Chiyambi: Ntchito Yosonkhanitsa Anthu Yosatha

Makina a boma ndiwo chipangizo chachikulu chimene chitaganya chimapanga zosankha ndi machenjera ovuta kuposa makampani alionse kapena aumwini. Kuchokera ku kutsimikizira chisungiko cha dziko ndi kusunga ndalama zokhazikika kumanga madongosolo a zoyendera ndi kulabadira miliri, ntchito ya boma yothetsera mavuto a anthu njamaziko a moyo wamakono. Mavuto a anthu onse ali, mwa chilengedwe chawo, zocholoŵana, zadongosolo, ndi kufuna kuti anthu agwirizane bwino lomwe mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mabungwe a boma. Mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito pa pangano la anthu onse, akutenga ulamuliro wawo kuchokera ku ku kulamulidwa ndi anthu kuchitapo kanthu. Nkhaniyi ikupenda njira zotsimikizira, ndi zokambirana za boma pozindikira, kuyambitsa, kukonza zochita, ndi kukonza mavuto aakulu kwambiri a nthaŵi yathu.

Kuyenera Kuperekedwa ndi Boma

Kuzindikira chifukwa chimene maboma ali ndi malo othetsera mavuto ena kumafuna kupenda malire a misika ndi zochita zaumwini.

Zochita za Anthu Onse ndi Zamalonda Zimalephera

Pamutu pa mfundo zachuma za boma pali lingaliro la kulephera kwa malonda. Makampani amalephera kugaŵira katundu waumwini, koma amalephera pamene afika pa katundu wapoyera wa anthu onse . Izi ndi zinthu zimene siziri zopanda malire (zomwe munthu amagwiritsira ntchito kugula) ndipo sizimachepetsedwa ndi anthu ena (n’zosatheka kapena n’zosathandiza kwambiri kuletsa munthu kuzigwiritsa ntchito ngakhale ngati sabweza). Chitetezo, mphepo yoyera, mabwalo a nyumba, ndi kufufuza kwa sayansi ndi zitsanzo zodziŵika bwino. Chifukwa chakuti makampani achinsinsi satha kusonkhanitsa ndalama kuti awapereke, iwo amapindulitsidwa ndi malonda a malonda a malonda, amakhomangidwa ndi boma, monga ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za boma.

Mofananamo, imawononga thanzi la anthu ndi malo amene sasonyezedwa ndi mtengo wa zinthu zake. Pankhaniyi, malamulo, misonkho, kapena madongosolo apamwamba a boma angasinthe ndalamazo. Maphunziro ndi katemera zimayambitsa mavuto akunja mwa kupanga ntchito yopindulitsa ndi yathanzi. Boma ndi makonzedwe aunyinji amathandiza anthu kukonza bwino zinthu.

Kuyenera, Chilungamo cha Mayanjano, ndi Seŵero

Pamwamba pa kuyendetsa bwino chuma, lamulo lalikulu la boma ndilo kulondola chuma. Makampani amagaŵira chuma chochokera pa ntchito ndi zofuna, koma angapangitse kusalingana kwa makhalidwe a anthu omwe amawononga malo a mayanjano ndi a demokrase. Kusiya ntchito yapadera, zofunika monga chakudya, malo ogona, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo kumakhala kopanda ntchito kwa anthu ovutika kwambiri. Kuloŵerera kwa boma mwa kukhoma msonkho wopita patsogolo, maprogramu a zaumoyo, maphunziro a anthu onse, maphunziro a zaumoyo, ndi madongosolo a zaumoyo a kukonza mlingo wokuliraposewera. Ntchito yodzitetezera kwa anthu pazokhazokhazokha monga kutetezereka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, inshuwalansition, ndi kusoŵa kwa zosowa za ntchito, kapena kusoŵa kwa zosamalira zachuma, kapena kusoŵa kwa mautumiki.

Ziŵiya Zazikulu za Ntchito ya Boma

Maboma ali ndi zida zapadera zamphamvu ndi chuma zimene anthu oseŵerawo alibe.

Kukhazikitsa Malamulo ndi Kukhazikitsa Lamulo

Malamulo ndi malamulo a maziko a lamulo la anthu. Kufufuza vuto, kufufuza njira zotha kuthetsedwa, kufunsira kwa akatswiri ndi osungitsa, ndi kufunsa malemba omaliza. Njira imeneyi yalamulo imachitikira m'matupi monga United States Congress, makhonsati a boma, ndi mabungwe a mzinda. Kusintha kothandiza kumayendera mfundo zapamwamba, kusanthula kosatsutsika kwambiri (monga ngati kusanthula kochitidwa ndi mabowo monga Congregational Bactal Office), ndi kukhoza kumanga mapangano a dziko lonse. Malamulo otulukapo akhazikitsa zolinga, kupanga maprogramu, kulinganiza, kulinganiza, kulinganiza, ndi kuvomereza kuti agwiritsire ntchito. Kuchokera ku Deat Holy Air Act mpaka ku Afred Careal Act, malamulo akupanga dongosolo la boma.

