Malamulo a United States ali ngati lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, kupanga malo aakulu a boma la America ndi dongosolo lake la zamalamulo. Ilo limandandalika kakonzedwe, ntchito, ndi zopinga za boma, kukhazikitsa dongosolo la mayeso ndi kulinganiza zimene zimatetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi ufulu. Si pepala la mbiri yakale, Konsichushoni idakalibe maziko a moyo amene amatsogolera nthambi iliyonse ya boma, malamulo, ndi kuteteza ufulu wa nzika. Kumvetsa ntchito yake n’kofunika pozindikira mmene boma la U.S.

Mbiri ya Konsichushoni

Constitution inalembedwa mu 1787 pa msonkhano wa Filadelphia, kusonkhanitsa nthumwi kuchokera ku maboma khumi ndi aŵiri (Rhode Island sanapite). Olemba malamulowo analinganiza zothetsa mavuto a Nkhani za Confederation, zimene zinapanga mgwirizano wa maboma opanda ulamuliro wamphamvu. Pansi pa Nkhanizo, boma la dzikolo silikanakhoma misonkho, kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko, kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo, kuchititsa kusakhazikika kwa chuma ndi kusatetezeka kwa mayiko. Shays's Chipanduko mu 1786 chinayambitsa kufunika kwa boma lamphamvu la boma lokhoza kusunga dongosolo ndi umodzi.

Zochitika zazikulu za m’mbiri zotsogolera ku Konsichushoni zimaphatikizapo izi:

  • Chipanduko cha ku America — Nkhondo ya kudziimira paokha kuchokera ku Britain inayambitsa chikhumbo chachikulu cha kudzilamulira ndi kutetezera ku nkhalwe.
  • Nkhani za Chigwirizano — Kulandiridwa mu 178, malamulo adziko loyamba limeneli anatsimikizira kukhala ofooka kwambiri, akumasiya boma lapakati lisanagwire ntchito.
  • Kufunika kwa Boma la Komiti Yamphamvu [[FL: 1] — Mavuto a zachuma, mikangano ya zamalonda pakati pa maiko, ndi chipwirikiti cha mkati kunasonkhezera msonkhano wa malamulo.
  • Federal ndi Anti-Federalists Nkhani [ — Kugwetsa mwazi kunayambitsa makambitsirano amphamvu ponena za kulinganizika kwa ulamuliro, kutsogolera ku lonjezo la Bill of Rights.

Convention ya Constitution inali mpambo wa kulolera. Oimira adatsutsana (kutsogolera ku Kusintha Kwakukulu Kupanga Nyumba Yalamulo Yaukapolo), kuŵerengera anthu aukapolo kaamba ka msonkho ndi kuimira (Atatu Afeti Ololera), ndi kukhazikitsa zamalonda. Pambuyo pa miyezi inayi ya kugamula, Konsichula malamulo anasainidwa pa September 17, 1787, ndi kutumizidwa ku maiko kaamba ka kuvomerezedwa. Iko kunagwira ntchito pa March 4, 1789, pambuyo pa kuvomereza maboma asanu ndi anayi. Bill of Rights, a ammendmentments khumi oyamba kukambirana za malonda, anawonjezeredwa mu 1791 ku nkhani ya Anti-Feda yoŵerengera za ufulu wa munthu aliyense.

Kupangidwa kwa Malamulo

Chigawo chilichonse chimakhala ndi cholinga chosonyeza mmene boma lidzayendere, ndipo chikalatachi chimasonyeza kuti n’chachidule kwambiri. Chikalatachi chimathandiza kuti boma likhale lopatukana ndi maulamuliro, ndipo chimathandiza kuti pasakhale chinthu chimodzi cholamulira.

Chikwangwani

Chiyambi cha mfundoyo chimayambitsa Malamulo ndi kutchula chifuno chake, kuyambira ndi mawu otchuka akuti, “Ife Anthu.” Imagogomezera malamulo a demokrase ndi kufunika kwa “kukhazikitsa chilungamo, kutsimikizira bata la m’banja, kupereka chitetezo cha onse, kuchirikiza ubwino wa onse, ndi kupezera madalitso a ufulu kwa ife ndi ana athu. [1] Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyambitsa kwake sikumapatsa mphamvu zenizeni, kumakhazikitsa maziko a filosofi kaamba ka cholembedwa chonse ndipo kwasonyezedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba kumasulira zolinga zazikulu za Malamulo.

