Chiyambi: Tanthauzo Lokhalitsa la Njira Yosagwiritsidwa Ntchito Kanthu Kochepa

Chimodzi cha ziphunzitso zamphamvu kwambiri koma zotsutsana ndi lamulo lachimereka. Pamaziko ake, mfundoyi imatsimikizira kuti ufulu wina waukulu wakhazikika kwambiri m'mbiri ya dzikolo ndi miyambo yake kwakuti boma silingathe kuwapondereza, mosasamala kanthu za njira zimene amatsatira. Mosiyana ndi njira zoikidwiratu. Limafunsa ngati lamulo limaswa kuyenera kwa malamulo a boma pamene likumanidwa munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma, kupenda njira yoyenerera yodziwira ntchito yake. Limafunsa ngati lamulo limaswa lamulo limene limalingaliridwa kukhala loyenera kwambiri kwakuti palibe njira yake yolungamitsa.

Lingaliro limeneli lasintha zosankha zachinsinsi pa zachinsinsi, ukwati, banja, ndi kudzilamulira kwa thupi, likumazipanga kukhala magwero apamwamba a malamulo amakono. Komabe, layambitsanso mkangano waukulu ponena za mbali yoyenera ya ujuli m’chitaganya cha democracy. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti njira yoikidwiratu yokha imaloleza malamulo aumwini imalola otetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha polimbana ndi kuponderezedwa. Kumvetsetsa chisinthiko, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza ntchito ya demokrase njaikulu kwa aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa mphamvu za lamulo lamakono la malamulo.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale: Kuchokera pa Zimene Analemba Kufika Pazinsinsi

Maziko a malemba oyenera agona pa Accomments of the Findth Amendments . Mpambo wa Findreme, umene unavomerezedwa mu 1791, umapereka kuti palibe munthu amene adzamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda lamulo. Malamulo a 1450, otengedwa mu 1868, amapatsira lamulo lomwelo ku maboma. Makhoti ambiri a m'zaka za m'ma 1800 anamasulira mawu ameneŵa kukhala zitsimikizo za kuyenera kwa procdectal ,notice, komiti yopanda tsankho, ndi zina zonga. Kusintha kwa kuŵerenga koyambirira ku chigawo cha Nazi kunayamba kutuluka pang'onopang'ono ndi kotsutsana.

Milandu ya Nyumba ya Kupha ndi Mathayo kapena Kupereka Claus

Mphindi yaikulu inafika poyambirira ndi Cases- Nyumbas [[FLT :2] [1873], pamene Khoti Lalikulu linamasulira mwaŵi kapena Immunonice Clause wa Gemedition , kuipangitsa kukhala yopanda pake kutetezera zoyenera zazikulu pa ntchito ya boma. Chigamulochi chinasiya Acts Procession Clause monga galimoto yaikulu yogwirizanitsira Bill of Rights kutsutsana ndi maboma . Komabe, kwa zaka makumi ambiri khotilo linatsutsa njira yotetezera malamulo a zachuma.

Lochner Era ndi Economic Programme Yofunika

M’mbuyomu, nkhani yochititsa mkangano kwambiri m'mbiri ya ntchito yofuna kugamula. [Kuyambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20 ndi [[FLT]]. Khoti linagonjetsa lamulo la New York loletsa ntchito ya ophika maora ku maola khumi patsiku, likulamulira kuti lamulo lisokonezeka ndi "''pangano" lotetezedwa ndi chisinthiko cha 145. Kukhazikitsa kwa Cover: "[FL:4] [[FLT] [195] [7] [7] [7] [kumene Khoti lakhazikika ndi malamulo a zachuma], kuphatikizapo malamulo a ana, kuwonjezera, kuchuluka kwa maola khumi patsiku, ndi kuchuluka kwa lamulo la lamulo loperekedwa ndi lamulo lachikulu. [FFoctive] Lowntion: [F] Loust Revisetions. Lonse lokhala ndi losuliza kwambiri. [pansi]

Mosasamala kanthu za kukanidwa kwake, nyengo ya Light imaipitsa . Imaphunzitsa makhoti otsatira kukhala ochenjera ponena za kuvomereza zoyenera zosaikidwa, komabe inakhazikitsanso maziko a chiphunzitso amene pambuyo pake akayambitsidwanso kaamba ka ufulu wosakhala wa zachuma , lingaliro lakuti Century Proces Claus amatetezera zoyenera zapadera zoposa zimene zandandandalikidwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo.