Kusintha ndi Kukakamiza

Kusintha ndiko njira imene makampani aakulu a nthambi amapangira malamulo atsatanetsatane ogwiritsira ntchito ndi kutsatitsa zolinga zoperekedwa mokulira m'lamulo. Izi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchedwa "kukhazikitsa lamulo. Makampani onga Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSA), ndi Ofica) Oppal Ad Directory (Fractage) ndi Organistration (Frac) yopereka miyezo ya zaluso imene makampani ndi nzika ziyenera kutsatira. Mwachitsanzo, EPA imakhazikitsa malire a mphamvu ya kusanthula magetsi a m'dziko. Popanda kukhazikitsa malamulo amphamvu, malamulo angokhala chabe. Motero, machitidwe ofufuza, zoko bwino, ndi nkhani zoopsa, zotsatira milandu yoopsa, chifukwa cha kuswa malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi iyenera kuteteza, kukonzanso, ndi kukonza zachuma, ndi kukonza zachuma. Nthawi zambiri, malingana ndi malamulo a boma operekedwa pa pulogalamu: "3]

Makonzedwe Autumiki Achindunji

M'madera ambiri, boma silimangolamulira ntchito zonse, ndi ntchito yofunikira kwambiri. Izi n’zofala m’madera amene msika sungathe kutumikira aliyense mofanana kapena malo amene akufuna. Makampani a boma, makampani a boma, malamulo, ndi makampani oteteza anthu, amalipira msonkho. Chitsanzo cha boma chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti anthu onse afika, chimasunga ubwino, ndipo boma limalola kuti anthu akwaniritse udindo wawo popanda kudalira phindu. Masukulu aakulu, malamulo, makampani oyendetsera ntchito zamoto, ndi mautumiki a boma amayendetsera ntchito za boma. Nthaŵi zambiri amayendera limodzi ndi ntchito za boma.

Kusungitsa Ndalama ndi Kusungitsa Ndalama

Boma limayang'anira ntchito ya misonkho ndi ndalama zimene limagwiritsa ntchito pothetsa mavuto a anthu. Imeneyi imadziwika kuti ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri. Pankhani ya ndalama, boma limawononga zinthu zambiri: kumanga misewu, mabulogo, ndi kumanga makampani a kampani; kuthandizira asayansi kudzera ku National Institutes of Health (NIH) kapena National Science Foundation (NSF); ndiponso kupereka ndalama zothandizira boma ndi maboma akwawo kaamba ka malo ndi maphunziro. Pambali ya msonkho, boma lingachepetse kapena kuchepetsa khalidwe. Malo, monga ngati kumanga mabanki a Inhostries Inhond Reation (ITC), amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera ndalama za antchito otsika ntchito. Makampani opereka msonkho a nyumba za eni nyumba.

Chidziŵitso, Kuunika, ndi Chidziŵitso cha Makhalidwe

Chida chodziŵika kwambiri cha boma ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso ndi sayansi yamakhalidwe kusonkhezera zosankha popanda kulamula kapena zisonkhezero za zachuma. Makampani a zaumoyo wa anthu onse amagwiritsira ntchito kusatsa malonda ndi manyukiliya kuletsa kusuta kapena kupititsa patsogolo katemera. Food ndi Drug Administration ikufuna mapepala a chakudya choyenera pa pepala la chakudya kuthandiza ogula kupanga zosankha zathanzi. Mabungwe a boma onga ngati UK’s Paralyal Insights Team (BIT) ayamba ntchito ya "mageast" / / / [kasintha pang'ono m'kakhalidwe kawo kawo kawo kawo kawo kabwino ka moyo,) mwachitsanzo, kulembetsa antchito pa mapulani osunga ndalama zosungira ndalama (pomwe akulola kuti adziwone) akuwonjezera kwambiri ndalama zowayerekezera ndi zofunika kuwafunira kusankha. Kufikirakutchedwa "Britarian Bard, mfundo za ufulu," pamene anthu omwe asankha bwino kwambiri kuti ayendetse anthu.

Kufufuza za Vuto la Boma

Kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za m’mbiri ndi za m’nthaŵi yake kumasonyeza kuti zinthu zinasintha kwambiri — ndi mavuto aakulu amene boma limakumana nawo.