Nkhani

Nkhani 7 zimenezi zikufotokoza bwino mmene boma limayendera.

  • Article I: Legislative Branch — Lungani Nyumba ya Bajaral (Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba) ndi kuŵerengera mphamvu zake, kuphatikizapo kukhoma msonkho, kubwereka, malamulo a zamalonda a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndi chilengezo cha nkhondo. Imaphatikizaponso Malamulo Ofunikira ndi Oyenerera Claus, amene amalola Malamulo kupanga malamulo ofunika kuti akwaniritse mphamvu zake zotchulidwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Article II: Nthambi Yoyang'anira , — Udindo wa maulamuliro wa Vest mu Pulezidenti, amene amakhazikitsa malamulo, amalamulira asilikali, amaika akuluakulu ankhondo, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu. Imafotokoza Electoral College, lumbiro la pulezidenti, ndi njira zoperekera malangizo.
  • Article III: Nthambi Yoweruza — Ikhazikitsa Bwalo Lamilandu Lapamwamba ndi kulola Nyumba ya Makhoti ang'onoang'ono. Imalongosola ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma ndi kutsimikizira kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kwa ajuli m’milandu yaupandu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Article IV: Power and Milimita ya United States . Mapangano pakati pa maiko, ofuna chikhulupiriro chonse ndi chilolezo ku zochita za wina ndi mnzake, kuwonjezera, ndi kutetezera kuukira. Ilo limavomerezanso maboma atsopano ndi kutsimikizira mtundu wa boma.
  • Article V: Programme : Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Article VI: Federal Power and Supremacy [1] — Ikhazikitsa Konsichushoni, malamulo a boma, ndi mapangano monga “Chilamulo choposa cha Dziko,” chotsogolera malamulo a boma amene amatsutsana. Imafunanso akuluakulu onse kutenga lumbiro kuchirikiza Malamulo ndi kuletsa ziyeso zachipembedzo kaamba ka udindo.
  • Article VII: Ratification . — Ikalongosoledwa kuti Konsichushoni idzayamba kugwira ntchito pambuyo pa kujambula ndi maboma asanu ndi anayi mwa khumi ndi atatu, kutseka kusagwirizana kofunikira pansi pa Nkhani za Chigwirizano.

Malamulo Osintha

Malamulo asinthidwa nthaŵi 27, kulola kuti asinthe ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu ndi zosoŵa. Zosintha khumi zoyambirirazo, zodziŵika monga Bill of Rights, zimatsimikizira ufulu ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri monga ufulu wa kulankhula, kusindikiza, chipembedzo, kusonkhana, kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida, kuteteza ku kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi kudwala, ndi kuyenera kwa kuyesa kolungama. Pambuyo pake kukonzanso nkhani zazikulu: kuchotsedwa kwa ukapolo (13th), kutetezedwa kofanana pansi pa lamulo (14th), kutetezera ufulu wa amuna a ku Africa ndi akazi (19) ndi kutsika kwa zaka za kuvota, ndi kuchepetsa kuyesa kuyesa kwa zaka 18 (26). Kusintha kwa kutsimikizira kuti lamulolo likhalabe lovomereza anthu popanda kugonjezedwa ndi ndale zadziko.

Mfundo za Malamulo a Malamulo

Malamulo a Konsichushoniwo azikidwa pa malamulo angapo ofunika amene amaumba boma ndi kulongosola unansi wake ndi nzika. Malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ameneŵa sali chabe anthanthi; amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupyolera m’ziŵiya ndi njira zina zimene zakhalapo kwa zaka mazana aŵiri.

