Chiyambi: Maziko a Malamulo a Njira Yoyenerera

Lingaliro la kulinganiza koyenera liri limodzi la zipilala zokhalitsa kwambiri za lamulo la Magna Carta. Linazikidwa pa chitsimikizo cha Magna Carta chakuti palibe munthu waufulu adzamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma kusiyapo ndi chiweruzo chololedwa cha ausinkhu wake kapena ndi lamulo la dzikolo, njira yoikidwiratu kukhala chitsimikizo cha mbali ziŵiri zoikidwiratu m'Malamulo a chisanu ndi 145 Owonjezera. Malamulo achisanu amagwira ntchito ku boma, kulengeza kuti palibe munthu aliyense “adzachotsedwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo." Description, yovomerezedwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeruniŵe, imafunsitsa chiletso chimodzimodzicho ku maiko. Zonsezi, izi zimafuna kuti kachitidwe kayendetsedwe kabwino, koyenera, ndi kuchitidwa mogwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo.

Malamulo a boma asinthanso zinthu monga mapulogalamu a boma, makompyuta, ndi mabwalo opanda tsankho omwe amateteza ufulu wina wofunika kwambiri ku boma. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti galimoto yoyamba imene inakhala ndi boma ndi maboma a boma, omwe amayendera mfundo za boma, ndipo amasiya ntchito yogwirizana ndi boma.

Kuzindikira ntchito yoyenerera m'zosankha zigamulo kumafuna kuloŵerera kwambiri m’mbiri, mayeso a zamalamulo, ndi milandu yosintha zinthu imene yaumba lamulo lamakono. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mmene Khoti Lalikulu lagwiritsira ntchito njira zofufuzira zoyenerera kuti lione kuti ndi “chitsimikiziro chotani cha ufulu wa ufulu wa munthu. ”

Kumvetsetsa Kusankha Koyenera

Kusankha ndi chiphunzitso chalamulo chimene chinatuluka kuchokera ku mpambo wa zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa makumi aŵiri. Pasadakhale kupekedwa kwa Malamulo a Ufulu wa 14nete mu 1868, Bill of Rights inagwira ntchito ku boma la boma lokha, monga momwe inatsimikizidwira ndi 1833 Barron v. Baltimorentine . Maboma anali aufulu kupanga njira zawozawo zaupandu, chitetezo chaulere, ndi ufulu wa katundu popanda boma lolamulira. Mpambo wa 1450, ndi Programmenti yake yovomerezeka ndi ufulu wa boma kulongosola malamulo ena. [FLT:]

Ziphunzitso ziŵiri zopikisana zinatulukira: ndi ndi [FLT] convective directive . Chigwirizano chonse, chochirikizidwa ndi Woweruza Hugo Black, chinatsutsa kuti Serpment ya 1450’s Procession Claus iphatikizapo Bill of Rights cectix, kupanga chitetezo chake chonse chogwirizana ndi maboma. Black anatsimikiza kuti opanga mamendulo a 1450 Demendment a cholinga chake. Komabe, unyinji wa Bwalo silinavomereze lingaliro limeneli., m'malo mwake khoti la anthu osankha, mlandu wopenda aliyense payekha kuti aone ngati “adire kuyenera kuweruza kwa ku America.

Kusankha kumagwira ntchito kupyolera mu Access Claus’s Accemplified of 14th Programme, osati Malo Ovomerezeka kapena ma Immunities Claus . Ngakhale kuti 1873 Cases- Nyumba , koma si onse, a ufulu tsopano akugwira ntchito. Kutetezeredwa kwa Gawo lachitatu ku Ofesi ku Ofesiyo, sikunaloŵetsedwanso, ndipo malamulo achiŵiri anaphatikizidwa mu 2010 mu [FLD:] MP. Chotulukapo ndicho ntchito yongowonjezera: ambiri, koma si onse, a Bill of Rights Rights tsopano akugwira ntchito pa maboma. Malamulo achitatu a Reformation . Malamulo sanalowetsedwe m'ka gawo lokha. Malamulo achiŵiri anaphatikizidwa mu 2010 [FLD]

Kodi Nchifukwa Ninji Anasankha M’malo mwa Kusankha Zonse?

