Malamulo ndiwo maziko a ulamuliro wa demokalase, kutembenuza anthu kukhala malamulo ogwirizana amene amaumba chitaganya. Kumvetsetsa amene ali ndi mphamvu m'dongosolo limeneli sikuli kokha kugwiritsa ntchito kwa maphunziro . Nkofunika kwa nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kusonkhezera malamulo, kuchititsa atsogoleri kuŵerengera, kapena kungozindikira mmene zosankha zimene zimakhudza moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku zimachitikira. Pamene kuli kwakuti njirazo zimasinthasintha m'madongosolo andale, mfundo zazikulu zokambirana, kuvomereza, ndi kugwirizanitsa mabungwe zikhalepo zofanana kwambiri. Nkhaniyi imapereka kuyang'ana motsatira malamulo, oyendetsa ntchito zaudindo, ndi mmene nzika zimachitira mawu awo.

Kupangidwa kwa Mphamvu ya Malamulo

Kupanga malamulo kwapafupi, kukuwoneka: lingaliro limakhala lokhala lotsatizana, lamulo limakanganidwa ndi kuvotedwa, ndipo ngati lipita, limakhala lamulo. Kwenikweni, kachitidweko kali kaundula wocholoŵana wa kugwirizana, maluso apadera, ndi kuyang'ana kwa bungwe. Mphamvu imagaŵiridwa pakati pa akanema ambiri, aliyense kulamulira malo otsutsira. Nyumba ya malamulo . . "Imakhala nyumba ya malamulo kapena bungwe , koma imagwira ntchito mkati mwa malamulo amene amaphatikizapo mkulu, judiary, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kumvetsetsa nyumba imeneyi ndi sitepe loyamba kuwona amene akulamuliradi zotulukapo.

M'mademokrase ambiri, njira ya malamulo imaphatikizapo mbali zazikulu zimenezi, iliyonse yokhala ndi osunga zipata ake: kuyambitsa chikalata, kupenda komiti, kutsutsana ndi kukonzanso nyumba, kutsazikana komaliza, ndi chilolezo cha akuluakulu a boma. Komabe, mphamvu sizimakhala pamlingo uliwonse. Mwachitsanzo, mipando ya komiti ku United States ili ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu ponena kuti kaya lamulo likhoza kumvedwa, pamene zikwapu za gulu m'malamulo zingalamulire khalidwe la kuvota mwa chilango ndi zikopa.

Mfundo Zofunika Popanga Malamulo

1. Mawu Omveka Bwino ndi Oyamba

Malamulo angachokere ku zinthu zambiri. Ziŵalo za nyumba ya malamulo (monga ngati mamembala a nyumba ya malamulo kapena ziŵalo za nyumba ya malamulo) ndizo ochirikiza owoneka kwambiri, koma ndalama zambiri zimalembedwa ndi mabungwe akuluakulu, magulu achiwongola dzanja, kapena ngakhale nzika zaumwini zolinganizidwa mwa ufulu wopempha. M'madongosolo a palamente monga United Kingdom, boma limayambitsa ndalama zambiri, zodziŵika monga Boma Bills, pamene mamembala alionse angadziŵitse Mamembala a Mgwirizano a Mabungwe a M’dziko, ngakhale kuti ameneŵa sapita kaŵirikaŵiri popanda thandizo la boma. Ku United States, chiŵalo chilichonse cha Nyumba ya Malamulo chingayambitse chikalata, koma chikutanthauza kuti ambiri salingaliridwa mowopsa.

Pakali pano anthu onyamula magetsi amaphatikizapo:

  • [[ML:0] Opereka ndalama zothandizira [ amene amasankha kuti ndi nkhani ziti zimene ayenera kupambana
  • Utsogoleri wa party umene ungalinganize kapena kukwirira zifuno
  • Ofuna chiwongola dzanja ndi magulu achifuniro amene kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga chinenero cha malamulo kaamba ka opanga malamulo omvera chifundo
  • Mabungwe otsatizana amene amagonjera malamulo ofunika kapena opempha

Kupenda kwa Komiti: Mabungwe a Malamulo

Ataikhazikitsa, lamulo limaperekedwa ku komiti . Nthaŵi zambiri komiti imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri ndi yosamvetsetsedwa kwambiri. Makomiti ndiwo kumene ntchito yopanga malamulo imachitikira. Amasunga mayeso, kusonkhanitsa umboni waluso, ndi kulembetsa ndalamazo. Makomiti ambiri, ali ndi mphamvu yakupha lamulo mwa kusachitapo kanthu (pigeonling). M'nyumba ya Oimira , Komiti ya Malamulo ingagamule ngati lamulolo lidzakambidwa, kwautali wotani, ndi kuti makomiti amphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Mphamvu ya komiti imaikidwa m’manja a mpando, amene amakhazikitsa mpando, kulamulira makutu, ndi kuyendetsa magawo operekera mpambo. M'madongosolo ambiri, kupangidwa kwa makomiti kumasonyeza nyonga ya gulu, kupatsa chiyambukiro cha chipani chochuluka. Komabe, ziŵalo zochepera zingagwiritsirebe ntchito makutu kuvumbula zophophonya kapena kukulitsa chitsenderezo cha anthu.