  • [[ML:0] Ulamuliro wa Papa
  • [[ML:0] Kugaŵa Maulamuliro [
  • [[ML:0] Zopinga ndi Kulinganizika[[ML:1]
  • FEderalist
  • [[ML:0] ``Judicial Review' [[[ML:1]
  • [[FUL:0] Boma Losagwirizana[[[ML:1]

Ulamuliro Wachisawawa

Mfundo imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti boma limapeza mphamvu zake kuchokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulidwa. Imagogomezera kuti ulamuliro wa boma umaperekedwa ndi anthu, amene angaike atsogoleri mlandu kudzera m'masankho ndi kutenga nawo mbali. Mawu akuti “Ife Anthu” poyambirira amaphatikizapo mfundo imeneyi. Uchifumu wa anthu umalimbikitsanso dongosolo la demokalase: oimira osankhidwa, ovota kuti abwezetse (mwachindunji mwa malamulo a boma), ndipo angapemphe boma kuti libwezere milandu.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Konsichushoni imagawa boma kukhala nthambi zitatu zosiyana . Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu zosiyana ndi udindo woletsa kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro. Nthambi ya malamulo (Consorrent) imapanga malamulo, nthambi yaikulu (Presidenti) imaonetsetsa kuti ikhale yosafunika, ndipo nthambi yachiweruzo (mabwalo) imamasulira. Kulekana kumeneku kumachirikizidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zosankhira (kusankha za Congress ndi Pulezidenti, kuikidwa kwa moyo kwa oweruza a boma) ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana, kuchepetsa ngozi imene nthambi imodzi ingalamulire ina.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Dongosolo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti nthambi iliyonse ingathe kukhazikitsa mphamvu za ina, kukhazikitsa boma lolinganizika. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti angapereke malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress, koma Congress angachotse ndi anthu atatu atatu m'nyumba ziŵirizo. Khoti litsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti ndi mapangano. Khoti Lapamwamba likhoza kulengeza malamulo osagwirizana mwa kupenda kwachiweruzo. Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kuchotsa Pulezidenti ndi oweruza a boma.

Magulu Ogwirizana

Federalism imatchula za kugaŵikana kwa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi maboma. Malamulo amandandalika maulamuliro oikidwira boma la boma (m’chitsanzo, kukhazikitsa ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko ena) pamene akusunga maulamuliro ena onse ku maboma kapena anthu pansi pa Demendment ya khumi. Ulamuliro wa mayiko aŵiri umenewu umalola kuyesa ndi kuvomereza zinthu za kumaloko, monga momwe maboma angachitire ndi mikhalidwe yawo yapadera. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kulinganiza kwa ufulu wa boma kwasintha, makamaka pambuyo pa nyengo ya New Factor ndi ya Chibal Rights, koma lamulo lamakhalidwe a U.

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Lamulo la lamulo limeneli limalola lamulo lachilamulo kumasulira Malamulo ndi malamulo opeputsa amene amatsutsana nawo. Pamene kuli kwakuti sananenedwe mwachindunji m'Malamulo, kupenda kwachiweruzo kunakhazikitsidwa m'nkhani yosonyeza Marbury v. Madison [1] , mmene Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anatsimikizira mphamvu ya Supreme Court kuletsa lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress. Judgery ndi mbali yowongo yowonetsa mayezero ndi malamulo, akupatsa makhoti omalizira ndemanga pa mafunso a lamulo. Imatsimikizira kuti lamulo ndi machitidwe apamwamba akukhalabe mkati mwa malamulo, kutetezera zoyenera za anthu ochepa potsutsana ndi anthu ambiri opotoza.

Boma Lokhala ndi Malire

Lamulo la Malamulo ndilo kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma. Mwa kutchula maulamuliro a boma, kulekanitsa nthambi, ndi kutsimikizira zoyenera za munthu, limapanga boma limene lingangochita zinthu mogwirizana ndi malire odziŵika. Mtengo wa Ninth Amendment umasonyeza kuti kutsatizana kwa ufulu wina sikumaletsa ena osungidwa ndi anthu, ndipo bungwe la Tenth Amendment limakhala ndi mphamvu zopanda malire ku maboma. Boma lochepetsedwa limaletsa nkhanza mwa kutsimikizira kuti ulamuliro ulibe wotheratu.