Chikondwerero cha Khotilo cha kusankha chimakhala ndi mfundo za boma ndi kuyesa boma. Maboma akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kale monga malaboratori a demokrase, ndipo kuikidwa kwa ufulu uliwonse wa boma kukanaletsa kuyambitsidwa kwa chiweruzo cha upandu ndi ufulu wa anthu. Ndiponso, mawu a Commissionth Amendment satchula za Bill of Rights; ilo la “mchitidwe wa malamulo. Khoti lamasulira mawuwa kukhala muyezo wosinthasinthasintha umene umateteza ufulu wochokera ku mbiri ndi miyambo ya dziko, osati monga ndandanda ya malamulo. Phunzirani Coution imalola Khoti kukonza ufulu wa anthu monga mmene amayambira.

Ntchito ya Kulinganiza

Makonzedwe ake amatumikira ponse paŵiri monga njira ya procedtural ndi muyezo waung'ono wa kusanthula. Khoti Lapamwamba silimangofunsa ngati kuyenera kuwonekera mu Bill of Rights; limafunsa ngati kuyenera kumeneko kuli koyenera m'lingaliro la ufulu wolamulidwa ndi kofunika ku dongosolo la malamulo lolungama. Kufufuza kumeneku kwazikidwa mu Century Procession Clause yeniyeni. Monga momwe Khotilo linafotokozera [FL:0] Palko v. Connecticut [1] (197), kuyenera kuphatikizapo ngati kuli “kuyenera kwenikweni kwa chigamulo cha ufulu wolamulidwa ndi lamulo lolamulidwa ” ndipo ngati kuswa kwake kungakhale“ kukana chilungamo.

Kusanthula koyenera kumeneku kuli ndi miyeso iŵiri. Choyamba ndi njira yoyenerera , imene imalamulira mmene malamulo amatsatidwira. Mwachitsanzo, kuyenera kwa Sikisi Computerment kutsimikizira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo alandira kuzengedwa kolungama; Bwalo lakuyeneraku loikidwa mu [FLT:] Gevon. [Wainconright v [[FLT] [[FLT]] [1963]] [63]) mwa kulingalira kuti kuweruza kolungama nkosatheka popanda loyanjika. Mpambo wachiŵiri ndi woyenerera kuwona [FLT:] njira yoyenerera [FLT:] [FLT:] [FFFFF.5] [4] [4], zimene zimatetezera ufulu wina kuchokera ku ku kuloŵerera kwa boma pamene producation. Pamene kuli kotsutsana ndi kumbuyo kwa ufulu, zinagwiritsiridwa ntchito yofanana ndi ufulu wa ufulu wa kuwona, "Fractive.[3]

Kufufuza “Ufulu Wachibadwidwe”

Kuyesa koyambirira kwa ufulu, koyambitsidwa kupyolera m'kusanthula koyenera, kuli chiŵiya chachikulu cha kusankha. Pansi pa kuyesa kumeneku, Bwalo lamilandu limafufuza ngati kuyenera kwa “kugwirizanitsa ndi kuweruza kwa Aamereka. Mu mfundo zingapo zosinthasintha. Dincan v. Louisiana [1968] [1968]), imene inaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa Ang’onoang’ono ku mlandu wa apandu aakulu, Khoti inakhulupirira kuti kuyenera kuli koyenera ngati kuli “koyenerera ku ulamuliro wa Anglo America. Khoti liyang'anizana ndi mbiri, mwambo, ndi kachitidwe kamakono ka kupanga chigamu chimenechi. Ngati chigamu chakugwirizanitsa ndi lamulo lakulamulira, chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuyendera limodzi ndi maboma a boma.

Mayeso aakulu a ufulu sagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa njira yongoyerekezera. Khotilo limalingalira chifuno cha kuyenera, ntchito yake yotetezera ulemu wa munthu, ndi kuti ngati kusakhala kwake kungafooketse kuyenera kwa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la Kugamula Koyamba linaikidwa m'Chilamulo Mapp v. Ohio [1961]] chifukwa khotilo linagamula kuti popanda ilo, kuyenera kuletsa kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi kudwala sikungagwire ntchito pamlingo wa boma. Motero kachitidwe kake kake kakuchita monga mlonda, kutsimikizira kuti ufulu wofunikira kuweruza chilungamo wokhawo ndi umene umafutukulidwa ku boma.

