Chiyambi: Malo Obisika a Nkhondo Zauchigaŵenga

Kulimbana ndi uchigaŵenga kwakhala kukusumikidwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali pa ntchito zankhondo, luntha, ndi malamulo. Komabe, chimodzi cha zida zopambana kwambiri zolimbana ndi magulu a uchigaŵenga ndicho luntha la zachuma (FININT). Mwa kusanthula, kusanthula, ndi kusokoneza ndalama zimene zimachititsa zigaŵenga kuukira, kutumiza, ndi kufalitsa nkhani zokopa, maulamuliro angasokoneze zigaŵenga popanda kuphulitsa mfuti imodzi. Nzeru za za za za ndalama zimapereka pulogalamu yapadera, chidziŵitso cha zinthu zachinsinsi m'mafakitale ndi zinthu zina za m'mabungwe achinsinsi ameneŵa. Pamene zipanga bwino kuletsa kuukira komanso kugwetsa zinthu zachuma zimene zimachirikiza uchigaŵenga padziko lonse. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mmene nzeru za ndalama zimachitira ntchito, mbali yake yovuta kusokoneza ndalama, ndi mavuto amene amapitirizabe kusokoneza ndalama zaunjinga m'malo a zigaŵenga.

Kodi Nzeru Zachuma N’chiyani?

Luntha la zachuma limatchula kusonkhanitsa kwadongosolo, kufufuza, ndi kufalitsa chidziŵitso chokhudzana ndi malonda ndi chuma kuti apeze, kuletsa, ndi kuweruza milandu ya zachuma, kuphatikizapo kuchirikiza uchigaŵenga. Mosiyana ndi kusonkhanitsa kwa mwambo, FINT imayang'ana pa ] chidutswa cha ndalama [ , pepala, ndandanda, ndi mafashoni amwayi amene amavumbula mmene ndalama zimayendera kudutsa malire, kudzera m'mabanki, makampani opanga zidutswa, ndi madongosolo a hayala. Ili gawo lapadera limene limaphatikizapo kuŵerengera, data yachiganizi, ndi kugwirizanitsa malamulo kuti apange umboni wogwira ntchito molimbana ndi zigaŵenga.

Pamaziko ake, luntha la zachuma limasintha zinthu zachinsinsi kukhala nzeru. Kusintha kwa banki, kusintha ndalama, kapena kuyendetsa ndalama kozikidwa pa malonda kumasiya njira ya magetsi. Mwa kusanthula ndi kusanthula mapazi ameneŵa, makampani (FIUs) angaone zinthu zimene zimaimira ndalama zoyendetsera. Mwachitsanzo, mpambo wa zinthu zochepa, zotsalira zotsatizana kuchokera ku maakaunti angapo kukakhala chinthu chimodzi chapansi pa gombe, ungasonyeze njira “yoika ndalama [1] yogwiritsidwa ntchito kubisa chiyambi cha ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za zigaŵenga.

Mbali Zazikulu za Nzeru ya Ndalama

Chinsinsi chilichonse chimafotokoza mbali zosiyanasiyana za chuma zimene zigawenga zimagwiritsa ntchito.

