Lingaliro la chochititsa chothekera liri limodzi la zitetezero zowopsa koposa m'machitidwe aupandu a ku America, makamaka pamene lamulo lifuna kufufuza bungwe la zachuma. Msanganizo wachinayi wa Communist ku U.S. umafuna kuti pasapereke chilolezo koma pa chifukwa chothekera, chochirikizidwa ndi lumbiro kapena chitsimikizo, ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo ofunidwa ndi anthu kapena zinthu zofunika kuwalanda. M'nkhani za mabungwe a zandalama, zimene zimaphatikizapo mabanki, maukwati a ngongole, makampani osungitsa ndalama, ndi mabungwe ena otero, ndi zigawo zina zotero, lamulo lalamulo lalamulo limakhala lowonjezereka chifukwa cha kulimba kwa malo okhala ndi malo otetezedwa ndi zinthu zachinsinsi owonjezereka pamtengo. Nkhaniyi ikupenda maziko alamulo oyenerera kuyang'anira ntchito za ndalama, ndi kuyang'anira malamulo othandiza kusungitsa kwa anthu ena.

Kumvetsetsa Chochititsa Chabwino m’Malonda

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika si njira yokhayikitsira koma lingaliro logwira ntchito, losagwirizana ndi mlingo wokhudza kuthekera. M'nkhani yotchuka Magendo a , 462 U.S. 213 (1903), Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. linatenga “mayeso a zochitikazo", kulangiza oweruza kupanga chosankha chothandiza, chomveka bwino ngati, atapereka mikhalidwe yonse yoikidwa mu affidavit, pali kuthekera kwakuti kuchotsedwa kapena umboni wa upandu udzapezedwa pamalo ena. Pamene malowo ali malo a zachuma,“ kuthekera kwa mphepo kugwirizanitsa mabanki, ndalama, kapena ndalama zotero zosakhala za lamulo, kuchotsapo chibalo, kapena kuyendetsa ndalama, kumbuyo, kapena kuyendetsa chigaŵenga cha chiwonetso, kapena chigaŵenga.

Chochititsa choyenera m'kufufuza za ndalama kaŵirikaŵiri chimadalira pa umboni wachidule, mapangano, ma chinsinsi odziŵitsa, kufufuza ndalama, kapena kuyang'anira. Mosiyana ndi kufunafuna nyumba, kumene kungatheke, umboni wa zachuma kaŵirikaŵiri umalembedwa ndipo ungakhale wochuluka. Chotero lamulo losungidwa liyenera kulongosola nkhani zogwirizana ndi nkhani zenizeni, mapangano, kapena mafashoni a khalidwe laupandu. Mwachitsanzo, chitsanzo, njira ya zoikizira zokhala pansi pa chikuke cha lipoti cha $100,000 ingatsimikizire chifukwa choyenera cha kufunsira kwa ndalama.

Lamulo Lokonzedwanso Lachinayi ndi Ntchito Yosamalirira Ogwira Ntchito

Mpando wachinayi wa Kukonzanso zinthu umapereka malamulo onse ovomerezeka.

  • Maumboni a boma okwanira kutsimikizira chochititsa chothekera chakuti upandu wachitidwa kapena ukuchitidwa.
  • Sonyezani kuti umboni kapena zipatso za upanduwo zidzapezeka ku bungwe la zachuma.
  • Fotokozani malo amene angafufuzidwe mwapadera (mwachitsanzo, “nthambi yaikulu ya Banki ya National Bank, yokhala pa 123 Main Street, kuphatikizapo mabokosi onse osungidwa bwino ndi ogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta”.
  • Fotokozani zinthu zimene ziyenera kugwidwa ndi kuchuluka kwake (m’njira yakuti, “mawu a m’mabakijati, zosunga, makhadi osaina, ndi zolembedwa za pakompyuta za nambala 456 - 799 za January 2020).

Chiyeneretso chapadera nchofunika kwambiri makamaka pofufuza zandalama. Chikalata chimene nchotakata kwambiri . Mwachitsanzo, chimene chimafuna “mabuku onse” popanda kuchepetsa kwa kanthaŵi kapena kwa anthu. Makhoti angaonedwe kukhala chilolezo cha boma. Nthaŵi zonse amawononga mapempho ochulukitsa. [FLT] [] Andresen v. Maryland .], UFLT. U.S. 467 [12] , Khoti Lapamwamba linasunga kuti mapangano a malonda a makope a makope a makope, makamaka ayenera kufotokoza zikalata zofuna kupeŵa oletsa oweruza oletsa kuletsa kuletsa molalira.