Ufulu Wokhala ndi Malo Oyenera Ndiponso Kufufuza Kalelo

Jasitisi Benjamin Cardozo akufotokoza kuti “ufulu” mu Palko inakhala muyeso woyesera kukhazikitsa. Ufulu wolamulidwa umatanthauza dongosolo la ufulu wolamulidwa ndi lamulo, kumene ufulu wa kutetezedwa koma wosatheratu. Pogwiritsira ntchito muyezo umenewu, Khoti lakhala litakana njira yolimba ya kutchula mawu. M’malo mwake, limayesa kufunika kwa ufulu wotsutsana ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, chitetezo cha Findmfesellemsement chinaikidwa m'kaitiki yofanana ndi . Mary v. [12] (69]) chifukwa chakuti Khotilo linapeza kuti “kuvuta kuponderezana kwa boma.

Kupenda mbiri kumachitanso mbali ina. Khotilo kaŵirikaŵiri limasanthula ngati kuyenera kunalingaliridwa kukhala kofunika panthaŵi ya Kusintha kwa 14 ndi 14. Timbs v. Indiana (2011), yomwe inaphatikizamo kutembenuza kwa Remidmerment’s Finecle, Khotilo linaloza ku Magna Carta, malamulo a kokoloni, ndi malamulo akale kusonyeza kuti chitetezo ku ku kusakaza kopambanitsa kunachokera ku mwambo wa ku America. Kachitidwe koyenera kameneka kapangidwe ka masinthidwe ka malingana ndi tanthauzo la Dementi ya 1450 Demeter Reformation , pamene likulola kumasulira kopita patsogolo.

Miyezo ya Malamulo ndi Mayeso: Kuchokera ku Palko Kufika ku McDonald

Chisinthiko cha kusankha chingapezeke kudzera m'malamulo angapo ofunika. Kusintha kwakukulu koyamba kunabwera mu Palko v. Connecticut (1937]. Khotilo linakana kuphatikizapo kuopsa kwa kuteteza koŵiri kwa maboma, kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wokha “kuteteza ufulu walamulo. Palko anayambitsa mayeso awiri: kuyenera kuyenera kukhala kofunika ndipo kuswa kwake kuyenera kuchititsa chikumbumtima kusokonezeka. Kuyesa kumeneku kunakhala kwa zaka makumi atatu.

Kusintha kunachitika m'ma 1960 pa Bwalo la Warren. Malloy v. Hogan (1964]), khoti linaphatikiza ufulu wa Finute Amendment ku kutsutsa kugaŵana, kuwonjezera Tchining v. New Jersey [[FLT] [[FLT]] [08]. Khoti linasiya “kuswa chikumbumtima ” ndipo mmalo mwake linanena kuti kuyenera kumaphatikizidwa ngati kuli“ kofunika kwambiri kuti mlandu ukhale woyenera. Kuyesa kuphatikizapo, kutsogolera kuphatikizapo ufulu wa Asanu ndi mmodzi, ndi kugamulana.

Mu Dincan v. Louisiana (1968]), Bwalo lamilandu linawongoletseranso muyezo, likumanena kuti kuyenera kuli kofunika ngati kuli “koyenera ku boma la Anglo-America la ufulu." Kupanga kumeneku kunalola Khoti kuphatikiza ku kuyenera kwa mlandu wa oweruza ngakhale kuti maiko ena a anthu wamba, monga Britain, anali ndi ntchito ya ajuli yochepera m’mikhalidwe yaing'ono. Mkhalidwe umenewu, Khoti limayang'ana kuudindo la kuyenera kwa dongosolo lachiweruzo la ku America, osati kokha mizu yake ya mbiri yakale. Kuyesa kwa Dundune kumakhala muyezo wolamulira kaamba ka kugawandikiridwa kwa osankha lerolino.

Posachedwapa, mu McDonald v. Chicago (2010), Khoti linaphatikiza ufulu wachiŵiri wa kukonzanso zinthu ndi kunyamula zida zankhondo kuti munthu adzisunge. Lingaliro la kuchulukali linagwiritsa ntchito “mwakuya m'mbiri ya dziko lino ndi kuyesa kwa mwambo", kubwereza njira yoyenerera yofufuzira ufulu wosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mlanduwu unasonyeza kuti kuphatikizapo njira yoyenerera ndiyo chiphunzitso chogwira ntchito, chogwirizana ndi matanthauzo atsopano a malamulo. Khoti linatsimikiziranso kuti malamulo a Claus ndi amene a Claus a Ceasme ndi galimoto yoyendera, kukana kubwezeretsa ufulu kapena kukhazikitsanso ufulu wa Imma.

