Mmene Chisonkhezero Chokhotakhota Chimakhudzira Malamulo

Mmene Chisonkhezero Chokhotakhota Chimakhudzira Malamulo

Kukopa anthu ndi akuluakulu a boma kudakali chimodzi cha zisonkhezero zokhala ndi zotsatirapo zambiri koma zotsutsana kwambiri m'maulamuliro amakono. Ndi kuyesayesa kolinganizidwa kwa anthu, makampani, makampani, zopindulitsa, ndi magulu achidwi kukhazikitsa malamulo, malamulo, ndi lamulo la anthu mwa kukopa opanga malamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma. Kusinthana zinthu, kutsata kumaphatikizapo njira zapamwamba kwambiri za makonzedwe a chidziŵitso, kumanga nyumba za anthu, ndi kusonkhanitsa anthu. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira a sayansi yandale ndi mbiri, kumvetsetsa maluso, mphamvu, ndi kuchirikiza kwa makhalidwe abwino nkofunika pomvetsa mmene kupangadi zosankha za demokrase.

Ku United States kokha, kuthera pa kukopa ndalama zoposa $4 biliyoni pachaka, ndi zikwi za otsata olembetsedwa oimira maindasitale aakulu onse ndi chochititsa. Chisonkhezero cha akanema ameneŵa chingawonekere pambali iliyonse ya njira ya lamulo — kuchokera ku makonzedwe a mapu a mapangano ndi kukonza mapangano a kukambirana ndi mavoti omalizira. Nkhani ino ikufufuza mmene kusonkhezera mpambo wa malamulo, mitundu ndi maluso ogwiritsiridwa ntchito, dongosolo la malamulo olamulira, ndi kusuliza kopitirizabe kokhudza kachitidweko.

Ntchito ya Kubera Anthu pa Ndale

Kuphana ndi anthu kumachita zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri m’dziko loimira demokrase. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amasonyezedwa kuti ndi oipa, kukhoza kukhala ngati mlatho pakati pa osankha ndi opanga malamulo, kumapereka chidziŵitso chapadera ndi kuimira maganizo osiyanasiyana. Mbali zofunika zimaphatikizapo:

• Kuperekedwa kwa Zofunika: Ofufuza akutsimikizira kuti mawu a magulu akutiakuti — kugaŵikana, mabungwe a antchito, ochirikiza malo okhala, mayanjano a malonda, ndi mabungwe aukatswiri — amvedwa ndi opanga malamulo amene mwina sangakhale ndi kugwirizana mwachindunji ndi ma constitue.
• Umboni ndi Kayendedwe: Malamulo amayang'anizana ndi nkhani zovuta zonga njira yotetezera zaumoyo kufikira kupatana. Odziŵa za matenda amapereka chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane, kupenda kwalamulo, ndi maphunziro a zachuma amene amathandiza opanga malamulo odziŵitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, wolandira chithandizo wa zaumoyo angapereke zitsanzo zokwera mtengo za kusintha kolinganiza kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
• Advocacy ndi Kukopa: Ofufuza a mpikisano wokangalika wa ndalama kapena ndalama zachindunji, kugwiritsa ntchito msanganizo wa kukopa kwachindunji, ndawala zaunansi, ndi zitsenderezo za udzu kuti asinthe malingaliro andale.
• Kulolera: Nthaŵi zambiri, okopa alendo amagwira ntchito monga mameseji, kuthandiza kukambirana ndi kulolerana kumene kumalola malamulo kupita patsogolo pamene zikondwerero zotsutsana zilipo.

Popanda kuwakakamiza, opanga malamulo angadalire pafupifupi kotheratu pa antchito awo aumwini, mabungwe a akuluakulu, ndi m’zofalitsa za nyuzipepala za nyuzipepala za — zopereka zimene zingakhale ndi malingaliro awoawo kapena malingaliro osakwanira.

Mitundu ya Kubisa ndi Njira Zawo

Kumvetsa mitundu imeneyi kumamveketsa bwino mmene magulu osiyanasiyana amayesera kusokoneza malamulo.

