Masinthidwe a lamulo sali kokha masinthidwe alamulo; iwo ali oyendetsa amphamvu amene amasintha machitidwe a kayendetsedwe ka chitaganya chirichonse. Pamene nyumba yoyamwitsa ipereka lamulo latsopano kapena kukonza lomwe liripo, ziyambukiro za magudumu zimafalikira kwambiri m'dongosolo la kupanga malamulo, njira zosungitsa, ndi ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku za mabungwe ndi madongosolo olinganizidwa. Kwa aphunzitsi, opanga malamulo, ndi ophunzira a ulamuliro, kumvetsetsa unansi wamphamvu umenewu nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene magulu akutembenuzira malamulo andale kudzakhala malamulo ogwirira ntchito. Nkhaniyi ikupenda njira zambiri zosinthira kusintha malamulo a malamulo, kuyambira pa kusintha kwa maziko a maziko kufikira kuyambitsidwa kwa zitoko ndi kusintha kwa malamulo ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa malamulo onse aŵiriwo ndi malamulo oyenga kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Malamulo Olamulira

Pamaziko ake, lamulo limapereka ulamuliro walamulo wa malamulo. Popanda lamulo, mabungwe akakhala opanda mphamvu yopanga malamulo, kukakamiza miyezo, kapena kupereka zilango. Unansi umenewu umatanthauza kuti kusintha kulikonse kwa malamulo ndi kukonzanso, kapena kukonzanso, kumayambukira mwachindunji kakonzedwe ndi ukulu wa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, pamene U.S. Congress inapatsira Diec Air Acts ya 1990, inakulitsa kwambiri ulamuliro wa Environmental Protection Agement (EPA) kuyang'anira kuipitsa kwa mpweya, kutsogolera kuchuluka kwa malamulo atsopano a za makampani, miyezo ya galimoto, ndi kupanga makonzedwe a boma. Momwemonso, pamene bungwe la European Union likhazikitsa malamulo atsopano otetezera (DP) ochirikiza mfundo zatsopano za kukhazikitsa malamulo a zachigwirizaniro ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano.

Malamulo amathandiza kuti malamulo asinthe zinthu azikhala ogwirizana ndi malamulo a m’chilengedwe. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zosiyanasiyana zisinthe n’kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zake. Kwa ophunzira a boma, kuzindikira kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zimenezi zimasintha mofulumira pamene ena akukhala osakhazikika, ndiponso chifukwa chake kusintha kwina kwa malamulo kumathandiza kwambiri kuti zolinga zawo zikhale zopindulitsa kuposa zina.

Mitundu ya Kusintha kwa Malamulo ndi Kusintha Kwawo kwa Malamulo

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu ya malamulo ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti timvetse mmene malamulowo amakhudzira malamulowo pa zochita zawo zonse, si kusintha konse kwa malamulo komwe kuli ndi mphamvu yofanana.

Malamulo Atsopano Opanga Malamulo Atsopano Onse

Pamene nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo ipanga lamulo latsopano kotheratu, kaŵirikaŵiri imapanga boma latsopano kotheratu. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa bungwe la Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) pansi pa Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation ndi Consumer Protection Act ya 2010. Lamulo latsopano limeneli linafuna bungwelo kuyamba kukwapulidwa: antchito olemba ntchito zaudindo, kupanga madongosolo a malamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a zinthu zandalama zosakhala zoyendetsedwa monga malipiro ndi kukongoletsa. Mtolo wopereka katundu pa makampani a Wall Street ndi Consumer Protection Active Active (kusinthasinthasintha kwa maluso apamwamba) ndi kukulitsa luso m'madera otchuka.

Masinthidwe Amene Amasintha Zofunika za Lamulo

Zofala kwambiri ndizo kusintha malamulo amene alipo. Zimenezi zingagwiritsitse kapena kumasula malamulo, kuchotsa chitsimikizo, kapena kuyambitsa masiku atsopano otsatizana. Mwachitsanzo, Food Safety Modertization Act (FSMA) kukonzanso kwambiri Federal Food, Drug, ndi Cosmetic Act , kuchotsa Food and Drug Administration (FRA) cholinga cha kuchotsa kuipitsidwa ndi kuletsa. Kusintha kumeneku kukakamiza FDA kuyambitsa dongosolo latsopano lotetezera, kukonza malamulo oyendera, ndi kupanga dongosolo la madongosolo achitatu opatulapo. Kusintha kwa zakudya, opanga makampani, opanga zinthu, ndi ogulitsa ngakhale ogulitsa zinthu achilendo, amene onse anazoloŵera kukonza malo ogwirizana ndi kukonza malo.