Ntchito ya Mkulu wa Asilikali

Affidavit ndi mtima wa ntchito yofunsira. Iyenera kutchula mfundo . osati kungotsimikiza kuti kuchirikiza kupezedwa kwa chochititsa. Kumvetsera kwa olengeza kuli kololedwa ngati woweruza angaone kudalirika kwa wopereka ndi maziko a chidziŵitso, monga momwe zatsimikizidwira mu ] Illinois v. mageti . M'nkhani za za zachuma, kawirikawiri amadalira pa kufufuza kwa akatswiri a za ndalama, umboni wochokera kwa oŵerengera, kapena data kuchokera ku Bank Shovershey Accoun Act (BS).

Zofunika Zachindunji Pofufuza Makampani

Mabungwe a zachuma amagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo a boma ndi boma amene amaika ntchito zapadera pa kusungitsa lamulo. Ilo loyenerera ku Informalmfical Act (RFPA) ya 1978 (12 FLT:1] (U.S.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . amapereka makampani oyembekezera mayesokha a ndalama awo osungidwa ndalama zosungidwa ndi mabungwe a za za za za boma. [kufufuza] RFPA liloza kuti likhale ndi mapepala alamulo oyenera kuyang'anira lamulo.

Pamene chilolezo cha kufunafuna chigwiritsiridwa ntchito, RFPA imakhazikitsa njira zowonjezereka. Chikalatachi chiyenera kuperekedwa ndi khoti la ulamuliro waluso ndipo chiyenera kuchirikizidwa ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa chochititsa chothekera. Ndiponso, bungwe la zachuma liyenera kupatsidwa kope la chilolezo ndipo wogulayo ayenera kuuzidwa, ngakhale kuti kuchedwetsa kumaloledwa ngati chidziŵitso chingawononge kwambiri kufufuza. Chikalatachi chimasiyanitsa zigwirizano za ndalama kuchokera ku ku ku kuseŵero wamba la Four Fominer Amendment, ndipo chimawonjezera muya wocholoŵa m'kapo kuti apeze mayeso.

Mitundu ya Makampani a Ndalama Ikwaniritsidwa

Mawu akuti “mabungwe a zachuma” ali ndi mabanki aakulu, okhala ndi makampani osunga ndalama, makampani osungira ngongole, makampani ogulitsa, makampani a zachuma, okonza makadi a ngongole, ndi mabungwe amene amagonjera ku Bank Special Act . Zifuno zothekera, miyezo imodzimodziyo imagwira ntchito mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe wachindunji wa bungwelo, koma mtundu wa zolemba ukhoza kuyambukira “kufufuza kwa . Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza ndandanda ya makampani a ngongole kungafunikire kulongosola zinthu zosiyana m’malo mwa kufunafuna zikolezo za malonda a malonda a malonda.

Pali Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana Zimene Zingapangitse Kuti Pakhale Umboni Wazachuma

Kusungitsa malamulo kuyenera kugwirizanitsa chochititsa chothekera chosonyeza umboni wopezedwa. zochitika zofala zimaphatikizapo:

  • Ndalama zopereka ndalama: Affidavit zingadalire pa malonda aakulu kapena achilendo, kuyendetsa ndalama mofulumira kupyolera m'maakaunti ambiri, mabizinesi ndi makampani odziŵika opanga ziphanga, kapena ntchito yokonza ndalama. Ofufuza za ndalama angasonyeze njira zosonyezera ndalama zopezedwa mwalamulo.
  • Kuthaŵa: Umboni ungaphatikizepo kusiyana pakati pa ndalama zolembedwa ndi ndalama zoikizidwa, kugwiritsira ntchito maakaunti a patali, kapena ndalama zosadziŵika. Chochititsa chokhoza kuchitika kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala pa kufufuza kwa aunti.
  • Fraud : [[FLT :1] Ma affidavit angaloze ku cheke chakupeka, kusuta kwachilendo, kapena malonda ndi mikhole. Chochititsa nexus chingafunikire kugwirizanitsa nkhani zachindunji ndi khalidwe lachinyengo.
  • Faceseti yotayidwa: [[FLT :1] Nthaŵi zina pamene katundu angatayidwe, boma liyenera kusonyeza chochititsa chothekera kuti chumacho chitsatiridwe ndi ntchito zaupandu. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo kusanthula mafaelo a mabanki amene amasonyeza kukwera kwa ndalama.