Kupyoza Kolunjika

Kukopa anthu mwachindunji kumaphatikizapo kulankhulana pamaso pa munthu ndi wokonza malamulo kapena antchito awo. Zimenezi zingachitike mu akazembe a malamulo a ’ ofesi, pa komiti, kapena kupyolera m'misonkhano yolinganizidwa. Lobbybys akupereka mfundo, kupereka zikalata zochirikiza, ndi kuyankha mafunso. Anthu ambiri amene kale anali mamembala a Congress ndi akuluakulu a ntchito amaloŵa m'chigawo chachinsinsi monga osonkhezera, kukonza maunansi awo aumwini ndi chidziŵitso cha bungwe — chochitika kaŵirikaŵiri chimatchedwa kuti “voretall. &quo;

Maluwa Ochititsa Nthumanzi

Grasroots zimalimbikitsa anthu onse kuti alankhule ndi oimira awo osankhidwa. Izi zingaphatikizepo makampani a telefoni, maimelo, kusonkhanitsa a manyuzi, ndi zitsanzo za anthu. Mabungwe kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito manambala a intai, kusatsa, ndi zochitika za kumaloko kuti aonetse uthenga wawo. Cholinga ndicho kusonyeza malingaliro a anthu onse, mwakutero kuyambitsa chitsenderezo chimene opanga malamulo satha kunyalanyaza. [[FLT: 0] Njinga: [ Mu 2019, magulu a malo ozungulira anagwirizana ndi kukakamiza Green New Areal, kupanga mafoni mamiliyoni ambiri ku maofesi a msonkhano.

Kukonda Kudya Nsanza

Pamene mabungwe ambiri agwirizana pa cholinga chimodzi cha malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga mgwirizano. Mwakuphatikizana chuma, kufufuza, ndi kutumiza mauthenga, mapangano ameneŵa angapereke kutsogolo kowopsa kwambiri kuposa gulu lililonse. Colonibility Roundtable [1], gulu la CEOs kuchokera ku mabungwe akuluakulu a U.S., ndi limodzi la akatswiri amphamvu kwambiri otsata misonkho ndi malonda.

Kuzemba

Mabungwe angalembe ntchito makampani kuti apange makalata opeka, kulipira anthu kuti akapezeke ku zikondwerero, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mabatire kuti apange ndemanga za anthu.

Kutsekemera Pakhomo

Zimenezi zimayambitsa chidziŵitso chakuya ndi kupezeka, komanso zimayambitsa nkhaŵa ya kukangana kofuna chidwi ndi kugwidwa kwa mabungwe oyendetsa zinthu ndi makampani amene amayang’anira.

Mmene Mbalame Yokongola Imagwirira Ntchito

Kukhazikitsa malamulo a malamulo a— kuchotsa nkhani zimene zimalandira chisamaliro ndi chinthu choyamba — mwinamwake ndicho chisonkhezero champhamvu koposa chimene chingapereke.

• Insinsinsi Zopanga mafuta: Ofufuza amayesetsa kupereka zikondwerero zawo monga mavuto ofunika mwamsanga ofunikira kutsatiridwa ndi lamulo. Amatumiza maphunziro, kutulutsa zikalata zalamulo, ndi kufalitsa nkhani zoulutsira mawu kulongosola. Mwachitsanzo, makampani a zotsala za mafuta otsala pansi otha zaka makumi ambiri akusintha mkhalidwe kukhala wosatsimikizirika kapena vuto la mtsogolo, kuchedwa kukhazikitsa malamulo.
• Kupanga Malamulo Onga Fanizo: Ofuna kulowa m'dziko ambiri opanga mafaindi kapena zikalata zimene opanga malamulo amayambitsa kukhala awo. Magulu onga American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) amapereka lamulo lokonzeka lokhudza nkhani zochokera kusamuka mpaka ku kutumiza anthu ovuta, kaŵirikaŵiri lotengedwa pafupifupi ndi malamulo a boma.
• Kuthandiza mwa Kampani Yopereka: Makomiti a ndale zadziko (PAC) ndi olandira alendo aumwini amapereka mokulira kwa oyembekezera amene amachirikiza malo awo. Pamene kuli kwakuti zopereka sizimatsimikizira mavoti, iwo amasunga kukhoza ndi kupanga mkhalidwe wachangu. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti ziŵalo za Congress zimene zimalandira zopereka zazikulu kuchokera ku maindasitale ena ziri zothekera kwambiri kuvota m'maindasitalewo’ chiwongolala.
• [[NT.0] Magawo a Komiti yopinga ndi Mayeso: Ofesi angakakamize kuti mapepala ena aperekedwe ku makomiti oyanja kapena kuti mayeso andandalitsidwa. Angaperekenso mpambo wa umboni waubwenzi ku chonulirapo chawo.
• Kutseka kapena kuchedwa Malamulo: Nthaŵi zina cholinga si kupitirira lamulo koma kuletsa kuyandikira. Ofufuza amagwiritsira ntchito njira za procedro, zokonza, ndi kukakamiza mipando ya komiti kuletsa malamulo osafunidwa kufika pansi.

