulo za anthu kupita patsogolo kwa opanga malamulo, pamene akulankhula panthaŵi imodzi zochita za boma ndi kuvomereza kumbuyo kwa osankhidwa. Chigamulo chimenechi nchofunika kuti tipitirize kukhulupirira mabungwe a demokrase. Pamene zipani zikugwira bwino ntchito, zimatsimikizira kuti boma likhalabe logwirizana ndi chifuniro cha anthu.

Magulu ndi Zotsatira Zawo pa Ulamuliro wa Republic

Chiŵerengero ndi mphamvu ya zipani za ndale zadziko m'dziko lina . zimakhudza kwambiri mmene boma limagwirira ntchito. Mitundu iŵiri yofala kwambiri ndi madongosolo aŵiri andale ndi magawo osiyanasiyana.

Madongosolo Aŵiri

M'magawo aŵiri (monga ngati ku United States), magulu aŵiri aakulu amachititsa masankho ndi boma. Mabungwe ameneŵa amapanga maboma ambiri osasintha, kufeŵetsa njira ya malamulo ndi kupangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kwa ovota kupereka chilolezo chomveka kapena cholakwa. Komabe, otsutsa amanena kuti madongosolo aŵiri angaletse malingaliro ena, kutsogolera ku malamulo ochepera ndi kuchepetsa kusankha wovota. Iwo angatulutsenso kusanthula kwa chigawo, monga momwe gulu lililonse likuyesera kudzisiyanitsa lokha mwamphamvu ndi linalo.

Maselo Amitundumitundu

Madongosolo ambiri, ofala m'mademokrase a nyumba ya malamulo ku Ulaya, amalola kuti mbali yaikulu ya malingaliro andale zadziko iimiridwe. Maboma a zachuma ali ofala, ofuna kukambirana ndi kulolerana. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kupanga malamulo ambiri, zingapangitsenso boma kusakhazikika ngati mgwirizano uli wofooka. Ofufuza angaone kukhala kovuta kuti apeze chipani chinachake chodziwitsa pamene magulu ambiri akugwirizana. Kugulitsa pakati pa kuimira ndi kukhazikika kuli chitokosokoso kuiketsa chitokoso m'mariphabliki zambiri.

Dominitant-Party System

M'ma republic ena, chipani chimodzi chimapambana mosalekeza panyengo yaitali, kulamulira bwino zandale. Pamene kuli kwakuti magulu otsutsa angakhalepo mwalamulo, iwo samakhala ndi mpata weniweni wa kulamulira. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Institutional Rhindution Party (PRI) ku Mexico kwa zaka za zana la 20 kapena African National Congress (ANC) m'zaka za pambuyo pa kuwonjezera South Africa. Madongosolo otero angapereke kupitirizabe ndi kulinganiza kwanthaŵi yaitali, koma amaika pangozi kufalikira, chiphuphu, ndi kunyonyotsoka kwa mpikisano watanthauzo.

Mavuto Amene Mapwando a Zandale Akukumana Nawo M’dziko Lamakono

Masiku ano, zipani zandale zimakumana ndi mavuto aakulu amene amachititsa kuti zipanizi zisamakwanitse kuchita ntchito yawo.

Kusintha Magazi ndi Kudana ndi Anthu Ochepa

Imodzi ya nkhani zofotokozedwa kwambiri ndiyo kuwonjezeka kwa kugaŵanika kwa anthu, kumene kukhulupirika kwa gulu kumagwirizana ndi kudziŵika kwa anthu mmalo mwa kusiyana kwa malamulo. Anthu amapitirizabe kusakonda ndi kusadalirana kwa gulu lotsutsalo, kuchititsa kulolera, ndi kusokonezeka kwa malamulo ochirikiza zipani za demokrase. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, kugaŵa kwa dziko kwagwirizana ndi kutsekedwa kwa boma, kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo a nyumba za malamulo onga a Privierbuster, ndi kuchepa kwa chikhulupiriro cha anthu onse m'masankhota. [[FLT: 0] Malo Ofufuza za demokrase] adasintha mosalekeza kukwera kwa udani wa zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, kusonyeza kuti tsopano ndi mbali ya mafalishoni andale.

Kuletsa Chipopopulimu ndi Kuletsa Kusungirira

Magulu a populist kuzungulira dziko lonse aukira poyera zipani za ndale kukhala zoipa, odziimira okha amene apereka "anthu". Atsogoleri a Populist kaŵirikaŵiri amapakira zigwirizano zachindunji ndi ochirikiza a m'chitaganya. Pamene kuli kwakuti populiism ingakhale yowongolera pamene magulu ankhondo ayamba kulekana kwambiri ndi zinsinsi zawo, imakhalanso ndi ngozi kusokoneza madongosolo a mabungwe monga ngati mabungwe, misonkhano, ndi democracy yomwe imasunga zigwirizano. Malingaliro otsutsa mbali za gulu la a a andale angachirikize njira za a a a authoric amene amakana miyezo ya ma Republication.

Chibwana ndi Chipani Chowononga

M'mademokrase ambiri okhazikitsidwa, chiŵerengero cha nzika zimene zimavomerezana kwambiri ndi chipani chatsika kwambiri. Anthu ambiri amakonda kudzitcha kuti odziimira okha, ndipo popanda ndandanda ya anthu okhulupirika, kachitidwe kameneka, kodziŵika monga kagwirizanitsidwa, kamafooketsa mphamvu ya anthu opanga voti ndi kukweza ndalama zaudzu. Anthu a pansi, makamaka pakati pa osankha achinyamata, amawononganso kugwirizana kwa makampani. Popanda benthi la okhulupirika, magulu amagwirizana kwambiri ndi anthu olemera ndi akatswiri a mkupitindigalamu, zimene zingasokoneze zinthu zawo zofunika.

