Zikalata za bungwe la United States zotchedwa The System Claus zikufotokoza kuti ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zoteteza m'malamulo a United States, zomwe zili m'malamulo achisanu ndi 14 a boma. Zimaletsa maboma a boma ndi a boma kuletsa munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu wopanda njira yovomerezeka yalamulo. Pa zaka mazana ambiri, mawu ameneŵa achokera ku chitsimikizo chochepa chokhudzana ndi mfundo zamphamvu zimene zimateteza ufulu wa boma wodzisankhira. Kumvetsa mbiri ndi tanthauzo lalikulu la Mgwirizano wa ASCY Procestion Clause ndi kumathandiza kwambiri kumvetsetsa kuyambika kwa malamulo a American, ufulu wa anthu, ndi kulingana kopitirizabe pakati pa ulamuliro ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale: Kuyambira ku Magna Carta Kufika ku Nyengo Yoyamba

Lingaliro la njira yoyenerera likufika kumbuyo kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndi mawu ake oyambirira otchuka kwambiri opezeka mu Magna Carta ya 1215. Chaputala 39 cha chikalata chimenecho chinalengeza kuti palibe munthu waufulu amene angamangidwe, kuchotsedwa, kapena kuthamangitsidwa “kusiyapo ndi chiweruzo chololedwa cha anzake kapena ndi lamulo la dzikolo. Mawuwa [1] [malamulo a dzikolo [] [] [] [] anali kholo lachindunji cha zimene Aamerekani pambuyo pake adzatcha njira yoyenera. Mngelezi zinabwereza ndi kuyeretsa lamulo limeneli, kutsimikizira kuti ufumu wachifumu sungachite zinthu mosagwirizana ndi anthu ake. Sir Edward Coke, wotchuka, womasulira “lamulo la dzikolo logwirizana ndi malamulo ovomerezeka pa malamulo alamulo.

Olamulira a ku America anatengera malingaliro ameneŵa. Malamulo a Chilamulo kaŵirikaŵiri anali kuphatikizapo chinenero choyenera, ndi zokumana nazo za Briteni zopambana . monga ngati zilolezo zachisawawa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa a habeas corpus . adakhazikitsa kufunika kwa kuchepetsa mphamvu za olamulira. Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Chisinthiko, Chikalata cha Chilango chinalengeza kuti palibe munthu amene “angandanthe kutsimikizira kuti Kupindula kwa Kuweruza ndi Jury” ndi kuloŵerera mchitidwe woyenerera monga madandaulo. Pambuyo pa kudziimira, malamulo a boma anayamba kukhazikitsa chitetezo choyenera. Mwachitsanzo, Lamulo la Massachusetts la 1780 linalengeza kuti palibe munthu amene angapereke “kuchotsedwa moyo wake, ufulu, kapena malo, koma ndi chiweruzo cha anzake kapena lamulo la dzikolo.

Pamene Konsichushoni ya U.S. inalembedwa mu 1787, inasiya kwakukulukulu malamulo otetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, mmalo mwa kusumika pa kapangidwe ka boma. Kuleka kumeneku kunayambitsa mkangano waukulu, kutsogolera ku kuwonjezera kwa Bill ya Ufulu wa [ mu 1791]. Fifth Amendment inali njira yoyamba ya boma yokhazikitsa lamulo loyenerera. Mawu ake olondola "operewera moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo, "] adakhala templeshoni ya chitetezo cha dziko ndi chitetezero cha dziko.

Kusintha kwa Kasanu: Kuchinjiriza Kulimbana ndi Kulamulira Kopambanitsa

Demetriement’s Access Wachisanu Claus inagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha ku boma la la maferale. Ku Republic, Khoti Lapamwamba linamasulira mawu ameneŵa mopereŵera, motsatira mfundo. Mumzera wa Letteee v. Hoboken Land Co. [1856], Khoti linakhulupirira kuti njira yofunikira kudziŵidwa ndi kumvedwa patsogolo pa katundu ikhoza kutengedwa. Koma linalamulanso kuti njira yoyenerera ikhoza kusintha moyo: “kuchotsa ufulu, ufulu, kapena chuma kapena chuma popanda chidziŵitso kapena kudziŵidwa popanda kulephera, koma malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi malamulowo, zinakhoza kulongosola, zaka makumi ambiri, zogwiritsidwa ntchito zoyenerera zochitira ntchito zoyenerera, monga zoyenerera zoperekedwa ndi zoperekedwa ndi malamulo.