3. Kutsutsana ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Pambuyo pa komiti, lamulo la lamulo likufika pa chipinda chonse. Kutsutsana kumapatsa opanga malamulo mwaŵi wa kutsutsana kapena kutsutsa lamulolo, kupereka ziwonjezeko zowonjezereka, ndipo nthaŵi zina mwanabuster kuchedwetsa chivoti. Mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya U.S., woyendetsa ntchito yaikulu kwambiri amafuna kuti 60 apite patsogolo malamulo ambiri, kupatsa mphamvu yapadera. M'nyumba ya UK House of Commons, nthaŵi imalamulidwa mwamphamvu ndi boma, ndipo nthaŵi yobwezera imakhala yokwanira kwa awo ovomerezedwa ndi Wolankhula.

Mphamvu pamlingo uno zimadalira pa:

  • Chilango champhamvu: m'madongosolo okhala ndi zikwapu zachipani (mlongo, UK, Canada), maMP amodzi samasankha kamodzi kutsutsa gulu lawo, chotero utsogoleri amalamulira kwambiri.
  • Malamulo ofotokoza: Malamulo olamulira makambitsirano, kukonza, ndi kuvota angagwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi ambiri kutsendereza kutsutsa kapena ndi ochepa kuletsa.
  • Media ndi chisamaliro cha anthu: mapepala a wilo-windi akopa kuyang'anitsitsa kwakukulu, kukakamiza opanga malamulo kulingalira malingaliro a anthu mmalo mwa mizera ya zipani.

4. Kuulutsa ndi Kudutsa Komaliza

Kulankhula kuli mbali yolunjika kwambiri: ngati unyinji (kapena kupambana, kudalira pa lamulo) mavoti ovomerezedwa, lamulolo limapita patsogolo. Koma ngakhale pano, mphamvu zikhoza kusokoneza malo a munthu aliyense payekha, pamene mavoti olembedwa akupanga kuŵerengera. Mu makina a malamulo, zipinda zonse ziŵiri ziyenera kudutsa mpangidwe ofanana wa lamulo. Ngati iwowo atsutsa, komiti yaing'ono ya opanga malamulo kuchokera ku chipinda chilichonse(-negotia kulolera kugonja. Makomiti a msonkhano ameneŵa amagwira ntchito yaikulu mseri ndipo angalembenso mbali zazikulu za ngongole, kuwapanga iwo malo ena a mphamvu.

Kuvomerezedwa Kapena Kulandira Chivomerezo

Chigawo chomaliza cha banja ndicho chilolezo cha pulezidenti monga United States, pulezidenti angasaine chikalatacho m'lamulo, kapena kuchilola kukhala lamulo popanda kusaina pambuyo pa masiku khumi. Aveto angasanduke ndi anthu atatu ambiri m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri, baba yapamwamba imene imapatsa pulezidenti malo oyenerera. M'makhoti, mkulu wa boma (mtsogoleri kapena pulezidenti) amavomereza ufumu kukhala mwambo, koma mkulu wa bungwe (pirrima ndi kabungwe) amalamulira malamulo a boma asanafike nthaŵi ino.

Mphamvu ya chiveto ndi yofufuza mochenjera. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt anagwiritsira ntchito wito nthaŵi zoposa 600, ndipo pulezidenti Donald Trump anagwiritsira ntchito chiwopsezo cha chivomezi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Komabe, kuthekera kwa kupambana kumatanthauza kuti kutsimikiza mtima kwamphamvu m'Congress kungapambanitse.

Mphamvu Zolamulira: Kodi Ndani Kwenikweni Amalamulira Malamulo?