Kusintha kwa Masiku Ano: Kuchoka pa Kukhala Wekha Kufika pa Kudzifunira Kokha

Pambuyo pa New Decrent, njira yofunikira yapansi pa dziko inaima pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu. Khotilo nthaŵi zonse linamvera malamulo pankhani zachuma. Komabe, milandu yatsopano yokhudza zaumwini ndi maunansi achikondi inayamba kubuka m’ma 1960, kupuma moyo watsopano m’chiphunzitsocho.

Griswold v. Connecticut [FL:1] (65): Kuyenera kwa Kukhala ndichinsinsi

Mu Griswold v. Connecticut [FLT :2], khoti linalingalira lamulo la Connecticut limene linaphwanya lamulo la kulera, ngakhale ndi okwatirana. Kulemba kwa anthu ambiri, Jaji William O. Douglas adatsutsa kuti Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu ali ndi "penbras" ndi "emanking" amene amapanga "mokha zachinsinsi. Ngakhale kuti Khoti silinadaliretu pa njira yoyenerera yoyambirira ya [1] Kubisa chigamulo, kuchotsa chigamu chake m'nkhani, Chachitatu, Chachisanu, ndi Cholamulira chachisanu, ndi cha Nicondal. [5] [FLT] [5]

Roe v. Wade (1973): Kuyenera kwa Kusankha

. Khoti linasunga kuti kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi, kotengedwa ku njira yoyenerera, kuphatikiza chosankha cha mkazi chothetsa mimba yake. Woweruza Harry Blackmun adalenganso njira yolinganizika yochitira zinthu ndi mkazi paumoyo wa mayi ndi moyo wake. [FLT:] Roo [FLT] adayambitsanso kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwa lamulo kwa tsiku lino.

Lawrence v . Texas (2003): Kuchotsa Chibwenzi cha Expression

Mu . Lawrence v. Texas [FLT :2] , Bwalo Lamilandu linalamulira chigamulo chake choyambirira mu [[FLT:] Boowers v. Harlwick[[FLT:] (1986]) ndi kugwetsa lamulo la Texas lophwanya malamulo ofanana. Woweruza Anthony Kennedy anagogomezera kuti ufulu wotetezeredwa ndi Dokotala wa Claus umaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa achikulire kuchita zachinsinsi, mapangano a kugonana popanda kusokonezedwa ndi boma. [FLT:] Lince [FL] [5]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kulingana kwa ukwati

. Khoti linagamula kuti okwatirana amodzimodziwo ali ndi ufulu waukulu wokwatira, wotetezeredwa ndi onse aŵiri Classiane ndi ezakuti Secreate Classiane . Malingaliro a Kennedy anali akuti ukwati ndi ufulu waukulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko ndi miyambo, ndi kuti amachotsa okwatirana auchiŵalo chofanana kuchokera ku gulu limene limachepetsa ulemu wawo ndi ufulu. . [FLT:]

Chisamaliro cha Doctrinal: Glucksberg v. Casey [[FLT ] ndi Kusokonezeka kwa Njira

Ngakhale kuti khoti Lalikulu lakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima chonchi, silinatsatire njira imodzi yokha yodziŵira ufulu woyenerera.

Kuyesa

Mu Jaughington v. Glucksberg [1] (1997]), khoti linakana njira yofunikira yodzinenera kuti ikufuna kuthandizira kudzipha. Jaji Wamkulu William Rehnquisst' adafotokoza mayeso oletsa: kuyenerera monga kuyenera, ufulu wonenedwa kuti uli wozikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ndi mwambo wa dziko lino" ndi "kudziikira kuyenera kwa ufulu wa kulamulidwa ndi lamulo la lamulo. [Chilungamo chachikulu William Rehnquist] Chidziŵitsochi [[FLT.5]] Kuyesa mafotokozedwe oyenera a kulondola ndi ovomerezedwa ndi mbiri yakale imeneyi ndi kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi kuweruza.

Areasy ndi Lawnce Appea: Louber

Mosiyana, malingaliro ambiri mu . Casey [FLT :2] (1992 ndi ] Lawnce v. Texas[FLT:] anatenga chidziŵitso chowonjezereka cha ufulu. [[FLT:]] Kachipangizo kake] [kapena kuti]] n’kotchuka kwambiri kufotokoza mtima wa ufulu monga "kuyenera kulongosola za kukhalapo kwa munthu, tanthauzo la chilengedwe, ndi la chinsinsi cha moyo wa munthu, ndi la chinsinsi cha moyo wa munthu, ndipo limateteza ufulu woyenerera wongosankha zinthu zina, ndipo limalimbikitsanso kusiyanitsa ndi kusiyanitsa ndi kutchuka kwa banja, ndi kutsutsa kwake kosadziŵika bwino.