Njira Yatsopano Yochitira Zinthu ndi Yogwirizana ndi Kakhalidwe ka Anthu

Kulephera kwa Zachuma kwa ma 1930 kunaimira kulephera kwakukulu kwa chuma chaumwini, ndi ulova kufika 25%. Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal inali yankho lachindunji, lolimba la boma. Ilo linagwiritsira ntchito maluso a ziŵiya: ntchito zazikulu za anthu (Magulu a Ntchito Auyang'ana), malamulo a zachuma (Maboma ndi Exchange ndi FAC), chithandizo chachindunji (maprogramumboni a za kanema zachitukuko) ndi kulenga kwachikhalire kwa chitetezo cha anthu (Sacual Administration). Chigwirizano cha . Chikalata chatsopano china chinakonzanso unansi pakati pa anthu a ku America ndi boma lawo, chikumakhazikitsa chiyembekezo chakuti boma lidzachita mbali yaikulu m’kusungabe ndi kukonza moyo wa anthu ake. Chithandizo chinatsimikizira kuti boma silingangothandiza kuchepetsa ndi kukonzanso dziko lamakono.

Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala: Mpweya Woyera ndi Madzi Oyera

Kuwonongedwa kwa malo okhala kwa pakati pa zaka za zana la 20 . Mafuko akugwira moto, kutsamwitsa mizinda yaikulu . Kuipitsa kunali mkhalidwe woipa wa kunja umene maindasitale aumwini analibe chisonkhezero cha kuleka. Boma linayankha ndi lamulo lopanga. Develop Air Act [[FL:1] (1970]) ndi [Madzi] Oyera [Madzi] Oyera [[FLT]] Act [2] [22] adakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko lapansi ndipo anapanga zitsutso zamphamvu za kukonzanso. EPA inakhazikitsa malire aakulu pa zoipitsa, kukakamiza mafakitale kutenga maluso oyera. Zotsatira zake zinali zodabwitsa. Mosasamala kanthu kwambiri ndi kuwonjezereka kwa anthu, ngakhale kuti kuwonjezereka kwa anthu ndi kuipitsa kwa madzi, kuipitsa kwagwetsa. Mpweya wadziko, ndi kufalikira kwa karnoxine, kuyambira 1970, kuthekera kwa kutsimikizira kwa malamulo ogwirizana ndi kuwonjezereka, kufalikira kwa anthu, kuthekera kwa chiwonjezera chaku

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti

Imodzi ya tekinoloji yosintha kwambiri yamakono inayamba ndi kuikizira boma. Intaneti inayamba monga ARPANET, projekiti yochirikizidwa ndi Department’s Exvalment Research Projects Agency (DARPA). GPS inali njira yomangidwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Defense yoyendera asilikali. Boma silinangochirikiza kufufuza koyamba; linapanganso chosankha cha kutsegula luso la zopangazo kuti ligwiritse ntchito anthu wamba. Ntchito imeneyi inaphulitsa kuphulika kwa zinthu zatsopano zachinsinsi za gulu la anthu ofufuza zinthu zachinsinsi , wailesi ya za anthu, kukwera kwa makampani, kuyendetsa maatomu a makompyuta, kupangitsa maambuna a madola ambiri kwambiri m’zachuma ndi kusintha moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kuti ntchito yapadera ya boma m'makampani apamwamba, yofufuza ndi kukonzanso zinthu zachinsinsi.

Kuletsa Zoletsa za Kachitidwe ka Kampatuko Kofala

Ngakhale kuti njira zoyendetsera boma ndi zomveka bwino, anthu ambiri amavutika kudziwa kuti pali zinthu zina zimene sangakwanitse kuchita komanso kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zabwino zimene anthu akuyembekezera.

Kugawanikana ndi Kugawanikana kwa Ndale

Dongosolo la ndale zadziko la America linalinganizidwa ndi macheke ndi kulinganizika, zimene nthaŵi zina zingatsogolere ku kugaŵikana. Boma logaŵanika, kugaŵikana kwa mayiko, ndi chisonkhezero cha zikondwerero zapadera zingaletse lamulo lotsutsa. Vutolo likuchirikizidwa ndi kugawidwa kwa mphamvu m'boma, boma, ndi milingo ya kumaloko. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limalola kuyesa, likhozanso kupanga malamulo osagwirizana ndi kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kuthetsa mavuto a dziko kapena a dziko lonse lapansi monga kusintha kwakukulu kwa nyengo.

Ukapolo wa Ofesala ndi Kufafaniza

Ngakhale kuti pali lamulo langwiro, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kuli kotsimikizirika. Mabungwe a boma angavutike ndi luso lakale, ndalama zopereŵera, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu oopsa. Njira zamakono kaŵirikaŵiri zimadzazidwa ndi tepi yofiira yolinganizidwa kuletsa kutayidwa ndi chinyengo. Antchito a boma aluso ndi osonkhezeredwa amatsutsa, koma kupeza ndi kusunga luso lapamwamba kumakhala kovuta pamene chigawo chachinsinsi chipereka malipiro owonjezereka. Zimenezi "kutsatira njira zopangidwira" kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsogolera ku zotulukapo zogwiritsa mwala, kuchotsa chidaliro cha anthu onse.