Mbiri Yake: Chisinthiko cha Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Kukopa si chinthu chamakono. Mawuwa amachokera ku “lobby ” ku Capitol wa ku United States, kumene anthu angadikire kulankhula ndi mamembala a bungwe la Congress.

• Zaka za zana la19: [[FLT :1] Lobbing kwakukulukulu anali osakhala ndi malamulo, ndi zikondwerero za sitima ndi za banki zinasonkhezera kwambiri mwa ziphuphu ndi mabizinesi a m'nyumba. Pendleton Act (1883) ndipo kusintha kotsatirapo kunayamba kupanga utumiki wa boma ndi kuchepetsa ochirikiza.
• 1930s –1960s: [[FLT :1] Maprogramu a New Deal ndi Great Society adawona kukwera kwa magulu a antchito olinganizidwa ndi othandizira anthu. Lobbing inakhala yolinganizidwa kwambiri, ndi magulu onga AFL-CIO ndi American Medical Association kukhazikitsa maofesi achikhalire a Washington.
• 1970s –1990: Malamulo a makhalidwe, kuphatikizapo lamulo la Lobbing Displane, Lobbing Dissource Act , kulembetsa ndi kupereka zofunika. gulu linakula, longa ngati Common Club ndi Sierra Club.
• Zakale zopanda malire . Khoti Lalikulu ’ ma [[FT:2] Citizens United (2010) anatulutsa ndalama zandale zodziimira paokha ndi mabungwe. Kukwera kwa ma PC ndi magulu a ndalama zakuda kunayamba kuloŵerera m'makampani a madola ambirimbiri, ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu tsopano choperekedwa kunja kwa dongosolo lalamulo la kulembetsa.

Khomo Lozungulira: Mbali Yokhazikitsidwa

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zimene zimatsutsidwa kwambiri ndi makampani otsatsa malonda ndi chitseko chogwirizanitsa ntchito za boma ndi zotsatizana. Amene anali mamembala a Congress, ogwira ntchito m'komiti, ndi akuluakulu a boma abweretsa ukatswiri ndi kugwirizana ndi ntchito zawo zatsopano. Kufufuza kwa 2021 kochitidwa ndi Center for Responsive Political kunapeza kuti pafupifupi 43% ya amene kale anali mamembala a Congress printer monga operekera ukachoka ku ofesi. Kachitidweka kamachititsa nkhaŵa zingapo:

• Malamulo a Chikondwerero: Opanga malamulo angapange zosankha zimene zingathandize olemba ntchito awo amtsogolo.
• Indider Access : Nduna zokhalako kaŵirikaŵiri zimaloledwa kulowa kotheratu kwa mabwenzi awo akale, kupatsa makasitomala awo mwaŵi.
• [[MTSOGU] Kufikira kwa Uyang'aniro: Maulamuliro angakhale osafuna kupanga chilengezo chaukali pa maindasitale amene afuna kugwirizana nawo.

Maiko ena, monga France ndi Canada, amakhazikitsa nyengo za kuzizira zimene zimaletsa akuluakulu a boma akale kukakamizika kwa zaka zingapo pambuyo pa kutuluka mu ofesi. ku United States, ziletso ziripo kwa akuluakulu ena anthambi koma ziri zofooka kwa ziŵalo za Congress.

Kusintha ndi Kusintha: Ntchito Yopanga Mafupa

Pofuna kuchepetsa mavuto a ziphuphu ndi kutengera zinthu zosayenera, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo olimbikitsa anthu kuulula zinthu.

• Lobbying Dislosure Act (1995): Olandira alendo amafuna kulembetsa ndi Clerk wa Nyumba ndi Mlembi wa Nyumba, ndi kusimba mobwerezabwereza kuti aulule makasito awo, nkhani, ndi ndalama.
• Honest Leadership and Open Government Act (2007): Kuvumbula kolimbitsidwa, mphatso zoletsedwa kwa ziŵalo za Congress, ndi zilango zowonjezereka za kuswa.
• Auntirs Religister Act (FARA): Amafuna anthu oimira maboma achilendo kapena mabungwe andale kuti alembere ndi kuulula zochita zawo.