Mavuto a Kupeza Ogwira Ntchito za Ndalama

Zitokoso zingapo zimasokoneza kuthekera kwa kupangitsa kutsimikiza mtima kaamba ka zifuno za zachuma. Choyamba, umboni umalembedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kulongosola kugwirizana kwapadera popanda kusanthula zolembedwa. Izi zimapanga “Chetch-22”: kusonyeza chifukwa chimene boma lingafunikire kuona zolembedwa, koma kuona zolembedwazo zifunikira chilolezo. Njira imodzi ndiyo kugwiritsira ntchito zida zina zofufuzira. Zonga maseapoena kaamba ka zolembedwa zozikidwa pa kukayikira koyenera kapena juli yaikulu ya ajuli yapamwamba .

Chachiwiri, zolembedwa za ndalama kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikiza mabungwe angapo alamulo ndi anthu. Nkhani imodzi ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi anthu angapo, ndipo chikalatacho chiyenera kutchula amene ali chikole ndi amene amafunafuna. Zikalata zazikulu zimene zimafunafuna mafaelo a makasitomala osakhala oikidwa kukhala opanda ntchito. Makhoti amagwiritsa ntchito mayeso aubale: umboni uyenera kukhala wokhudza upandu ndipo payenera kukhala ndi nexus pakati pa upandu ndi malo. Pofufuza za ndalama, ndi kufunafuna kuti, nexus angatsimikizidwe mwa kusonyeza kuti Mmangidwayo anagwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito upandu.

Chachitatu, kucholoŵana kwa ndalama zamakono . kuphatikizapo kutumiza mawaya amagetsi, zolembedwa zamagetsi, ndi nthambi zambiri . Olemba ayenera kutchula nthambi kapena ofesi imene amasunga, makamaka chifukwa chakuti mabungwe ambiri a zachuma amasunga mfundo zachinsinsi. Ngati chikalatacho sichikudziwika, kufufuza konseko kungaletsedwe. Lamulo la kutsendereza limagwira ntchito mwamphamvu kufufuza kwa zachuma kumene kumatsutsana ndi Lamulo la Opalene.

Kupenda ndi Miyezo ya Kupenda

Oweruza amachita ntchito yosuliza. Popenda chikalata chofunsira chikalata cha ndalama, woweruza ayenera kupenda ngati woweruzayo akhazikitsa kuthekera kwa chilungamo. Khoti Lapamwamba lagogomezera kuti kugonjera kwakukulu kuyenera kuperekedwa ku chigamulo cha woweruzayo cha chifukwa chothekera, malinga ngati pali maziko enieni a kupezedwa. Komabe, ngati kufunsirako kwa kuikidwa kwa lamulo laupandu kopanda umboni, kapena kungobwereza zimene woperekayo wanena popanda umboni weniweni, chikalatacho chiyenera kukanidwa.

Mu . [FLT] United States v. Williams, 136 S. Ct. 580 ([FLT:][[FLT]][3]] [Bwalo Lapamwamba], linabwerezanso kuti khoti lobwereza siliyenera kuchotsa chilolezo mwa kumasulira chilolezo cha kuwonjezera njira ya mlingo wa nyukiliya. Mmalomwake, chosankha cha woweruzayo chili ndilo loyenerera kuyembekezera kuchedwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwambiri kuposa pamene sichinali chongopeka. Kuchedwetsa kumeneku kuli kofunika kwambiri m’nkhani za ndalama kumene umboni uli wochovuta, koma sikuthandiza boma kukhazikitsa ntchito yake.

Kulingalira za Mseri ndi Kuyenera kwa Kuchita Zinthu Zachinsinsi

RFPA inakhazikitsidwa kuti ivomereze mwachindunji chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu ku United States v. Miller [1], 425 U.S. 435 (1976), yomwe inavomereza kuti wogula wa banki sayembekezera kuulutsa zinthu zachinsinsi zachinayi m'mapepala a kubanki chifukwa chakuti mabotiwo ali a bungwe la zachuma. Mabungwe analoŵerera kuti apange malo achinsinsi a boma. Pansi pa malamulo a RFPA, mabungwe a boma ayenera kugwirizana ndi chidziŵitso ndi malamulo a Reformation. Chikalata chofufuzira chikalata chopezedwa pansi pa Reformation Reformation imakhutiritsa RFPA, koma boma liyeneranso kudziŵitsa wogulayo m'nthaŵi inayake popanda lamulo la khoti lochedwa.