Kutsutsana pakati pa mayeso aŵiriwa sikunathetsedwe. Khotili limasankha njira yogwiritsira ntchito mogwirizana ndi nkhani yake, zimene zimapangitsa kuti anthu anene kuti zinthu sizisintha. Akatswiri a zamalamulo akupitirizabe kukangana kuti ndi mfundo iti yogwirizana ndi tanthauzo loyambirira la Active Proces Claus ndi mfundo za demokrase.

Nkhani za M’tsogolo ndi Zokambirana

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu Laposachedwapa, kusintha kwa antchito a zachiweruzo, ndi malamulo osintha chikhalidwe cha anthu, zachititsa chiphunzitsocho kupendedwa kwambiri.

Kuchotsa mimba Pambuyo pa [[FL: 0] Dobbs v. Jackson Akazi's Health Organization [1]

Mu June 2022, Khoti Lalikulu linapereka chigamulo cha kugwedezeka kwa dziko mu . Dobts v. Jackson Akazi 'Auth Organization . , kukuza [[FLT], kuletsa [, kuletsa [[FLT]] [[FLT]], kuchotsa lamulo lachimonse] chifukwa chakuti kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba sikunali kochokera m’mbiri ya dziko ndi miyambo yosatsimikizirika. Khoti lakutsatira lamulo la kulakwakusintha kwa kulakwakusintha kwa kulakwakusintha kwa kulakwakutsimikizira kwa ku. [FFUP]

Chiweruzo Clarence Thomas, m'kugwirizana kwake ndi Madobs , anaitanidwa ku Bwalo kuti apendenso , Gristold , , [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]], ndi [] adagwera [. Lingaliro lalikulu, ngakhale kuli kwakuti, limachotsa zolinga zilizonse zosokoneza zimenezo, kutsimikizira kuti kuchotsa mimba kuli kwapadera chifukwa chakuti kumaloŵetsamo moyo wothekera. Komabe, nzeru ya [[FLT:] Dokbbs : [FLT] [FULT] .[9:] Kukana mwambo wa mbiri yakale ndi kukana ufulu wa kulephera kusokoneza ufulu wa mbiri yakale wokhudzana ndi kuopsa kwa kuyenera kutsutsa kuyenera kutsimikizira kulongosolanso kwa kuyenera.

LGBTQ + Ufulu ndi Tsogolo la [[FLT: 0] Obergefell

Ukwati wofanana udakali walamulo m’dziko lonse, koma [[FLT: 0] Otsutsa alimbikitsa otsutsa kutsutsa malingaliro a . Obergefell [. Magulu ambiri alamulo apereka milandu yofuna kuchotsa ulingana kwa ukwati, kutsutsana kuti kuyenera sikunayambike kwambiri m’mbiri. Mu 2022, Act adaperekedwa kupereka maziko a ukwati wofanana, koma samavomerezana mwalamulo kulinganiza kwa kumanja. Ngati Khoti Lapamwamba likugwira ntchito [FLT]: [FFLT: FFFF: FFFF:]

Pakali pano, khotilo lapitiriza kuzindikira LGBTQ + chitetezo chakuphatikiza malamulo ndi malamulo alamulo. [FLT]Bostock v. Clayton County [1] [2] [20], Khoti linasunga kuti Dipo VII ya ufulu wachibadwidwe imaletsa kusankhidwa pantchito kozikidwa pa chikhalidwe cha kugonana kapena chisembwere. Chigamulo chimenecho chimadalira pa kumasulira kwa statry, osati njira yaing’ono yoyenerera, choncho chingakhale panthakale. Komabe, nkhondo zopitirizabezo pa ufulu wopereka ufulu wa thanzi, malo osambira, ndi kuloŵetsedwa m'maseŵera, ndi kuyambitsakonso kujambula kwatsopano.

Ufulu wa Mfuti ndi Malamulo Achiŵiri

Malamulo oyenera ogwirizana ndi Owonjezera. M' [FLT] Divolution of Columbia v. Heller [[FLT]] [2008] ndi [[FLT] [[FLT:]] [MFLD] v. Mzinda wa Chicago [[ [[FLT] [[0]] [$3]], Khoti linazindikira munthu kuyenera ndi kunyamula zida za iye mwini. [FFFF:] [FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT:] [FL:] [FL:] [5] [zifu:] [zinsinsinsi, ndi zigamu za m'zifukwa za m'malamulo: [zikulu] [[12]

Mabuku Otetezera ndi Zotetezera Zamankhwala

Kutsutsana pa njira yosadziŵika bwino yochitira zinthu kumasonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu ponena za kumasulira kochitidwa ndi malamulo, mphamvu zachiweruzo, ndi mtundu wa ufulu.