Komabe, First Amendment yachisanu sinaumirize maboma a boma. M'machitidwe onyansa Barron v. Baltimore (1833), Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anagwirizana kuti Bill of Rights inagwira ntchito ku boma ladziko. Mabomawa anali omasuka kuswa ufulu wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, boma likhoza kutenga katundu popanda kubwezera kapena kukana mlandu wa apandu wozengedwa ndi oweruza milandu, malinga ngati malamulo ake a boma alola. Nthaŵi ya The Reconstan ikasintha kwambiri zimenezi.

Lamulo la 14 Lowonjezera: Kufutukula Dongosolo Loyenera ku Dziko

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Nyumba ya Malamulo inafuna kutetezera Aafirika omasulidwa chatsopano ku malamulo otsendereza . Makamaka aja a boma lakale lochirikiza ufulu. Firenteteth Amendment [, yovomerezedwa mu 1868, inali ndi ziganizo zingapo. Chigawo 1 chikunena kuti: “Palibe Boma lililonse limene lidzakhazikitsa kapena kukhazikitsa lamulo limene lidzatsekereza kapena kuteteza nzika za United States; ndiponso Boma lililonse silidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma, popanda njira yalamulo; kapena kukana munthu aliyense pakati pa ulamuliro wake wotetezera malamulo.

“ Kachitidwe katsopano” ka chinenero pano chinafanana ndi Kusintha kwa Gawo lachisanu koma tsopano chinagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku station . Makonzedwe ameneŵa anali ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu ziŵiri. Choyamba, analetsa mwachindunji kufunafuna kulanda nzika ufulu wa anthu popanda njira yolungama. Chachiŵiri, pa zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito ku [FLT] kuwonjezerapo poti [ zambiri za Bill of Rights potsutsana ndi maboma. Kutchedwa Kusintha kwa zikhulupiriro [Promenti] Kuyambira zaka za zana lapakati pa zana lachisanu ndi limodzi] kumapanga mapangano ambiri a zitsimikiziro za boma zisanu ndi zitatu zoyamba kuvomerezedwa kwambiri. Zimenezi zinachitika pang’onopang’ono ndi kumapeto kwa nkhani za kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la zana lachisanu ndi theka.

Njira Zotsatirapo Zotsatirapo

Kuti amvetsetse bwino mfundo yonse, munthu ayenera kusiyanitsa pakati pa magulu aŵiri aakulu: procectal productive productive product ndi yofunikira kumveka, wopanga wopanda tsankhu, ndi njira yoyenerera ya chiwongola dzanja pamtengo. Mwachitsanzo, asanachotse mapindu kapena laisensi ya zaumoyo, mkhalidwe uyenera kupereka mtundu wina wa kumvetsera.

Mapeto a boma angachite ngati lamulo lili lodziimira kapena losayenera kuti liswe ufulu waukulu / ngakhale ngati njira yoyendera imakhala yabwino kwambiri. Njira imeneyi inayamba kuonekera kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi aŵiri, ndipo yotchuka kwambiri m'kati mwa [[FLT:] nthawi , pamene Khoti linaswa malamulo a zachuma pa dziko limene limasokoneza ufulu wa pangano. [FLT] Locner v. [FLD:] (19]5]) (7] chigamumumumulu wa lamulo wochepetsa ntchito ya “maola a ntchito a [1], pamene Khoti linaswa malamulo a zachuma pa dziko lapansi amene amasokoneza ufulu wa mapangano. [FLD: 4).

Milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri Imene Inasonkhezera Claus

Zosankha zingapo zapadera zimasonyeza mafotokozedwe osintha ndi kufika kwakukulu kwa Claus wa m’Chigawo cha Adrect Processol:

  • . . . . . . Nebraska . [FLT :2] [[FLT ] . Khoti linagonjetsa lamulo la Nebraska limene linaletsa malangizo a zinenero zina, polingalira kuti Kukonzanso kwa 14 kumateteza ufulu wa makolo kutsogoza maphunziro a ana awo ndi kuwaphunzitsa chinenero china osati Chingelezi. Nkhaniyi inakula "kuwonjezera" kuphatikiza zosankha zazikulu zokhudza banja ndi kulera ana.
  • PULEC v. Sosaite ya Alongo (1925) [1] — Mnzawo Meyer [, Khoti linapeputsa lamulo lofuna kupita kusukulu ya onse, kutsimikizira kuti makolo ali ndi njira yoyenera yotumizira ana awo ku sukulu zachipembedzo.
  • [FLT .[FLT] Griswold v. Connecticut [FL:2] (65) . Khotilo linavomereza kuyenera kwa chinsinsi cha ukwati, likupeza kuti chiletso cha boma pa zoletsa kulera chinaswa Claus Century. Pamene kuli kwakuti malingaliro ambiri anadalira pa “Bill of Rights , kugwirizana ndi Woweruza Harlan modzisunga pa njira yoyenerera.
  • . [[FLT :2] [77] [1973] . Khoti linakhazikitsa ufulu wa mkazi wosankha kutaya mimba m’manja mwa chinsinsi chotetezeredwa ndi Claus wa Kusintha kwa Zamoyo kwa 14. [[FLT:] Roe adakhalabe ndi ulamuliro wa lamulo kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu kufikira Khoti litalamulira Dobs v. Adow's Organization of Health of 10.220.2]
  • . . . . . . . . . . . [[FLT] . Khotilo linakana kuyenera kwa dokotala wodzipha, kukhazikitsa mayeso ovuta a njira yofunikira: kuyenera konenedwako kuyenera “kuzikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ndi mwambo wa mtundu uno” ndi“ kuvomereza kuti pali ufulu wolamulidwa.
  • bergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015 — Khoti linakhulupirira kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira kuli ufulu wofunika kwambiri wotetezeredwa ndi Claus Croate, kukulitsa kulingana kwa ukwati ndi okwatirana a mtundu umodzi. Chigamulochi chinasonyeza mmene mawuwo amasinthira ndi kumvetsetsa ufulu.
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) . Ngakhale kuti kwenikweni inali chotetezera chofanana, Brown [FLT :5] inagogomezeranso kuti maphunziro oletsedwa amalanda ana chitetezo chofanana ndi njira yoyenerera ya lamulo, monga kuchititsa kuwonongeka kwa mwaŵi wawo wa maphunziro abwino.

Njira Yoyendera

Kuloŵa kwa Bill of Rights mu Chifuniro cha Malamulo cha 144 cha Chifuniro cha Malo Opatulidwa kwakhala kwapadera mmalo mwa ukulu. Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito chitsimikiziro chirichonse cha magawo asanu ndi atatu oyambirira, kusiyapo za Second Amendment (yophatikizidwa mu [[FL:]] MFF: 0. [FFF3]]. [FFFON :] (muyense))) (muyezokha) ya muyeso: (muyezotchedwa Fact, m'C] (pansi). [[10]

Zimene Analemba Zokhudza Dongosolo la Claus

Pansi pa bukuli pali zinthu zambiri zimene zimachitika tsiku lililonse kwa anthu amene akugwira ntchito ndi boma.

  • Mayeso a Fair ndi Apandu: Otetezera ali ndi kuyenera kudziŵitsa milandu, kuweruza, kuweruza kosakondera, kuyenera kupereka umboni, ndi kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu. Popanda dongosolo loyenerera, zikhululukiro zingapezedwe mwachinsinsi kapena mwa njira zodzifunira.
  • Kuchinjiriza At Arbitrary Government: Maboma sangalande katundu, malaisensi ochotsa, kapena kukana mapindu popanda kutsatira njira zokhazikitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira amene akuyang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa pasukulu ya boma ayenera kupatsidwa mpata waukulu wofotokozera mbali yake.
  • Privitacy and Isocial Autonomy : Njira zoyenerera zimatetezera zosankha zokhudza ukwati, kubala, kulera, unansi wabanja, ndi kulera ana. Zosankha zimenezi zimatetezeredwa ku kusokonezeka kwa mkhalidwe.
  • Zoyenera: Chiganizochi chimaletsa boma kutenga katundu popanda dongosolo loyenera. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo osati chuma chokha komanso mitundu ina ya katundu monga malonda, laisensi ya akatswiri, ndi mapindu a boma (pokha phindu limaonedwa kukhala “chiwongola dzanja choyenera”).
  • Process Due proceeds mu Administrations: Mabungwe akuluakulu akapanga zosankha zokhudza anthu monga kuchotsa laisensi ya dalaivala, kukana mapindu a ulema, kapena kuchotsa ma Century Proces Claus kumafuna zitetezero zochepa, monga ngati mwaŵi wa kupereka umboni ndi chosankha cholingalira.