Kukhudza Ndalama m’Ndale

Kampeni ya ndalama yakwera kwambiri m'mayiko ambiri, ikuwonjezera nkhaŵa za anthu olemera, makampani, ndi magulu apadera. Makomiti a zandale (PACS), Super PACs, ndi "ndalama zobisika" angawononge ndalama zosawerengeka kuti asonkhezere masankho, popanda kuonekeratu. Kusefukira kwa ndalama kumeneku kungatsegule masitepeti a gulu la anthu opereka mphatso m’malo mwa anthu onse. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu [PALT: 0] Citaziblens United. FEZC [1] [12:] ndi kuyankha kokhwima kwa mayiko ena. Mtengo wa ndawala ya . M'malamulo za ndalengezedwe ka za ndale ku United States. Bungwe la Federa ELPUR. [FFFFFF:]

Kusokonezeka kwa Nkhani ndi Malo Opezeka M’manyuzipepala

Kukula kwa manyuzipepala ndi kuchepa kwa manyuzipepala kwachititsa kuti pakhale kusagwirizana kwa zinthu. Mapato tsopano amapikisana osati ndi malamulo okha komanso ndi mphamvu yolamulira nkhani. Magulu ena agwiritsira ntchito mapulatifomu a auchigamulo kuti apeze otola ndi mawu osocheretsa kapena onama, kulepheretsa mfundo zogwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti dziko likufuna. Kugawidwa kwa manyuzipepala kumakulitsanso kuvuta kuti magulu anene uthenga wogwirizana ndi pulogalamu yonse.

Mtsogolo mwa Mapwando Andale mu Republic

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto ambiri, zipani zandale sizingachoke. Zili ndi mphamvu kwambiri m'mabungwe oimira boma. Komabe, zipani zambiri zikuyesa njira zina za mkati mwa thupi, monga kutsegula malo, kuvotera pa Intaneti kuti asankhe zochita za chipani, ndi misonkhano yochotsera ufulu. Zina zikugwirizanitsa magulu a anthu, magulu a malo okhala, ndi mabungwe a anthu opanga zikalata kuti ziwonjezere kukopa kwawo.

Kusintha Makina ndi Zitsanzo Zatsopano

Intaneti yathandiza kuti pakhale magulu atsopano. Five Star Movement ku Italy ndi Podemos ku Spain anayamba monga makampani a pa Intaneti amene pambuyo pake anasintha kukhala zipani zandale. Maguluwa "agulu" amagwiritsa ntchito mapulatifomu pa chilichonse kuyambira pa kusankha munthu kuti apange dongosolo, pofuna kuloŵa m'malo a mwambo. Ngakhale kuti kutha kwawo kwanthaŵi yaitali sikunadziŵike, amasonyeza kuti mapani angagwirizane ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopangapangapanga.

Kusintha Zinthu Kuti Tilimbitse Mapwando

Akatswiri ndiponso anthu olimbikitsa kusintha zinthu apereka malangizo osiyanasiyana kuti akonzenso zipani zandale.

  • Malamulo a zandalama za za zachuma ndi ndalama zoyenderana ndi anthu kuti achepetse chisonkhezero cha opereka aakulu.
  • Kuvota kwa pepala lapadera [1] ndi zigawo zambiri kulimbikitsa mpikisano wachitatu ndi kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa dziko lapansi.
  • Covota yokakamiza [[FLT :1] (monga momwe yagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Australia) kuwonjezera kutembenuka ndi kufutukula mapwando a pangano ndi voti.
  • Particle democracy imafunikira mwaumwini , monga ngati kutseguka kwa primes kapena kuchotsa dala masunamo, kutsimikizira kuti apamwambawo akhalabe ovomereza ku mamembala a malo ndi a fano.

Palibe kusintha kulikonse kumene kuli mankhwala, koma kuphatikiza njira zosiyanasiyana kungathandize kubwezeretsa mamembala monga mamembala ogwira ntchito pakati pa nzika ndi boma.

Kumaliza

Zipani zandale zakhala zikulu za ulamuliro wa republications, ngakhale kuti , ndipo nthaŵi zina chifukwa cha mavuto amene amayang'anizana nawo. Zimalinganiza zikondwerero zosagwirizana za mamiliyoni ambiri kuloŵa m'boma logwirizana, zimapereka njira zoŵerengera zimene zimayang'anira atsogoleri, ndi kutumikira monga malo oyamba a mkangano wa ndale zadziko ndi mpikisano. Pamene zidutswa za chidziŵitso ndi chidaliro cha anthu zikugwedezeka, kufunika kwa mphamvu, kuonekera bwino, ndi kugwirizana kwawo sikunapo. Nzika zimene zimafuna kulimbitsa dziko lawo ziyenera kusamala kwambiri thanzi la zipani zawo zandale, chifukwa cha kuikidwiratu kwa democracy ndi boma la anthu ameneŵa. Kuzindikira ntchito yawo, kulimba kwawo, ndi kukonzanso kwawo kumanga koyambirira kumanga dziko ndi kufalikira kwa dziko lonse.