Mosasamala kanthu za malamulo ameneŵa, zipata zazikulu zikupitirizabe. Magulu amene amawononga malire ochepera pa otsata otsatizana. Angafunikire kusalembetsa. “ Dark ndalama ” magulu —501(c) mabungwe a zachikhalidwe a — Can amadziloŵetsa m'zoloŵa za ndale zadziko popanda kupatsa operekawo. Kufufuza kwa 2019 kochitidwa ndi Boma Accouncial Aclication Office kunapeza kuti pafupifupi theka la mabungwe onse amene angalephere kulembetsa monga momwe kufunikira.

Kuyerekezera kwa mitundu yonse kumavumbula njira zosiyanasiyana. Enuan Union [FLT :1] inapangidwa modzifunira ku Reparency Register mu 2011 (kupangidwa kwa lamulo la kufikira akuluakulu ena mu 2020). Australia [1] ndi Canada [1] ali ndi malamulo ovomerezeka oletsa kuzizirira. Mosiyana ndi, maiko ambiri osatukuka ali ndi malamulo ofooka kapena olephera, kupanga nthaka yachonde kaamba ka chiphuphu.

Kufufuza za Chisonkhezero Chokopa Anthu

Kupenda zochitika zenizeni kumasonyeza mphamvu yeniyeni ya kusonkhezera kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi lamulo la anthu.

Malonda a Fodya: Zaka Zakatha

Kuyambira m'ma 1950 mpaka m'ma 1990, makampani a fodya anawonjezera imodzi ya ndawala zokopa anthu kwambiri m’mbiri. Inapempha ofufuza kuti anene kuti atsutse mfundo za kusuta ndi kansa, andale amene anatsutsa malamulo, ndi magulu a asilikali okakamiza kuti alepheretse malamulo oletsa kusuta ku boma ndi boma. Ngakhale kuti panali umboni wosonyeza kuti kuopsa, bungwe la U.S. Congress linakhazikitsa mfundo zoletsa kusuta fodya ndi kuletsa banja kusuta fodya, ndipo linapatsa FDA mphamvu yoletsa ntchito za fodya.

Mphamvu ya Maindasitale Opanga Mankhwala

Makampani a mankhwala ndi imodzi ya ndalama zambiri zowonongera ndalama pokopa anthu ku Washington, , inaposa ngakhale chigawo cha chitetezo. Pakati pa 1999 ndi 2020, makampani owononga ndalama zopitirira madola 4.5 biliyoni polandira mankhwala. Inachita bwino kwambiri pokambirana za mtengo ku Medicare Part D (2003) ndi Afford Care Act (2022), Act ya Kutulutsa Reduction pomalizira pake Medicalic imakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa yochitira zinthu pa mtengo wa mankhwala ena a — kupambana kwa okonzanso zinthu zina, koma maindasitale akupitirizabe kubwezera kuti afooketse makonzedwewo.

Magulu a Malo Okhala ndi Lamulo la Kuyeretsa Mpweya

Ofuna malo okhala, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amaposa otsutsa maindasitale, apeza zipambano zazikulu. Sierra Club ndi Natural Resources Defense Council zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonkhezera Ceake Air Amend Ame Ame Ame Ame Amereka ya 1990, yomwe inatchula zinthu zamadzi a asidi ndi mpweya wapoizoni. Posachedwapa, Sunrise Movement ndi magulu ena a achinyamata ogwidwa ndi magalimoto agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya udzu kuti asinthe nyengo m'dziko, kusonkhezera malamulo a za kayendetsedwe ka nyengo ka Biden Birsquo; malamulo a za nyengo.

Mtanda Wolowera: Chipangano cha U.S.-Mexico - Canada

Kusintha kwa NAFTA m'dziko la USMCA (2020) kunachitidwa ndi magulu a alimi, opanga magalimoto, ndi maukwati a antchito. Olima chimanga a Iowa anafunafuna kuti apeze msika wosungidwa, pamene opanga galimoto a ku United States anasonkhezera malamulo okhwima kwambiri oyambira ku America kuti apange zinthu. Chipangano chomalizacho chinasonyeza kulinganiza kwa zolinga zopikisana zimenezi.

Kusuliza ndi Mavuto

Pamene kuli kwakuti kukakamiza kuli kololedwa ndi lamulo ndipo ngakhale kotetezeredwa mwalamulo monga mtundu wa kuchonderera boma, kuli ndi chisulizo chachikulu chimene aphunzitsi ayenera kutchula m’kalasi.