Malamulo ndi Utsogoleri wa Gulu

Wopanga malamulo aliyense payekha ali ndi mphamvu zosandutsa, koma kukhoza kwawo kukhazikitsa malamulo kumalamulidwa kwambiri ndi atsogoleri a gulu. Atsogoleri a gulu amayang'anira ntchito za komiti, kulinganiza malamulo a ndalama, kupereka chithandizo, ndiponso ngakhale mavuto aakulu. M'Nyumba ya United States, Wolankhulayo ali ndi ulamuliro wa munthu mmodzi wobweretsa mapepala a mapepala pansi, kuwatsogolera ku makomiti, ndi kukhazikitsa makomiti a msonkhano. M'mabungwe a malamulo, nduna yaikulu ndi kabungwe amalamulira bwino ndandanda ya malamulo a gulu la anthu ambiri. Backers . . . . .Malamulo opanda udindo wa utumiki ali ndi chiyambukiro chochepa pokhazikitsa makomiti, ndi kuukira makomiti a msonkhano.

Makomiti Monga Oyendetsa Magalimoto

Makomiti amafotokozedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala "akuluakulu aang'ono" chifukwa chakuti ali ndi mphamvu ya moyo ndi imfa pa ngongole. Mpando wa komiti ungalinganize kapena kuchedwetsa kumva zimene zikufuna, kusankha kuti akatswiri atsimikizire chiyani, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amasankha kuti ndi zobwezedwa ziti zimene zingavomereze panthaŵi ya kukweza. M'madongosolo okhala ndi mpando wosankhidwa ndi wokulirapo, mamembala oyendetsa zinthu akukhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu. Nyumba Game Regal Committee mu U.S. Nyumba ya malamulo imasonkhezera kwambiri chifukwa imalamulira lamulo limene limachititsa kutsutsana ndi kuyang'anira.

Nthambi Yotsogolera

Pambuyo pa pulogalamu ya nthambi ya akuluakulu, nthambi imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kudzera m'zinthu zingapo. Choyamba, mabungwe akuluakulu amakhazikitsa malamulo ndi kupereka luso la zopangapanga, kukonza chinenero cha pepala lisanafike kale ku komiti. Chachiwiri, mkulu angapereke malamulo a akuluakulu a boma amene angasinthe kwambiri mphamvu zawo popanda malamulo atsopano. Kachitatu, m’mayiko ambiri, mkulu wa ntchito yoyendetsa bajeti, kuipatsa mphamvu pa malamulo onse. Mwachitsanzo, ku France, boma lingakakamize kuvota pa lamulo popanda kutsutsana (ntchito yodziwika ndi 49.3), kunyalanyaza malamulo.

Magulu Ofuna Kupeza Chidwi ndi Odzigangira

Kufunkha kuli mbali yaikulu ya madongosolo amakono a malamulo. Magulu achisangalalo . "Antchito, ntchito, malo okhala, kapena maganizo [1] Asonkhezera kwambiri opanga malamulo pambali iliyonse. Amapereka chidziŵitso, malamulo a mabungwe, makampani a ndalama, ndi kusonkhanitsa zothandizira udzu. Ku United States, kuchirikiza ndalama zopitira ndalama zoposa $3 biliyoni pachaka, ndi maindasitale aakulu onga mankhwala, umisiri, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zachuma za magulu akale a opanga malamulo ndi antchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti kukopa anthu kubweretsa maluso ofunika, kumawonjezeranso nkhaŵa za kulowa kosalongosoka ndi mphamvu ya ndale zadziko.

Magulu amphamvu achidwi kaŵirikaŵiri amaukira mamembala a komiti ndi atsogoleri a chipani, pamene akulamulira paipi ya malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) njotchuka chifukwa cha kukhoza kwake kutetezera ziŵiya za bipartis ku malamulo a pro - Israel mwa kusumika maganizo pa mipando yaikulu ya komiti ndi mavoti omenya.

Ofalitsa ndi Oulutsa Nkhani

Ngakhale kuti anthu ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, anthu adakali maziko a mphamvu zalamulo . Opanga malamulo amene amanyalanyaza maganizo a anthu odalirika amataya mipando yawo. Kulankhula ndi anthu kumakhala ndi mitundu yambiri: kulankhulana ndi oimira, kupereka umboni, kukhazikitsa zitsutso, kugwiritsa ntchito makampani ofalitsa nkhani za anthu, ndi kuvota. Pa nthawi ya Aarhus Convention ku Ulaya amagwirizanitsa ufulu wa anthu wochita nawo zosankha za malo okhala. Komabe, kuloŵerera kwa anthu pa nkhani za m'manyuzipepala kumakokedwa ndi kufalitsa nkhani zosiyanasiyana. M'nyengo ya zamakono, mapulogalamu angakakamize kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo a boma, monga momwe zimaonekera ndi magulu a akazi 2017 kapena 2020 a akazi, omwe anasonkhezera kuukira ufulu wa anthu pa kulingana kwa apolisi.