  • Madongosolo a zachuma apadziko lonse: Adongosolo a zachuma a thithithithi thililiyoni la madola tsiku ndi tsiku. FINT imasumika pa kutumiza kwa mtanda wa foni, maunansi a makampani, ndi malonda kuti adziŵe mabizinesi amene amasiyapo maluso achibadwa. Mwachitsanzo, kusamutsidwa kwakukulu kuchokera ku ulamuliro wapamwamba wa riski kupita ku cholembera chaumwini m'litchi yaing'eyingo ya ndalama zingayambitse lipoti la lamulo.
  • Kusintha Mpata wa Malo Otsalira Otsatira Otsatira: Apandu kaŵirikaŵiri amayendetsa ndalama kupyolera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kuti apeŵe kupezeka. Luntha la zachuma limatsatira kusonkhanitsa ndalama (mapangano, ntchito zaupandu) kuti ayendetse (kuwomba, kutumiza mapepala, nthumwi za ndalama) kuchotsa (kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama, malipiro, zida). Umisiri wonga “kujambula malo oyendera zinthu zamalonda [1] uthandize kuona kuthamanga kwa padziko lonse.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuwunikira Shell Companies ndi Offsent Aakhawunti: Makampani a Shell ndi zoikizira kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kubisa kukhala ndi mwini kampani. Makampani a zachuma olemba zinthu za kampani, mapepala opindulitsa a mwini wake, ndi malipoti okayikira (SAR) kupyoza madesiti ameneŵa ndi kuvumbula anthu olamulira ndalama.
  • Zitsanzo Zodabwitsa za Ntchito Yabwino: Kuphunzira Makina ndi kupititsa patsogolo mankhwala osokoneza thupi tsopano kutheketsa FIUs kuzindikira njira zimene ofufuza aumunthu angaphonye. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo masinthidwe achilendo, kutumiza ndalama [1], kuyendetsa ndalama mofulumira kudzera m'nkhani zambiri, kapena kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa zochita za dziko lapansi.

Chimodzi ndi chimodzi cha zigawo zimenezi chimadalira malamulo okhwima, kugaŵana mapangano a mapangano a mayiko, ndi kufunitsitsa kwa mabungwe a zachuma kupereka lipoti la ntchito zokayikitsa mwamsanga. Popanda maziko ogwirizana ameneŵa, ngakhale zida zapamwamba koposa zopangira mankhwala zikanakhala zopanda mano.

Mmene Nzeru Zazachuma Zimawonongera Zigaŵenga

Mawu akuti “kuchotsapo” m'zachuma zolimbana ndi uchigaŵenga sakutanthauza kungoyang'anira chabe. Kumaphatikizapo njira zimene zimawononga, kuchedwa, kapena kuwononga mphamvu ya gulu la kukweza, kusuntha, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama. Njira zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zichitidwa mogwirizana ndi malamulo amwambo ndipo zingakhale ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu kuposa kumangidwa kokha.

Malo Opatulidwira ndi Opangika

Chimodzi cha ziŵiya zosokoneza kwambiri ndicho kuuma kwa chuma. Ngati bungwe la zachuma kapena ulamuliro utchula nkhani yogwirizana ndi gulu lauchigaŵenga loikidwa, zingachepetse ndalamazo, kuletsa malonda owonjezereka. Kuchita zimenezi sikumangolepheretsa gululo kupeza ndalama komanso kutumiza chizindikiro champhamvu kwa ogulitsa ndalama. M'mayiko ambiri, chuma chozizira chingatayike potsatira zochita za anthu kapena zaupandu, kubweretsa chivulazo cha ndalama kwa anthu a m'makampani.

Kuzenga Milandu ya Zachuma

Luntha la zachuma limapereka maziko oonekera bwino ozembera anthu pa malamulo a uchigaŵenga. Mawopsezo onga kulanda ndalama, kuchirikiza chuma kwa uchigaŵenga, ndi kuukirana ndi zilango zowopsa. Kuzengedwa mlandu kopambana kumakhala ngati kutsekereza ndi kupangitsanso luntha, monga momwe oimbidwa mlandu kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizanirana ndi kupeputsa. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama zapamwamba zimene amatumiza zingadziŵitse woyendetsa zinthu wamkulu wa paphini pambuyo poimbidwa mlandu, kuchititsa kumangidwa kowonjezereka.

Zokongola ndi Kulinganiza

Maboma ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse monga bungwe la United Nations Security Council amasunga mpambo wa magulu a zigaŵenga ndi anthu. Atasankhidwa, malonda onse ndi zipani zimenezi amaletsedwa, ndipo chuma chawo chiyenera kutsekerezedwa. Luntha la zachuma nlofunika kwambiri popanga mayina ameneŵa, kupereka umboni wakuti munthu kapena gulu lachigaŵenga lili ndi mbali ya ndalama. Malamulo ameneŵa alinso ndi mtengo wapamwamba, kupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa awo ondandandal'ka kuyendetsa ntchito m'zachuma.