Kutsutsa ndi Kutsutsana Kopitirizabe

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, mawu a Claus aikidwa m’mikangano yotsutsana pa:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha: Makhoti ang'onoang'ono ambiri adavomereza kuti Malamulo a Claus amagwira ntchito ku magawo osakhala a U.S., kuphatikizapo aja ochotsedwa. Milandu yokhudza kumangidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali popanda kugwirizana, kuyenera kwa kuganiziridwa, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa njira zochotsera zimaphatikizapo mafunso aakulu oyenera.
  • Chilungamo cha Chilango: Kusintha kwa Bail, kusatsatira malamulo apolisi, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa kuikidwa m’ndende kumadzutsa nkhaŵa zofunikira. Khoti Lalikulu lanena kuti ogwidwa asanaikidwe mlandu ali ndi njira yoyenerera yotsutsa kuchulukitsitsa kwa belo ndi kuti kutsekera kwapatokha kungaswe lamulolo ngati kuli kopanda lamulo kapena kopanda kubwereramo.
  • Kusamalira ndi Vaccines : Mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVID-19, olemba ntchito ndi maboma a boma adagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a katemera, kuchititsa mavuto oyenera ozikidwa pa kunena kuti thupi ndi kuyenera kukana chithandizo cha mankhwala. Makhoti analimbana ndi kulinganiza thanzi la anthu ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense.
  • Infact Rights Post- Dobbs : Pambuyo pa Khoti Lalikulu Lalamulira [[FLT:] Roe v. Wade mu 2022], mtsogolo mwa njira yoyenerera yothetsera. Mayiko tsopano amaletsa kuchotsa mimba, pamene ena akuiteteza. Funso yakuti kaya Claus Classie atetezere kuyenera kwina . Kufuna kudziŵa ngati Cevolution ya m'Ceting ndi yofanana ndi ukwati wofanana ndi wofanana wakula tsopano.
  • Chigamulo cha Digal Islation ndi Surveillance: [[FLT :1] Pamene luso la zopangapanga lisintha, nkhani zofunikira zimabuka ponena za kupezeka kwa ufiki ya boma ku universito wa munthu, malo, ndi kufufuza kwa masamu. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Carcenter v. United States [1] (2017) inazindikira kuti selo lokhala ndi malo a pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ya chinsinsi yotetezeredwa ndi Konso Konso Konsolishishoni ya Four Claus.

Kumaliza

The System Claus si chiphunzitso chalamulo chabe. Ndi chiphunzitso chamoyo chimene chachokera ku lamulo la Chizungu kukhala maziko a boma la America logwirizana ndi malamulo. Mwa kufuna njira zolungama ndi kutetezera ufulu wofunika ku kupambana mphamvu ya boma, chimatsimikizira kuti boma likhalabe ndi mlandu kwa anthu. Pamene malamulo enieni a boma apitirizabe kuikidwa, ntchito yake yaikulu ya kulembera ulemu ndi ufulu polimbana ndi ulamuliro walamulo. Pamene anthu a ku America akulimbana ndi mavuto atsopano m'chilungamo, zachinsinsi, zaluso, ndi zoyenera zachiŵembu, ndi kuyenera kwa anthu, ntchito yotsatira dongosolo la Claus Claus mosakayika adzakhalabe mphamvu yaikulu pokonza za m’tsogolo za ufulu ndi chilungamo pansi pa lamulo.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani Cornell Information Institute pa project yoyenerera , , Kusanthula kwa Malamulo kwa m'dziko, ndi [[FLT:] ndi [FLT:] , ndi [[FLT]] zosonkhanitsa za zochitika zofunikira .