• Kusiyanitsa kwa Chisonkhezero: Chikondwerero cha ntchito chimapititsa kwambiri magulu a anthu okondwerera. Mu 2021, pa $1 iriyonse yowonongedwa ndi bungwe la antchito pa kukopa kwa boma, makampani anawonongera $25. Kusalinganizika kumeneku kwa malamulo kuli ndi achuma.
• Kusintha kwa Access ndi Frice : Khomo lozungulira ndi zopereka za ndawala zimapanga dongosolo kumene olumikizidwa bwino ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu kwambiri kuposa nzika wamba. Kufufuza kwa 2014 kwa mayunivesite a Princeton ndi Northwestern kunapeza kuti atsogoleri a zachuma ndi zikondwerero zadongosolo amalamulira malamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti malingaliro a anthu ambiri ali ndi chiyambukiro chochepa chodziimira.
• Lack of Transparency:[[FLT :1] Ndalama zakuda ndi kuitanira kopanda lipoti kumapangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa osankha kudziŵa amene akusonkhezera oimira awo. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kuŵerengera kwa democracy.
• Kufikira kwa lamulo: Mafakitale olamuliridwa kaŵirikaŵiri amasonkhezera mokwanira kulinganiza mabungwe enieniwo ofunikira kuwayang'anira, kutsogolera ku kutsata kochepa ndi malamulo a maindasitale.
• Kusintha kwa Ziphuphu: Ngakhale pamene kuli kololedwa, kayendetsedwe ka malonda kaamba ka zopereka kangathetse chidaliro cha anthu. Mantha akusonyeza kuti anthu ambiri a ku America amakhulupirira kuti dongosolo la ndale zadziko limachirikiza zinthu zapadera.

Kusintha Koyembekezeredwa

Pali njira zambiri zimene cholinga chake n’kuchepetsa mavuto amene anthu amakumana nawo powalimbikitsa kuti asinthe zinthu zina zimene amachita.

• [[MLT: 0] Disclosure yotsimikizirika: Ifuna nthaŵi yeniyeni ya kusimba kwa olankhulana ndi ofunsira ndi ogwiritsira ntchito ndalama, ndi kutsekera zipata za magulu a ndalama akuda.
• Nthaŵi za Coolting-Off : chiletso chiwonjezedwe kwa amene kale anali akuluakulu a boma osonkhezera mabungwe awo kufukiza nthambi zonse za boma, ndi kuwonjezera utali wa chiletso.
• Kutsekereza kwa Chisankho: Kuchepetsa kudalira pa zopereka zaumwini mwa kupereka ndalama za anthu zoyenderana ndi zopereka zazing'ono, monga momwe zachitikira ku New York City.
• Malamulo olimbikitsa kukakamiza: Apereka Ofesi ya Mfundo za Boma za ulamuliro wa kudziimira paokha ndi ndalama zokwanira.
• [[MLT:0] Kuwunikira kwa mlingo: Kufuna kuti magawo onse osungira mpando atsegulidwe kwa anthu, ndi kuti mapepala onse aikidwe pa Intaneti patatsala maola 72 kuti voti ivote.

Kumaliza: Kugonana N’kosanganiza

Kufunkha sikunawonongeke mwachibadwa kapena kuli kopindulitsa mofanana. Chidachi chikhoza kukulitsa ponse paŵiri zikondwerero za makampani amphamvu ndi mawu a anthu otsika. Chitokoso cha magulu a demokrase ndicho kuyang'anira kutsata m’njira zimene zimasunga chidziŵitso ndi kuimira kwake pamene akuletsa kukhoza kwake kusokoneza zolinga za malamulo kutsata anthu ochepa. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuzindikira mmene ntchito zosonkhezera — kuchokera ku kulunjikitsa chigwirizano cha khomo loyandikana ndi — kuli kofunika kaamba ka kudziŵa kukhala nzika ndi kuyang'anira mphamvu ya kusintha zinthu. Kungovomereza kucholoŵa ntchito imeneyi kungalimbitse malamulo a ntchito zademokrala kuilimbikitsa kupanga zosankha m’malo mwa kuigwiritsa ntchito.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka: [[FLT: 0] a Gufungurareti. org [FLT :1] njira zopezera ndalama ndi kuzungulira chidziŵitso cha khomo. Conforialialial Research Service [ imapereka kusasanthula kwa malamulo okopa. [[FLT:] Sunight Foundation ochirikiza kuonekera kwa boma. [[FLT:] GAO chitira lipoti pa kuvomereza kopanda chikalata. [FLT:] imasonyeza mipata. [FL:] 2014 phunziro yophunziridwa ndi Gillen ndi Text [FL:]