Kuyamba Kuyamba ndi Mlandu wa Kulamulira Kopambanitsa

Otsutsa oyambirira amanena kuti njira yoyenerera yokha njosaloledwa chifukwa chakuti imalola oweruza osasankhidwa kupanga zoyenera zosapezeka m'malemba a Konsichushoni kapena kumvetsetsa koyambirira. Woweruza Antonin Scalia, wochirikiza wotsogolera wa kuyambirira, adatsutsa kuti Cends Process Claus ndi yongolinganiza ndipo samalola makhoti kuswa malamulo oswa malamulo "kutsendereza". Malinga ndi lingaliro limeneli, mademocracy, maufumu aakulu [1] osati oweruza a kuchotsa mimba, ndi kumaliza kwa chisamaliro cha moyo, pokhapokha ngati malamulo alamulo alamulo ali oikidwa paupandu. [FL:] Dobbbs "matry" ovomereza kwambiri, kugamula kwa kugamula koyamba, kukonzanso kwa kachitidwe kachitidwe katsopano.

Lingaliro la Malamulo Amoyo

Otetezera ntchito yofunikira ya "malamulo amoyo" amatsutsa kuti ufulu umafunikira kutetezeredwa ndi boma ngakhale pamene maprinsipulo a lamulo oyenerera kuyendera chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pansi pa kawonedwe kameneka, amatchula za milandu ngati Griswold [1] ndi ndi Hast [[FLT]

Nkhani ya Kuletsa: Kupeŵa [[FL: 0] Lochner msampha

Otsutsa ena a njira yokulira ya malamulo si odziŵa za kuyambika kwa zinthu koma akatswiri oopa kubwereza zolakwa za Lochner . Iwo amatsutsa kuti pamene makhoti anayamba kulongosola "zoyenera zamwambo" kuposa pa malembo alamulo, iwo amaika pangozi kulinganiza mapindu awoawo monga [[FLT:] Luchner Khoti la laisez-faire. Kudera nkhaŵaku kwachititsa akatswiri ena kuchirikiza "zochitika zachikhalidwe cha democracy", njira yotchuka kwambiri yodziŵikiridwa ndi John Hart E. [FLT:] Dractic ndi Reslact. [Flact:]

Mtsogolo mwa Zinthu Zosadziŵika Bwino

Chiphunzitso cha njira yoikidwiratu yosatsimikizirika. Khoti Lalikulu lamakono, lokhala ndi anthu 6-3 osunga mwambo, lakhala likukayikira ponena za kuvomereza ufulu watsopano wosakhala wovomerezedwa ndipo lafunsa kumbuyo kwa ambiri omwe alipo. Komabe, Bwalo Lamilandu silinalamulirebe [[FLT:] [FLT]], ndipo majaji ena angakhale ozengereza kukhumudwitsa zitsanzo zolandiridwa.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, makhoti a boma ndi mabwalo a malamulo akukhala okangalika kwambiri kutetezera ufulu umene malamulo a boma sangakhalenso otsimikizira. Maiko ena agwirizanitsa kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba, ukwati wa kugonana, ndi ufulu wina m'malamulo awo kapena malamulo. Ntchito ya chigawo chimenechi imasonyeza kusintha kwakukulu: pamene judicary ya boma ikhala yoletsedwa kwambiri, nkhondo pa zoyenera zazikulu zingapite ku makhoti a boma ndi njira zodzitetezera. Chotulukapo chingakhale chitetezero cha malamulo ake amene amasiyana kwambiri ndi malamulo.

Kufunika kwa malamulo ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri yophunzirira akatswiri a zamalamulo, madokotala, ndi nzika. Mbiri yake imasonyeza lonjezo ndi kuopsa kwa kuteteza ufulu wachiweruzo. Pamene makhalidwe a anthu akupitirizabe kusintha, mkangano wonena kuti malamulo a m'malamulo amateteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense.

Kuti muŵerengenso, fufuzani malingaliro onse mu . [FLT :1] Shaughton v. Glucksberg ndi [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] ndi [[FLT]] [Malamulo [[FLT:][FLT] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [12], zimene zikusonyeza njira ziŵiri zopikisana. Kufufuza kodetsa zinthu kumapezekanso mu Erwin Chemersky' [FLT:] [FFLT] [FFT], [FFFT]:]