Zomwe Zimachotsa Malamulo Kapena Kuchepetsa Malamulo

Malamulo ena amasintha kuti athetse nyumba za malamulo zomwe zilipo. Malamulo angayendetsedwe ndi malamulo apadera, umboni wakuti malamulo sagwira ntchito kapena ndi achikale, kapena kuti akufuna kuchepetsa ndalama zoyendetsera. Mwachitsanzo, kudutsa kwa TChefu ndi Jobs Act ya 2017 kunaphatikizapo makonzedwe amene amakonza mbali za bungwe la Affordable Care Act, kuchotsa malamulo a munthu aliyense payekha, kuchotsa bwinobwino lamulo limene linakonza misika ya inshuwalansi kwa zaka zambiri. Mabungwe a boma anafunikira kukonzanso zinthu zofunika, kuchotsa zikalata zotsogolera, ndi zinthu zenizeni zochokera ku ku kuyang'anira lamulo. Nthaŵi zambiri zimenezi zimapangitsa mavuto, monga mmene mabungwe akuchititsa mapologalamu a boma pamene akuyang'anira ntchito za malamulo ndi mavuto.

Kufufuza Nkhani za Anthu Osintha Malamulo

Kufufuza zitsanzo zapadera kumatithandiza kudziwa mmene malamulo amasinthira malamulo.

Kukonzanso Zachilengedwe: Lamulo la Mpweya Woyera ndi Kulamulira EPA

Ceaner Air Act yasinthidwa kambirimbiri kuyambira pamene anayambira kudutsa mu 1970, kukonza kulikonse kochititsa kusintha kwakukulu m'machitidwe a EPA. Kukonza kwa 1990 kunayambitsa njira zoyendera za malonda monga kapusi ndi trade ya sulfur dioxide, zimene zinafuna kuti EPA ipange njira yatsopano yosinthira. Kusintha kumeneku kunasintha ntchito ya EPA kuchokera kwa woyang'anira malo a malonda, kudalira pa miyezo ya mwambo ya kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ndi kuyendetsa zinthu. Bungwelo lina linakonza njira yochitira malonda, kukhazikitsa ndi kulengeza zofunika, ndi kupanga dongosolo logwirizana lomwe lingasamalire malonda zikwi zambiri tsiku ndi tsiku. Kusintha kumeneku kunasintha ntchito ya EPA yoyang'anira malo a Uyang'anira, kufunikira luso latsopano ndi kulinganiza ndi kuyendetsa zinthu za m'tsogolo ndi kukhazikitsa bungwe la Trad Sroma.

Posachedwapa, mikangano ya malamulo yokhudza kusintha kwa nyengo yachititsa kuti EPA ikhalenso ndi chitsenderezo chosinthasintha mpweya wotentha pansi pa desiki la Deseat . Pamene kuli kwakuti chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Massachusetts v. EPA (2007]) yakakamiza bungwelo kuchitapo kanthu, zoyesayesa zotsatirapo za malamulo kukhazikitsa malamulo a za kukhazikitsa malamulo a zasintha malo a dziko lapansi. Kulephera kwa kapea ndi katrade m'mapepala mu Congress kwakakamiza EPA kudalira pa ulamuliro wa malamulo amene alipo, kutuluka m'ma Planton Wauni pansi pa Obama ndi kubwezeretsa kwake pansi pa ulamuliro wa Trump. Kuyesayesa kulikonse kukhazikitsa kwa dongosolo la zandale ndi malamulo kwamphamvu, kuonetsa mmene kaŵirikaŵiri kuyendera malamulo a boma monga momwe amachitira.