Chiyambukiro cha Lamulo pa Boma

Malamulo ali ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa kugwira ntchito kwa boma la United States ndi zoyenera za nzika zake. Chimatumikira monga chikalata chamoyo chimene chimasintha mogwirizana ndi zosoŵa za chitaganya kupyolera mwa kusintha ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Chiyambukiro chake chimaposa mlingo wa boma, malamulo a boma, maboma a kumalo, ndipo ngakhale malingaliro a maiko onse a demokrase.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Anthu

Bill of Rights imapereka ufulu wofunika kwambiri monga ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, nyuzipepala, msonkhano, ndi ufulu wopempha boma. Ufulu umenewu umateteza anthu ku boma ndi kutsimikizira kuti anthu a m'dzikolo akhoza kuuzidwa maganizo osiyanasiyana. Kenako kukonzanso chitetezo chowonjezereka kwa anthu amene kale anali akapolo, akazi, ndi magulu ena, kukulitsa pang’onopang’ono ufulu woyenerera. Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito Malamulo otetezera ufulu wa anthu ambiri ku mayiko kudzera mu 14neth Amendment’s Classiace, njira yodziŵika monga Combiantion, kukhazikitsa chitetezo cha mayunifonso m’dziko lonselo.

Ntchito Yopanga Malamulo

Malamulo amakhazikitsa njira ya malamulo, yosonyeza mmene malamulo amapangidwira, kutsutsana, ndi kuikidwa. Mfundo Imatchula kuti nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress ziyenera kutumiza lamulo lofanana ndilo ndi kulipereka kwa Pulezidenti kuti avomereze (kapena verto). Njira imeneyi yadala imatsimikizira kuti malingaliro ambiri akulingaliridwa, ndi kuti lamulolo likusonyeza kuvomereza kwakukulu. Lamulo limaikanso malire pa kukhazikitsa malamulo: Commission spo corces, mafactive corder, kapena kuchotsa habeas corpus (kusiyapo kuukira kapena kuukira).

Malangizo a Maulamuliro

Akuluakulu a boma ndi mabungwe amatsogozedwa ndi Malamulo m’zochita zawo ndi zosankha. Zili ngati mfundo za malamulo, malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, ndi malamulo a boma. Pulezidentiyo amalumbira “kusunga, kuteteza, ndi kuteteza Malamulo a United States,” ndipo oweruza onse a boma amalamulidwa ndi lamulo. Malamulo akuperekanso maziko a lamulo la boma ndi boma, kutsimikizira kuti mabungwe akugwira ntchito mkati mwa ulamuliro wopatsidwa. Pamene pabuka mikangano, makhoti amadalira pa malemba alamulo ndi zitsanzo za malamulo kuti awathetse.

Mavuto ndi Kumasulira kwamakono

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma akhazikitsa ulamuliro wosasintha kwa zaka zoposa 230, amayang'anizana ndi mavuto opitirizabe m'dziko losintha mofulumira. Nkhani zonga ngati kubisa zinthu pa Intaneti, kuyang’anira, ndalama za kampani, ndi mphamvu za makampani panthaŵi ya ngozi zoyesa kukhoza kwa chikalatacho. Khoti Lapamwamba limachita mbali yaikulu pomasulira malamulo a zamakono a zaumisiri ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mwachitsanzo, chitetezo cha Generameter , kufufuza kosayenera kwa mafoni a m'manja ndi makompyuta. Kuyenera kwachiŵiri kwa kunyamula zida kwatembenuzidwa kwa makompyuta amakono kwatembenuzidwa mogwirizana ndi malamulo a mfuti. Kumasulira kumeneku kumasonyeza kulimba kwa malamulo a malamulo a malamulo ndi kusintha kwa ufulu.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a m'bungweli amathandiza kwambiri kuumba boma la United States ndi kuteteza ufulu wa nzika zake. Malamulo ake a demokrase, kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, macheke ndi kulinganiza, kupenda boma, ndi boma lopereŵera akupitiriza kusonkhezera mtundu lerolino, kutsimikizira boma limene lidzayankha kwa anthu. Monga lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, limakhazikitsa maziko okhazikika othetsera mikangano, kutetezera ufulu, ndi kusinthira ku mikhalidwe yatsopano. Kumvetsetsa malamulo a malamulo si ntchito yamaphunziro chabe ya unzika . Kuzindikira malamulowo nkofunika kuti munthu akhale nzika yodziŵa ndi kuteteza mabungwe a democracy amene apirira kwa zaka pafupifupi mazana aŵiri ndi theka.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa mbiri ya Konsole ndi kumasulira, gwiritsirani ntchito National Archives , [[FLT :2] Constitution Center ya Unyinji wa Dziko, ndi Institute ku Cornell Law School .