Kusokoneza Njira ndi Makedzana Othirira

Magulu a zigaŵenga amafunikira njira zoyendera kuti apulumuke: zoyendera, zipangizo zolankhulirana, nyumba zotetezeka, magalimoto, ndi zida. Zambiri za zinthu zimenezi zimagulidwa kudzera m'makampani a patsogolo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera malonda. Nzeru za za zachuma zimene zimayendera njira za gulu zingalole akuluakulu a boma kutsekera katundu, kutseka makampani ogulitsa katundu, kapena kusokoneza unyowa wopereka zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezeka kwa mwadzidzidzi kwa feteleza kungasonyeze kukonza chipangizo chophulitsa bomba.

“Kutsatira ndalama sikuli chabe chiŵiya chobwezera; ndiko kudziŵiratu . Mwakumvetsetsa mmene zigaŵenga zimadzisungira, tingayembekezere kusamuka kwawonso ndi kudula chuma chawo asanakambe. [1] Mtsogoleri wakale wa Interium Union (kuchokera ku zochitika zenizeni) [1]

Kufufuza Matenda ndi Zotsatirapo Zake

Zitsanzo za dziko zenizeni zimasonyeza mphamvu ya luntha la zachuma m’kululuza ena a magulu a zigaŵenga owopsa koposa m’mbiri.

AlkóQaeda ndi Kuukira 9 / 11 Kumbuyoko

Pambuyo pa ziukiro za September 11, United States ndi mayiko ake ogwirizana anayambitsa nkhondo ya zachuma yapadziko lonse pa uchigaŵenga. Ofesi ya Treasurer’s Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) inagwira ntchito ndi maboma akunja kuumitsa ndalama zoposa $200 miliyoni m'chuma cha uchigaŵenga m’chaka choyamba. Luntha la za ndalama linathandiza kutsata zopereka kuchokera ku dziko la olemera la Gulf mpaka ku Alâque Qada ku Afghanistantistantis , kutsogolera ndi kutsendereza mao a maokhensi ofunikira kwambiri monga Maham adathandiza AlgradGHAm [1] ndi [ALT:] Amplim-ALMA .

Madzi Opinimbira Opundula

Chigawo cha Islam (ISIS) chinakhala chotchuka ndi kutchuka kwa malonda ake a zachuma, omwe anali kuphatikizapo kulanda mafuta, kulanda, ndi kugulitsa zinthu. Nzeru za zandalama, pamodzi ndi ndege zankhondo, zinakonza ndalama za ISSIS . Mwakujambula kayendedwe a mafuta kudzera m'mafano ndi mafaelo ogulitsa, mgwirizanowo ukhoza kuphulitsa mabomba a ISTALED ndi kusokoneza njira zozembetsa. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, luntha la za ndalama lapeza maakaunti a banki ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi ISIS kulipira omenya nkhondo ake ku Iraq ndi Syria. Unteng'onong'onong'ono ndi ndalama zosungidwa ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za ku Banki ku ISSIS.

Malo a Hayala ndi Ndalama Zoopsa ku Somalia

Ku East Africa, gulu la zigaŵenga Al̆Shabab ladalira kwambiri njira yotumizira ndalama. Mabungwe a zachuma agwira ntchito ndi Somali diaspora ndi makampani ogwirizana ndi kukayikira kusamutsira. Mwa kupenda njira zodziŵira Aläthaab malinga, maulamuliro akhala okhoza kusokoneza ndalama zoukira monga Westgate Mall Nairobi. [FLT:] Act Act Monicrate (FFFFF) . [FLT:]

Mavuto a Ndalama

Ngakhale kuti zinthu zayenda bwino, anthu opanga zigaŵenga amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu komanso osokoneza zinthu.