Kusintha kwa Ndalama: Lamulo la Dodd-Flarnk ndi CFPB

Palibe nkhani yofufuza yowonjezereka ya kusintha kwa malamulo a kaseŵeredwe ka mabukhu a kuseŵerera kolembedwanso kokhala ndi malamulo kuposa Dodd-Frank Act . Inapangidwa poyankha vuto la zachuma la 2008, Dodd-Frank adapanga bungwe la Ndalama Zotetezera Malamulo (FSOC) ndi bungwe la Conference Finical Provition Bureaual (CPB), ndi kuika lamulo la Volckerrective Reconfirective kuletsa kugulitsa ndi bank. Mabungwe a zamalonda oyendetsa ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Dodd-Frank kuyendetsa ntchito ntchito utom'oma wa kukonza malamulo atsopano. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la CFPB’s projectivestion lotsogolera ku ku chilengedwe kwa maauniver- Repareach, amene adafunikira kukwaniritsa ndalama ndi njira za okongola ndi osapatsidwa ndi boma asanaperekedwe ntchito. Operekanso mapangano a ndalama monga opereka ndalama, omwe adawalemba kale, omwe anatsogolera ndi opereka.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu kunali ndi mavuto ambiri: mikangano yogwirizana pa ulamuliro wa Volcker, zopinga za lamulo ku malamulo a CFPB, ndi maindasitale akupinikiza pa zofunika za kusonkhanitsa. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kusintha kwa malamulo "monga ngati Economic Grouting, Regalication, ndi Conter Protection Act ya 2018(Kuteteza kumbuyo kwa malamulo a mabanki ang'onoang'ono, kufuna kuti CFPB ndi mabungwe ena apereke malamulo awo. Kumbuyoku ndi kumbuyo kwa kuonetsa kuvomereza malamulo ndi malamulo, kumene magulu a zankhondo alionse akusintha kuti akonze njira zawo, zikalata zotsogolera, ndi zosungitsa.

Thanzi ndi Chitetezo: Lamulo Loletsa Kusuta kwa Banja ndi Loletsa Fodya

Mu 2009, bungwe la Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act linapatsa bungwe la FDA mphamvu yolamulira fodya kwa nthaŵi yoyamba. Kusintha kumeneku kunachititsa FDA kupanga gulu latsopano logawa malamulo, Center for Tobacco Products, ndi kuyambitsa malamulo a malamulo a zopanga malonda, zoletsa, ndi kupenda za mapologalasi. Bungwelo linayenera kukhazikitsa lamulo lomaliza loona kuti e-carettettes, ma xube, ndi zinthu zina zofunikira kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, zomwe zimachititsa kuti zikhale zopereka lamulo ndi kulonjeza kuti ziperekeretu zaumoyo wa anthu ambiri. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza mmene ntchito ya kusoŵa ntchito zina zazikulu m'mabungwe asanayambe, kukonzanso ntchito, kuyendetsa ntchito yapamwamba, ndi kukonzanso maphunziro.

Chochititsa Kuvutika Kudya: Mmene Kusintha Malamulo Kumagwirizanira

Si mphamvu imodzi. Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza mipata, mavuto, kapena zotsatirapo zosayembekezereka za lamulo loyambirira, kusonkhezera opanga malamulo kubwereranso ndi kukonzanso malamulo. Kuvomereza kumeneku kuli mbali yofunika kwambiri ya ulamuliro wamakono.

Kulephera kwa Malamulo Monga Zotsatira Zoyenera

Pamene malamulo atsimikizira kukhala osagwira ntchito kapena kutulutsa zotulukapo zolakwika, mabwalo a malamulo angaloŵerepo kuwongolera. Mwachitsanzo, kutayika kwa mafuta a Deeptory mu 2010 kuvumbula zofooka mu Sunerals Management Service ku Khirisishoni ya Kutsegulira kwa Pagombe. Poyankha, Congress inapatula Out Contental Shelf Safect Oversight Act, imene inakonzanso njira zotetezera ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima kwambiri. Mofananamo, vuto la zachuma la 2008 linavumbula mipata ya kukonzanso zochokera ku malo otsalirako mu Dodd-Frad. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti masinthidwe a boma angavomereze, kukonza malamulo kuti malamulowo asakhale ndi mayezo okha.

Malamulo Opambana Olimbikitsa Malamulo Ochuluka

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, pamene malamulo apeza zotulukapo zabwino, angapange kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo. Kupambana kwa malamulo a EPA a Acid Rain Program pansi pa 1990 Ceake Air Act Demendment . Kumene kunachepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa sulfur dioxide ndi 40% pansi pa 1990 ndi mtengo wotsika kuposa kuyembekezera kuti [1] Zolingalira za lamulo za pambuyo pake za kukonza masinthidwe a nyengo. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a mkhalidwe wa dziko sanapitirire, chipambano cha boma ndi mapangano a maiko onse. Mofananamo, malamulo a FDA a fodya, olekezerapo kusuta fodya ndi fodya, anasonkhezera zoyesayesa zolamulira kukulitsa ulamuliro wa malo a malo a dziko ndi zinthu zina zamakono, zikusinthanso kupyola pa malamulo otsatira 2016 koma kulongosola lamulo lapamwamba.