Kuphatikiza pakati pa Kusintha kwa Zam'mbuyo kwa Fourth Rempumendment ndi RFPA kumatanthauza kuti ngakhale ngati pali chifukwa chothekera, chilolezocho chingatsutsidwebe pa maziko a statory. Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma lalephera kutumikira bungwe la zachuma ndi kope la chilolezo kapena siligwirizana ndi mapepala a chidziŵitso, zolembazo sizingalephereke. Zimenezi zimawonjezera chidutswa cha kulimba kwa mlingo wa kusakhala m'malamulo ofufuza mwanthaŵi zonse a Olamulira Eni. Attorney .

Njira Zothandiza Zoperekera Lamulo m’Magulu Osintha Omwe Anasintha Zinthu

Popeza kuti mabungwe oonetsetsa kuti anthu alamulo afunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosamalirira, mabungwe oonetsetsa kuti malamulo ayende bwino ayenera kufunsa mafomu ofunsira chithandizo.

  • Gwiritsirani ntchito ofufuza a zachuma ndi openda kukonza mapepala atsatanetsatane amene amafotokoza tanthauzo la malonda, mafashoni a ntchito zaupandu, ndi zolembedwa zenizeni zofunikira.
  • Tsalani malire a kanthaŵi a zolembedwa zopemphedwa ku nyengo yoyenerera yogwirizana ndi upandu wolingaliridwa. Mapempho otsegulidwa amaitanira kuponderezedwa.
  • Atsani mtundu wa zolembera zofunsidwa (m' lekuatiso, “zikalata, zoikizira, zikalata za mwezi ndi mwezi, ndi zolembedwa zonse za zotsala ndi zotulukamo zolembedwa za (1235) kuyambira January 1, 2023, mpaka December 31, 2023”.
  • Kuzindikiritsa bungwe la zandalama ndi nthambi ndi dzina lenileni ndi keyala. Ngati zolemba zasungidwa zotsekedwa kapena za magetsi, chilolezo chiyenera kulola kufufuza chidziŵitso chenichenicho, kutumikiridwa kwa wosunga.
  • Imaphatikizapo lamulo losindikiza ndipo, ngati kuli koyenera, pempho la kuchedwetsa wogula chidziŵitso cha kutetezera kufufuzako.
  • Chilembo cha nexus pakati pa upandu ndi zolembedwa. Khoti lidzafunsa: Nchifukwa ninji zolembedwa zimenezi? Nchifukwa ninji chigwirizano chimenechi?

Nkhani ndi Zomwe Zikuchitika

Nkhani zingapo za boma zimasonyeza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zopangitsa zothekera ku kukhazikitsa za ndalama. Mu United States v. Bynum, 604 F.3d 161 (d Cir. 2010), bwalo lamilandu linasunga chikalata cha mafaelo a mapepala ozikidwa pa mapepala a mapepala a mabanki okayikira, ngakhale kuti chilolezo chinali chachikulu. Khotilo linaona kuti chikalatacho chinapereka mfundo yotsimikizirika yokhudza malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo a Mfulidi. Mosiyana ndi United States. Jones , 994, F.2222.4 Chited 1993, khotilo linalemba la papepala lolembedwa kuti “kanalo lolembedwa popanda kuipeza pepala lachilo.

Posachedwapa, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zofufuzira kwachititsa mafunso atsopano. Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza za banki pa Intaneti kapena wailesi ya makompyuta kungafunikire chilolezo chotchula zikwama za makompyuta ndi maadiresi otsekera zinthu. Makhoti akukulitsabe miyezo yapadera yofufuzira zinthu zimenezi, koma mwina chifukwa chake pa mazikopo sipanasinthidwe.

Kumaliza

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika chimagwira ntchito monga choyesera cha lamulo la luchpin yofuna kufunsira makampani. Chitsimikiziro chakuti mphamvu yaikulu ya boma ya kuloŵa m'nkhani zandalama imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kokha pamene pali maziko oyenerera. Chisinthiko chachinayi, monga momwe chikulembedwera ku chiwonkhetso cha chiwonkhetso cha kuchuluka kwa makampani, kufuna kupenda kothandiza, kosagwirizana ndi machenjera a malo. Kuyenera kwa Ndalama zachinsinsi kumawonjezera chitetezo chimene chimachirikiza kufunika kwa kulondola ndi kugonjera kwa pulogalamu. Pamene lamulo limamanga mosamalitsa chilo chake choyenera kusonyeza ndi kukonza zinthu, kufufuza kumakhala kothandiza zonse ziŵirizo. Komabe, pamene kuchotsako umboni wowopsa, milandu, kapena kulephera kwa anthu. Kufufuza koyenera kudalira pa kuyang'anira zinthu zachuma, kukhoza kukhala koyenera kutsimikizira ziŵiyansi kwa ziŵiro za ndalama.