Kukwera kwa Mazira

Ma Crypturrencies onga Bitcoin, Monero, ndi ndalama zachinsinsi zimatulutsa lupanga lokhala ndi mlingo wowirikizawiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma breatchain amapereka kuwala, makobiri ogwiritsa ntchito otsogola ogwiritsidwa ntchito, ma ma magins, ndi zikwama zachinsinsi zophimba njira zogulitsira. Ngakhale kuti ndalama zopimira za brectin zinawo zasintha, kukhoza kutulutsa mawu opeka mosatsimikizirika kumakhalabe vuto. Magulu a a zigaŵenga akhala ochedwa kutengera shicturernicharsting chifukwa cha [1] Machenjera amakono a zachinsinsi ndi zoikizira, koma zochitika zonga Hamas khuminchin . [FLC] mu 201] Asayansi a za za za za zachuma tsopano akusintha ndi kuyang'anira ndi kuyendetsa ntchito (K] Kne.

Madongosolo a Kutumiza Malamulo a Mwayi Wamwayi (IVTS)

Hawala, hundi, ndi njira zina zamwamwaŵi zidakali maziko a ndalama za zigaŵenga m'madera olimbana ndi kulephera kwa mabanki. Madongosolo ameneŵa amagwira ntchito pa kudalira ndi kudalira pa madongosolo a anthu odalirana omwe amakonza maakaunti awo kudzera m'malo otsalira amwayi, kusiya njira zazing'ono zapepala. Kutenga hawala kumafuna nzeru za anthu, kusimba za chitaganya, ndi kufufuza ndalama zachilendo zoyendera pamapeto a malamulo. Vuto ndilo kuletsa madongosolo ameneŵa popanda kuchotsa zigawo zaufulu kapena mabanja kumadera monga South Asia ndi Horn of Africa.

Tranding (TBML)

Trade . Trade . Trade . Ndi imodzi ya mitundu yovuta kwambiri ya ndalama zopitira ndalama. Imaphatikizapo kuyendetsa malonda a malonda , pansi pa 88invoiting, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri, kapena kufotokoza monyenga zinthu , kutumiza ndalama kumalire. Gulu la zigaŵenga lingatulutse ndalama zotsika koma kuitumiza monga zipangizo zamagetsi zapamwamba zokwanira, ku kampani yachilendo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Akatswiri a zachuma ayenera kupenda mapepala a malonda, kutumiza katundu, ndi kulengeza zamwambo, kaŵirikaŵiri panthaŵi yokwanira yokwana zaka 65, kuyang'anizana ndi TBM. [FL:] [FLT:]

Kukwera kwa Njira Zatsopano za Kupereka

Ndalama zapandege, makhadi olipira pasadakhale, ndi zikwama za magetsi zamakono zikufala kwambiri m'mayiko otukuka. Pamene kuli kwakuti mautumiki ameneŵa amalimbikitsa kuphatikizidwa m'zandalama, amapanganso njira zatsopano zotumiza [1]vale zotsika [1] develope kwambiri zimene zingauluke pansi pa radadar ya mapulogalamu amwambo. Magule akuvuta ndi mmene angagwiritsire ntchito ndalama zoyendera pogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera mafoni popanda kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowonjezera. Luntha la ndalama liyenera kutengera kupenda malo oyendetsera, makompyuta a malonda, ndi mapulatifomu a 76merce.

Kugwirizana kwa Mayiko ndi Makampani Opanga Zinthu

Kudalirana kwa dongosolo la zachuma padziko lonse kumathandiza kuti mayiko azigwirizana, aziyenderana, ndiponso kuti azikambirana nkhani mofulumira.

Mphamvu ya Ndalama Yogwira Ntchito (FATF)

FATF ndi muyezo wapadziko lonse wolimbana ndi ndalama ndi kuletsa kuchirikiza ndalama za uchigaŵenga (AML/CFT). Imavomereza kuti mabwalo 200 agwirizana kuti agwiritse ntchito. Kufufuza pamodzi kuti mayiko akutsatira bwino motani miyezo imeneyi, kuphatikizapo kuphwanya malamulo a uchigaŵenga, malamulo a zinthu zenizeni, ndi kuonekera bwino kwa chuma. Mayiko amene amalephera kukwaniritsa miyezo ya FATF angayang'ane ndi zotsatirapo za mbiri yabwino ndi za ndalama, zimene zimayambitsa zisonkhezero zamphamvu za kugonjera.