Mavuto Oyang’anizana ndi Malamulo Ofuna Kusintha Malamulo

Kusintha kwa malamulo kumachititsa kuti mabungwe oyendetsa zinthu azikhala ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana.

Zomanga Zaluso ndi Zolimba

Mwinamwake vuto lalikulu kwambiri ndilo kusoŵa kwa makampani. Malamulo atsopano a malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amabwera popanda mapulogalamu ofanana, akumasiya mabungwe kuti akonzenso ndalama zimene zilipo kapena kufuna bajeti yowonjezera. CFPB, mwachitsanzo, inapatsidwa ndalama kudzera ku Federal Reserve , koma ndalama zake zinakhala mpira wa ndale zadziko, zomwe zinatsogolera ku kusatsimikizirika ndi malo ogwirira ntchito. Mabungwe a boma a FDA a fodya analimbana mofananamo ndi antchito ndi madongosolo a IT kuyang'anira maseŵero mamiliyoni ambiri a ziŵindi zimene adalandira. ACPUUTS iyenera kuwonjezerapo ntchito zopikisana, zimene zingatsogolere kuchedwa kupanga malamulo kapena kutsendekera. Makampaniwa ndi mutu wobwereza wa maphunziro a boma ndipo atsogolera ku kutumiza kaamba ka makampani opereka ndalama kuti agwiritsiridwe.

Kumasulira Chinenero Chosiyanasiyana Kapena Chotsutsana

Chinenero cha lamulo sichimamveka bwino. Kusintha kungayambike ndi kugawidwa kwa ndale zadziko, kulembedwa mofulumira, kapena malo osayembekezeredwa. Mabungwe a boma ayenera kumasulira chinenero chimenechi . Mobwerezabwereza mopendedwa. Mwachitsanzo, Chilamulo cha Dodd-Frank Frank Act chinafuna kuti chilolezo cha munthu aliyense payekha chikhale ndi lamulo la “miyalo ya zinthu za m'miyambo , koma kusiya mafotokozedwe a“ zofunika pa kupangidwa kwa zinthu zachipangizo”. Lamulo lotulukapo linatsutsidwa m’khoti, ndipo SEC pomalizira pake linakonzedwanso. Mofananamo, Afford Carect Act idaliridwa monga msonkho, koma mawuwo “okulira" anafuna kuti IR ipereke malangizo ambiri kuti itulutse mfundo ndi zilangizo. Nthaŵi zambiri amasulire malamulo, ndi kumasuliranso malamulo, kutsogolo kwa thupi, ndi kutsutsanso kutsutsa.

Kufufuza Kwapoyera ndi Chitsenderezo cha Ndale

Mabungwe a boma akugwira ntchito m'zandale. Masinthidwe a malamulo amene akutsutsana akopa anthu ambiri ndi andale. Mabungwe angayang'anizane ndi chitsenderezo cha magulu a anthu, makomiti auyang'anira audindo, ndi White House kuti apereke kapena achedwe kukhazikitsa malamulo. Mabungwe a Trump asinthanso malamulo, monga ngati, kuyang'anira boma, kuchititsa mabungwe kuti asinthe zinthu, makamaka pamene masinthidwe a boma akhudza thanzi la anthu onse, kutetezeka, kapena kusungidwa kwa chuma, monga momwe kumaonekera m'malemba a khoka, madzi oyera ndi a zachuma.

Kugwirizana pa Ntchito Zosiyanasiyana

Masinthidwe ambiri a malamulo amafunikira kugwirizana pakati pa mabungwe angapo. Lamulo la Dodd-Frank linalamula kuti bungwe la SEC, CTC, Federal Reserve, OCC, ndi FDIC pamodzi lipange Volcker Launce , ndi FDIC ikhale ndi njira ya zaka zambiri yosonyeza kusagwirizana pa mafotokozedwe ndi kusaloledwa. Food Safety Moderdation Act lifunikira FDA kuti ligwirizane ndi mabungwe a USDA ndi boma pa kutulutsa miyezo ya chisungiko. Kuyendetsa zinthu kungatsogolera ku kukwaniritsa kosasintha. Kugwirizana kwamphamvu kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna mapangano a kuzindikira, makomiti opanga malamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa misonkhano yanthaŵi zonse ya USDA ndi kulinganiza ndi kuyendetsa malamulo.