Milandu Yofunika Kwambiri ya Khoti Lalikulu

Milandu yotsatirayi ikusonyeza mmene njira yosankha yakhalira ndi ufulu wosankha, kufutukula buku la Bill of Rights kuti litetezedwe ku zipambano za boma.

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Mu Getlow v. New York, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula kuti ufulu wa kulankhula wa First Amendment umagwira ntchito ku maboma kupyolera mwa Geneth Amendment’s Claus. Ngakhale kuti Benjamin Gitrow anaimbidwa mlandu pa lamulo la upandu wa New York, Bwalo la Bwalo la Bwalo lamilandu linalingalira kuti ufulu wa kulankhula unali kuyenera kotetezeredwa ndi njira yoyenera. Mlanduwu unatsegula khomo kaamba ka kuloŵetsedwa kwa ufulu wina wa Kusintha Koyamba, kuphatikizapo chipembedzo, sindikiza, ndi msonkhano. Chigamulo chake nchodziŵika kaamba ka kugamula kwake koyambirira kwa lingaliro lakuti Programme Clausleastion, osati kungotetezera ufulu wa anthu.

Map v. Ohio (1961)

Mapp v. Ohio . adaphatikiza lamulo la Kuchotsa lachinayi la Kusintha, limene limaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito umboni wopezedwa kupyolera m'kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi milandu yaupandu. Pasadakhale Map, maboma angagwiritsire ntchito umboni wosakhala wa lamulo. Khoti linagamula kuti popanda lamulo, chitetezo cha Demendment ya Four Reformation chikakhala chopanda tanthauzo pamlingo wa boma. Kufunikira kuti makhoti asunge umboni wopezedwa m'kuswa malamulo ndi kuletsa kusamvera malamulo apolisi.

Gideon ndi Wainwright (1963)

Mwinamwake mlandu wotchuka kwambiri wokhudzana ndi mlandu, Gideon v. Wainwright , adakhulupirira kuti Kusintha kwa Sixth Reformation ndi kofunika ndipo kumagwira ntchito ku maboma. Clarence Earl Gideon, mkaidi wa ku Florida, anatsutsa kuti chigamulo chake chinali chopanda pake chifukwa chakuti anakanidwa loya. Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza, kupondereza chigamulo chake choyambirira mu [[FLT:] Bray v. Bratess . [FLT:] [192]). Khoti linatsutsa kuti “m'dongosolo lathu la chiweruzo, munthu aliyense wozenga mlandu, amene ali wosayenerera kulandira woweruza, sangatsimikizike mlandu wabwino pokhapo pokhapokhapokhapokha ngati chigamusintha chigamu cha mlandu.

Miranda ndi Arizona (1966)

Mainda v. Arizona anaphatikiza mwaŵi wa Kusintha kwa Gawo lachisanu motsutsana ndi kudzitsutsa ndi kukhazikitsa machenjezo otchuka amene apolisi ayenera kupereka asanafunse mlandu. Khotilo linagamula kuti Century Process Claus ikufuna kuti adziŵitsedwe za kuyenera kwawo kukhala chete ndi kuyenera kwawo kwa loya. Pamene Miranda amadziŵika kwenikweni kaamba ka malamulo ake odzisankhira, chigamulocho chimakhala pa lamulo loyenerera lakuti kufunsa kwalamulo kwa lamulo lalamulo kuli kovomerezeka kwachibadwa. Khotilo linaphatikizapo chitetezo chimenechi kutsimikizira kuti kuvomereza kulikonse kopezedwa kuli kwaufulu ndi kodalirika.

Milandu Ina Yapadera

  • Benton v. Maryland (11969): [[FL:1] Kuphatikiza lamulo lachisanu Loletsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu, pokhulupirira kuti ndilo maziko a chiweruziro cha ku America.
  • Duncan v. Louisiana (1968): Anaphatikiza Lamulo la Chisanu ndi chimodzi la kuyenera kwa mlandu wa ajuli m’milandu yowopsa, kukhazikitsa “ufulu wolinganizidwa”.
  • McDonald v. Chicago (2010): Kuphatikiza kuyenera kwachiŵiri kwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kunyamula zida kuti munthu adzitetezere yekha, kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso “ozama kwambiri”.
  • Timbs v. Indiana (209): Kuphatikiza [1] Malamulo Oletsedwa a Sert Readmis Claus, kutsimikizira njira yoyenerera ya mbiri yakale.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza njira yosasintha: Khoti Lalikulu limagwiritsira ntchito njira yodziŵira zoyenera za ufulu ndi chilungamo, ndiyeno limagwiritsira ntchito ku mabomawo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosankha. Njirayo imakhala yapang’onopang’ono ndi dala, kutsimikizira kuti ikunena kuti imakhala yololera m’madera osakhala apadera pamene ikuchirikiza maziko a dziko la chitetezo cha munthu aliyense payekha.