Gulu Logwira Ntchito la Mabungwe a Nzeru za Ndalama

Agulu la EgT [1] Act [1] Agulu a EgT [1] A FIU ochokera ku 170+ maiko kuti asinthane ndi ndalama. Kudzera m'zipinda zimenezi, lipoti lokayikitsa lolembedwa m'dziko limodzi lingayambitse mwamsanga kufufuza kofanana kwa wina. pulogalamu ya Web ya Egmont imathandiza akatswiri kupempha ndi kugawana ndi chidziŵitso pa madera amene akulingaliridwa kukhala auchigawenga, kaŵirikaŵiri amadutsa misewu ya zaumboni. Liwiro limeneli limavuta kwambiri ngati ndalama zikudutsa m'maola angapo.

Zigamulo za Bungwe la zachitetezo la United Nations

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) ndi zigamulo zotsatirapo zimafuna kuti mayiko onse a m’bungwelo aike ndalama zauchigaŵenga, kuziziritsa zinthu, ndi kuletsa kupereka ndalama kwa zigaŵenga. Mayeso a bungwe la United Nations Counter parrorism Directorated (OUT) opanga ntchito ndi kupereka chithandizo chaluso ku mayiko amene ali ndi madongosolo ofooka. Nthaŵi zambiri nzeru za za za za za ndalama zopangidwa ndi dziko la FIUs zimapanga maziko a bungwe la UN lopanga mpambo wa zigawenga, umene umakhala wovomerezedwa padziko lonse lapansi.

Kugwirizana kwa Magulu Ampatuko

Mabanki, makampani achinyengo, mabizinesi a zandalama, ndi mabungwe ena a zachuma ndizo njira zodziŵira. Amafunikiritsa kulemba malipoti okayikira ntchito (SARS) ndi malonda okayikira (STS) ndi mapangano awo a mtundu wa FIU. Mayanjano a anthu, monga ngati UK’s SSEANT SLAINT SLATENS Launding Intelligence Tacroctive (JMLT) , kubweretsa pamodzi malamulo ndi mabungwe a zachuma kuti agwirizane ndi kuwopsezana kwa chidziŵitso cha nthaŵi yeniyeni ya ndalama zosadziŵika kale ndi kuuma kwa mamiliyoni ambiri a ndalama m'zachuma.

Kumaliza: Tsogolo la Luntha la Zachuma m’Kulimbana ndi Mantha

Luntha la zachuma silikungothandiza pa nkhondo ya uchigaŵenga; ndi chida choyambirira chimene chimaumba zotsatira za ndawala zolimbana ndi uchigaŵenga. Mwa kutsatira ndalama, akuluakulu angapange mapu a makampani onse, kuneneratu ziukiro, ndi kuipitsa mphamvu za . Kupambana pa AlǒQaeda, ISSIS, ndi magulu ena amasonyeza kuti kutsendereza ndalama kumagwira ntchito. Komabe, kuopsako n’kolimba. Kuwonjezereka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito shipyctureurrenicrenies, kukonzanso madongosolo otengera zinthu mwamwayi, ndi luso la malonda lapamwamba kufunikira kusinthasinthasintha.

Tsogolo la luntha la zachuma lidzalongosoledwa ndi njira zitatu: kugwirizanitsa kwalamulo (AIN tradrivenary Search ), kugwirizanitsa kwakukulu kwa anthu ndi chigawo chachinsinsi, ndipo kugwirizanitsa kwa lamulo kwa mapangano kutsekaponso zitseko. Mayiko amene amaika ndalama zawo, amatengera FATF, ndi kugwirizana ndi mayiko ena adzasokonezedwa ndi ndalama zimene zimapangitsa uchigawenga. Nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga siipezapo ndi zonse, koma kupambana ndi kuyendetsa chuma.