Mafanizo Oyerekezera Miyezo

Madongosolo a Nyumba ya Malamulo

Kugaŵiridwa kwa mphamvu zalamulo kumasiyana kwambiri pakati pa madongosolo a pulezidenti ndi nyumba ya malamulo. M'madongosolo a pulezidenti (m., United States, Brazil, Mexico), nyumba ya malamulo ndi akuluakulu amasankhidwa paokha ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zapadera. Kulekana kumeneku kumayambitsa malo apadera, pamene magulu osiyanasiyana angalamulire bungwe la pulezidenti ndi mabungwe. Mabungwe a malamulo amasintha kwambiri, ndi makomiti amphamvu ndi mamembala alionse amene ali ndi mphamvu. Madongosolo a palamente (m. g. United Kingdom, Germany, Japan), mkulu wa bungwelo amatengedwa kuchokera ku bungwe la malamulo, kuyambitsa maulamuliro. Boma limalamulira malamulo kudzera m'chitsogole, ndipo pafupifupi ndalama zimadutsa ndi chigwirizano cha boma; magulu otsutsa ali ndi mphamvu zochepa za kuletsa kapena kuchirikiza boma.

Mapiko a Unicameral

Malamulo a malamulo a Bahamaral (zipinda ziŵiri) amapanga macheke owonjezereka ndi malo a mphamvu. Mu United Kingdom, Nyumba ya Commons imasankhidwa ndi kulamulidwa ndi boma, pamene Nyumba ya Ambuye imaikidwa ndipo ikhoza kuchedwetsa lamulo. Ku United States, Nyumba ndi Nyumba imagaŵana mphamvu zofanana m’mbali zambiri, koma malamulo a Nyumba ya Malamulo (monga ngati chigamulo cha Boma ndi chivomerezo chimodzi) imapatsa maprogramu apadera apadera. Unicameral (m. g., Sweden, New Zealand) njira yoyendera koma mphamvu m’chipinda chimodzi, chokhoza kufooketsa.

Ntchito ya Anthu Onse Posintha Malamulo

Kutengamo mbali kwapoyera sikuli chabe kuyenera; kuli chiŵiya chothandiza kusintha mphamvu ya malamulo. M'mademokrase ambiri, nzika zingapezeke pa milandu ya makomiti, kupereka umboni wolembedwa, kukumana ndi opanga malamulo, ndi kutengamo mbali m'kukambitsirana kwalamulo. Mapulatifomu a manambala afutukula kulowa: Nyumba ya Makalata ya U.S. imalandira makumi a mamiliyoni ambiri ndi kuimbira telefoni chaka chilichonse, ndipo mapulatifomu onga Chisinthiko.org amasonkhezera mapempho amene amalamulo angakakamize opanga ntchito.

Kutengamo mbali kwa anthu kumafunikira kudziŵa ntchito. Kudziŵa pamene lamulo lili m'komiti . Kumaloleza ochirikiza kuukira ziŵalo zimene zimalamuliradi kuikidwiratu kwa lamulo. Kukhazikitsa gulu la anthu kuti atche mpando wa komiti kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri kuposa maemail chikwi chimodzi kuchipinda chonse. Ndiponso, kutenga nawo mbali m'maweruzi apoyera kumapangitsa nzika kukonza mbiri imene opanga malamulo ndi makhoti amadalira pa lamulo likangotsutsidwa.

Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi ya mkangano wa zaumoyo wa ku United States wa 2009, ma udzu amasonkhanitsa mbali zonse [1] kuchokera ku misonkhano ya m’holo ya tauni kupita ku mabanki a telefoni. Moona mtima anathandiza kukhazikitsa njira yomalizira ya bungwe la Afford Care Act.

Kumaliza: Kulamulira Moyenera

Malamulo si lamulo wamba kapena bungwe lokhazikitsidwa; ndi kukambitsirana kochititsa chidwi pakati pa malo ambiri a mphamvu za mphamvu . . Alegislator, makomiti, atsogoleri a zipani, akuluakulu, magulu achifuniro, ndi anthu onse. Palibe katswiri mmodzi amene amalamulira kotheratu; mmalo mwake, mphamvu imachepa ndi kuyendera pa nkhaniyo, ndale zadziko, ndi mlingo wa pangano lapoyera. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kumvetsetsa kuseŵera kumeneku kuli sitepe loyamba la kugawana mbali yalamulo yatanthauzo. Mwa kuzindikira mabungwe ndi mitu ya kachitidwe ka kapesepo ndi kapidi m’ka, nzika zingachirikize mogwira mtima kwambiri chifukwa cha kusintha ndi kuchititsa oimira awo kukhala oŵerengera mlandu.

Pomalizira pake, mphamvu ya kutsekeka kwa thupi ndi ya anthu ake, koma kokha ngati akudziŵa mmene angaligwiritsire ntchito.