Kutsutsa ndi Kutsutsana Kopitirizabe

Ntchito ya kachitidwe ka m'zosankha idakali nkhani yamoyo. Nkhani zaposachedwapa monga Ramos v. Louisiana (2020), zimene zinaphatikizapo chiyeneretso cha Sikisi Compungulation ya juli ya onse pamodzi pa milandu yaikulu, ndipo Timbs v. Indiana [[FLT]] (2029)) imasonyeza kuti chiphunzitsocho sichitha. Khoti likupitiriza kulimbana ndi mafunso onena za zimene ufulu wa aumodzi uli wofunika kwambiri kumanga mfundozo. Mwachitsanzo, [Aindeh Reformation’s Bailleclaus , Sinalowetsedwa mokwanira; Khoti lamanzelo lomwe limatsegula [F:] [FF:]

Otsutsa kuikidwa kwa mapangano kwa mapangano a Opaleshoni a Setur Conflinement amanena kuti khoti lakhala lochirikiza kwambiri. Malamulo a boma olemekezeka ayamba kukhala omasuka kukhazikitsa njira zawo zaupandu. Ena amatsutsa kuti njira yoyenerera yoloŵetsedwamo iyenera kufutukulidwa kuti iphatikizepo zoyenera zosagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga ngati Third Amend Amendment kapena Second Amend Reformment ya gulu la asilikali olamulidwa bwino. Nkhaniyi imakhudzanso njira yoyenerera yodzitetezera: Oweruza ena osunga malamulo atsutsa za kugwiritsa ntchito njira za Celace kuti agwiritse ntchito ufulu wa anthu kuti achotse ufulu wa anthu.

Ngakhale kuti pali kusagwirizana kumeneku, lamulo la malamulo lidakalipobe: njira yoyenerera imene imatheketsa kugwirizanitsa ufulu wa anthu. Popanda kutero, Bill of Rights ingakhale lonjezo lachabe kwa anthu ambiri a ku America, amene amagwirizana kwambiri ndi maboma ndi mayiko. Lamulo la 145 Lowonjezera la Claus la ku Reformation (Indation’s Procession Claus) limatsimikizira kuti ufulu waukulu susiyidwa kwa akuluakulu a boma kapena makhoti a boma.

Kumaliza: Kugwirizana Kokhalitsa Pakati pa Kulinganiza ndi Ufulu Waumwini

Mwachidule, njira yoyenerera siingokhala mwambo chabe . Ndi injini ya malamulo imene imalamulira ntchito yosankha kuphatikiza. Mwakufuna kuti chigamulo chilichonse choikidwa pa maboma chikhale chofunika kwambiri pa chiweruziro cha ku America, Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito njira yoyenerera kulinganiza kumanga malo apamwamba a ufulu wa anthu. Kuchokera ku ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kuyenerera ku uphungu, kuchokera ku lamulo lopatula ku ku kumanja kunyamula zida, chigamulo chilichonse chimakhala pa kulinganiza koyenera kwa mbiri, mwambo, ndi chilungamo.

Kusankha kuphatikizapo kwalola Bill of Rights kusinthira ku mikhalidwe yosintha pamene kuli kwakuti kuli kudalira ulamuliro ndi ufulu wa boma. Chotulukapo chake ndicho bungwe lamphamvu la lamulo limene limatetezera ulemu wa munthu aliyense ndi kutsimikizira chilungamo chofanana pansi pa lamulo. Pamene mafunso atsopano a lamulo akubuka . Kufikira pa mafunso a zachinsinsi a foni, mlandu wa apolisi, kapena chilango cha imfa, dongosolo loyenera lidzapitirizabe kutsogolera Khoti kukhazikitsa ufulu umene uyenera kuugwiritsira ntchito ku maboma onse, boma ndi boma mofananamo. Kumvetsetsa ntchito imeneyi nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kuzindikira tanthauzo lokwanira la lamulo la malamulo a ku America.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Demendmentnth on Congress.gov, milandu yosonyeza zinthu pa Project , kapena pendani kupenda kwa mbiri mu Cornell Legal Information Institute's completetion [.