Mavuto Okulira ndi Kuŵerengera

Nzika (akulu) zimagaŵira ulamuliro kwa akuluakulu a boma (oimira). Komabe, zikondwerero za oimira [1] osankhidwa ndi ma bureaucrates − si nthaŵi zonse zogwirizana bwino ndi awo a anthu. Akuluakulu osonyezedwa angakonzetse kusankhidwa kwa lamulo la mawu, ndipo oweruza angalondole kufutukula mabungwe kapena kutsatira malamulo okhwima amene amalepheretsa. Kuyang'anira, ndi masankhoti kuli kulimbana kosalekeza. Ukulu ndi kucholoŵana kwa boma lamakono kungachititse kuvuta kwa nzika kuzindikira amene ali ndi thayo, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kubwezera kapena kulanga akuluakulu kaamba ka ka kachitidwe kawo.

Chisinthiko cha Vuto la Anthu

Kuti athane ndi mavuto a m’zaka za zana la 21, boma liyamba kukonzanso zinthu zatsopano zokhudza kagulu kampatuko ka anthu onse pofuna kukonza mmene mavuto a anthu amathetsedwera, kupangitsa boma kukhala logwira ntchito, lomvera, ndiponso logwira mtima.

Kulamulira kwa Chigwirizano ndi Lamulo la Umboni

Pali gulu lomakulakulalo kuti lipite kupyola pa mfundo ndi ku njira yachitukuko yoyendera. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito njira zopimira data ndi kupenda [1] monga ngati mayeso olamuliridwa mwangozi (RCT) [1] kugamula zimene zimagwira ntchito, za ndani, ndi pa mtengo wotani. Boma lapanga mabungwe monga Commission on Evidence-Baccordid Policy kuchirikiza njira imeneyi. Mwa kuyang'ana pa zotulukapo, maboma angagawatsenso chuma kuchokera ku maprogramu amene amalephera kupereka zotulukapo zabwino.

Anthu Anakhazikitsa Boma

Mautumiki a boma amavuta kwambiri kwa nzika kuyendetsa. Malo a pulani ya anthu (HCD) amagwira ntchito yokonza zinthu zopeputsira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wogwiritsa ntchito webusaiti yovuta ya boma angafulumize kukonzanso zinthu. Makampani a United States (USDS) ndi bungwe la zamakono la GSA's Technology Transformation Services (TS) labweretsa luso lapamwamba la zopangapanga m'boma kuti lilowetse ntchito, kuchokera ku kuthandizira antchito akale kuti asamuke. Kufikira kumeneku kuchepetsa mautumiki a woyendetsa ntchito a kumapeto amafunikira kuchepetsa ndi kuwongolera chigwirizano.

Kugwirizana kwa Anthu Onse (PPPs) ndi Kulamulira Kolinganiza

Mowonjezereka, kuthetsa mavuto a anthu kumafuna kugwirizana m'zigawo zonse. Mabungwe a boma amathandiza kuti likhale likulu, ukatswiri, ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu za anthu aokha kumanga malo kapena kuyendetsa zinthu. Mofananamo, "kuyendetsa kothandiza" kubweretsa boma, chitaganya, ndi mabizinesi kuti athetse mavuto ovuta. Kusoŵa pokhala, mwachitsanzo, kumafuna kuti anthu azikhala ndi zinthu zina, okonza nyumba, mautumiki a zaumoyo, ndi madipatimenti a a apolisi agwirizane. Boma silingatsogolere nthaŵi zonse; nthaŵi zina ntchito yake ndiyo kugwirizanitsa, kugwirizanitsa, ndi kupereka chithandizo kapena kuchirikiza zoyesayesa zalamulo kuchuluka kwa anthu otenga malo.

Mapeto: Boma Losatsutsika ndi Ntchito Ili M’tsogolo

Ntchito ya boma yothetsa mavuto a anthu si nkhani yongoyerekezera ayi. Kuchokera kuudongo wa madzi amene timamwa mpaka kusungika kwa chakudya, kuchokera ku misewu imene timayenda kupita ku chitetezo cha kupuma pantchito, ntchito ya boma ndi yosasintha. Mavuto a zaka za zana la 21(makampani) ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopangapangapanga, kusokonezeka kwa dongosolo la zinthu, ndi chisungiko cha padziko lonse cha moyo kuposa kale lonse. Amafuna boma limene lili lokhoza, losavuta, ndi lodalirika. Ntchito ya chitaganya chamakono si kukonza kapena kulambira boma koma kukonzanso ndi kukonza. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kukonza maluso a ntchito za boma, kuyang'anira ndi kukonza zinthu, kuyang'ana zinthu, kuyendetsa zinthu, kuyendetsa zinthu, ndi kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe chandale.