Malangizo Amtsogolo: Kusintha kwa Mikhalidwe m’Malamulo

Kulamulira kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, choncho mfundo yakuti malamulo asintha n’kusintha n’kusintha zinayamba kusintha.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Malamulo Oikidwa ndi Ntchito Yaukulu

Malamulo akutumiza mowonjezereka ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsa malamulo kwa mabungwe, makamaka m'mabungwe a zopangapanga kapena kusintha kofulumira. “lamulo loikidwali" limatanthauza kuti masinthidwe ambiri tsopano amachitika mwa ntchito ya bungwe mmalo mwa kuwongolera malamulo. Administrative Proceduract Act imayang'anira ntchito imeneyi, koma mabungwe alamulo amayang'anira ndi Congregational Review Act, imene imalola kuti iwo asavomereze malamulo atsopano. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa akuluakulu a boma kutsogolera zokambirana za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, ndi kuyang'anira Biden ka kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zosintha, imachitira chitsanzo mmene mphamvu za akuluakulu amachitira ntchito zolamulira ngakhale popanda malamulo atsopano. Kuzindikira zimenezi nkofunika kwa ophunzira a kayendetsekedwe ka malamulo, monga kusinthira kwa oimira oimira oimira oyang’anira osankhidwa kwa oyang’anira ntchito.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Kusintha

Malamulo atsopano akupangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi kupita patsogolo kwa luso. Lamulo la Digital Markets Act ndi Digital Services Act la EU ndi zitsanzo za kuvomereza mphamvu ya makompyuta aakulu. Malamulo ameneŵa amafuna mabungwe okhazikitsa ziwiya zatsopano zoyang'anira mapulogalamu, kupenda mpikisano wa malonda, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikhale zodziŵika bwino. Mofananamo, malamulo a boma (m’magazi) a boma (m’mphindi, California Consumplicy Act) akukakamiza okhazikitsa malamulo opangira njira zoyendetsera ufulu wogula, madongosolo a otsekera, ndi mabizinesi a mabizinesi. Monga mmene nzeru zopeka zimakulira, malamulo a U. Malamulo a U.S amasinthanso ndi mmene angalembe malamulo olola kuti agwirizane mwamsanga kuthanga ndi kuthanga kwatsopano.

Chisonkhezero cha Kutsogolera Mtanda

Masinthidwe a lamulo m'boma limodzi angayambukire machitachita a malamulo padziko lonse. GDPR imakhazikitsa muyezo wa dziko lonse wa kutetezera chidziŵitso, ndi makampani ambiri osakhala EU akutsatira malamulo ake a boma padziko lonse. Mofananamo, malamulo a zachuma a U.S. kaŵirikaŵiri amayambukira miyezo ya dziko lonse ya kusungitsa ndalama kupyolera ku Komiti ya Basel. Kusintha kumeneku kumawonjezera kucholoŵana kwa malamulo, monga momwe oyendetsa malamulo a boma ayenera kugwirizanitsa malamulo kapena mikangano pakati pa maulamuliro a genic. Chikhotereko cha ku malamulo a owonjezera malamulo a boma. Chikhotereko chikhoterero cha dziko chimagwira ntchito za ntchito kunja kwa malire ake.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa kusintha kwa malamulo ndi madongosolo a malamulo ngwamphamvu, kutsogolera, ndi kuchititsa. Kuyambira pakulengedwa kwa mabungwe atsopano mpaka kuwongolera malamulo amene alipo, malamulo alionse amayambitsa njira yosinthira mmene boma limagwirizanira ndi mabizinesi, nzika, ndi malo ozungulira. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira amene akufufuza zimenezi, kutha kwa malamulo ndi kuti malamulo sakhala malamulo apadera koma njira yamoyo imene imavomereza zandale, chikhalidwe, ndi zachuma. Mwakusanthula nkhani ngati za kukonza kwa Ceoc Air Act, Dodd-Frest, ndi kuletsa kuyendetsa Basel, ndi mwa kuzindikira mavuto a zisonkhetso, kumasulira, ndi kugwirizanitsa zinthu, timapeza chiyamikiro chachikulu kaamba ka luso la sayansi. Monga kusinthira ku madera atsopano.

[[ML:0] Ziŵiya za Mabuku Owonjezereka:[[Kusintha:1]