Ulamuliro Wolamulira Wosiyana: Mbali ya Maboma a Mafuko mu United States

Maboma a mafuko ali ndi malo apadera m'zandale zadziko za ku America, akumasonyeza mlingo wa ulamuliro wachibadwa umene suli boma kapena boma koma ngwapadera kotheratu. Udindo umenewu wachifumu, woyambitsidwa m’zaka zikwi zambiri za kudzilamulira ndi kutsimikizidwa kwa zaka mazana a kulimbana kwa lamulo ndi ndale zadziko, umaumba miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America ndi kusonkhezera mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro wa U. Kumvetsetsa ntchito ya maboma a mafuko kumafuna kusanthula mozama maziko awo a mbiri yakale, kutsendereza kwa malamulo ovuta amene amalongosola mphamvu zawo, ndi zinthu zamakono zimene amayendera tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.

Maboma ameneŵa sali kokha magawo auyang’aniro; iwo ali oloŵa ndi oyang'anira okangalika a ulamuliro wachibadwa umene unayamba United States isanafike. Lerolino, pafupifupi 574 mafuko ovomerezedwa mwalamulo amagwiritsira ntchito mtundu wina wa ulamuliro wa boma pa nzika zawo ndi magawo, kuyang'anira mautumiki kuchokera ku kusungitsa lamulo ndi kutetezera malo okhala kufikira ku maphunziro ndi chisamaliro cha umoyo. Mbali yawo iri mphamvu yamoyo, yamphamvu imene imapitirizabe kusinthika kupyolera m'kusintha, malamulo, ndi ma acrevenment.

Maziko Aakulu a Mbiri Yakale a Ufulu Wodzilamulira Wokha

Lingaliro la boma la mafuko silinayambe pamene atsamunda a Ulaya afika. Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, Magulu a Eni America anali ndi madongosolo otsogola a ulamuliro, malamulo, ndi mayanjano. Madongosolo ameneŵa anasiyanasiyana mokulirapo(kuchokera ku kuvomerezana kwa democracy kwa Haudenosaunee Confederacy, kumene akatswiri ena anatsutsa kusonkhezera U.S. Constitution, ku mabungwe a utsogoleri a Mississippian a mfumu yachifumu. Kuzindikira maziko a sanakhale a chipani cha Nazidenti ameneŵa nkofunika kumvetsetsa kuti ulamuliro wa fuko sunaperekedwe ndi United States koma uli ufulu wachibadwa umene watsimikiziridwa, kuumirizidwa, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kuswa ndi lamulo la boma.

Kutha kwa Ufumu ndi Mbadwo wa Chipangano

Kukumana kwa ku Ulaya kunayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa dala. Matenda, nkhondo, ndi kusamuka zinapha anthu ndi kukhazikitsa maulamuliro. Komabe, mafuko sanangotha. Iwo anasintha, kukambirana ndi kumenyana kuti asunge ufulu wawo. Briteni Briteni, ndipo pambuyo pake United States, adagwirizana ndi mafuko monga mitundu ina, kupanga mapangano. Pakati pa 1778 ndi 1871, Khoti la U.S. Loya anagwirizana ndi mafuko 370 a Eni - America. Mapangano ameneŵa sanali mapangano a dziko m’lingaliro lamakono; anali, olemekezeka pakati pa mitundu yachifumu imene inadziŵika kukhala yosiyana ndi dziko, mtendere, ndi mapangano alamulo otchuka pakati pa dziko limodzi. Khoti Lamilandu la U. Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLD:WCYUM] v. [181] Georgia [181]

Kuukira Ulamuliro: Kupatulidwa ndi Nyengo Yolamulira

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi pakati pa 20 anaimira kuukira kopitirizabe kwa boma pa ulamuliro wa mafuko. Act General Allotment ya 1887 inaswa maiko a mafuko osungidwa mwaumodzi ndi mmodzi, ndi maiko otsala otsegulidwa kwa anthu osakhala a ku China. Lamulo limeneli linali lofuna kuchotsa maboma a mafuko ndi mphamvu za anthu. Pofika 1934, mafuko anali atataya pafupifupi magawo aŵiri a dziko lawo. Ndiyeno, m'ma 1950, lamulo la boma la Gweroianation linafuna kuthetsa ubale wonsewo, limodzi la kuchotsapo mitundu yawo, kuchotsa katundu wawo, ndi kulanda nzika zawo. Malamulo ameneŵa anali owononga, koma sanachotse ufulu wa kudziimira. M’malo mwake, iwo anathetsa njira yatsopano ya ndale zadziko.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu: Kudzidziŵikitsa ndi Nyengo Yamakono

Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu cha ku America chinapereka mphamvu yosintha. Chiphunzitso cha Eni America, kuyambira pa ntchito ya Alcatraz ku Trail of Brooked Treases, chinakakamiza kuŵerengera dziko. Mu 1975, Nyumba inapereka bungwe la Indian Self-Deminitation and Education and Education Act, chikalata chosintha malamulo amene analetsa kutha kwa malamulo ndi mafuko kuti agwirizane ndi boma kuti agwirizane ndi boma la boma kuti ayang'anire maprogramu awo. Zimenezi zinatsatiridwa ndi bungwe la Indian Child Welfare Act ya 1978, limene linatsimikizira ulamuliro wa ana ophatikizapo ana, ndi Covalbe - Gonance Act ya 1994, imene inakulitsa ulamuliro wa mafuko pa za ndalensi ya boma. Malamulo ameneŵa anazindikiritsa ntchito yaikulu yokhudzana ndi ntchito yaudindo a mafuko amakono.

Ntchito Yalamulo: Ulamuliro, Kusankha Ufulu, ndi Udindo Wokhulupirira

Ulamuliro walamulo wa maboma a mafuko uli pa mizati itatu yogwirizana: uchifumu wachibadwa, lamulo la boma la kudzisankhira, ndi thayo la United States. Dongosolo limeneli nlocholoŵana, nlovomerezedwa mosalekeza, ndipo limasinthana m'chifuniro cha ndale zadziko ndi kumasulira kwa chiweruzo.

Uchifumu wa Ufumu

Uchifumu wa fuko ndi lamulo lomveka. Monga momwe Khoti Lalikulu la United States ladziŵira mobwerezabwereza, mafuko ndi "maiko odalira pa maufumu" amene amasunga mphamvu zawo zachibadwa za boma, kusiyapo kumene maulamulirowo achepetsedwa ndi Congress kapena ndi pangano. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti fuko lili ndi ulamuliro wolongosola mamembala ake, kukhazikitsa malamulo ake ndi malamulo a boma, kulamulira dziko ndi malo okhala, misonkho, ndi kukhazikitsa makhoti ake. Komabe, ulamuliro umenewu suli wotheratu. United States v. Kag. [FLD: 1.] [18] [18], Khoti linachirikiza ulamuliro wa dziko lonse pa mafuko, ndi m'makwawakete] Sulpto. [12]

Thayo la Kukhulupirirana kwa Federal

Chiphunzitso chalamulo chimenechi, chozikidwa m'mapangano, malamulo, ndi malamulo a boma, chimakhazikitsa thayo la makhalidwe ndi lalamulo ku United States kutetezera chuma cha fuko, maiko, ndi chuma, ndi kuchitapo kanthu ku ubwino wa mitundu ya mafuko. Si ntchito wamba yokhudzana ndi makampani a ndalama zoikizira ndalama; ndi thayo lalikulu, lokakamiza ku mabungwe a boma okhala ndi thayo la kuyang'anira nkhani za Indian Affaiairs ndi Indiya Health Service . Thayo lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafuko kuyang'anira boma la boma chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa chuma, monga mu chotchuka [FLT:]. Sazarlk. v.

Mfundo Yodzidziŵira

Imodzi yokha ndiyo kukhazikitsa ulamuliro. Ndi lamulo lakuti mafuko ayenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro ndi chuma chakulinganiza ndi kuyendetsa maprogramu awo ndi mautumiki, kuyambira ku masukulu ndi apolisi kufikira ku makampani a kupititsa patsogolo chuma. Indiyani Zexe-Dterminitation ndi Education Act, monga kukonzanso, imalola mafuko kutenga ntchito ya maprogramu a boma, kuwapatsa ulamuliro wa ndalama zambiri. Zimenezi zachititsa kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wa boma la fuko. Mwachitsanzo, Navajo Nationaly tsopano achita maphunziro ake, Missississippi Band ya m'Andiyani imachita ntchito yaumoyo wa dziko lonse, ndi kuyendetsa nkhalango zawo ndi chuma chawo chachilengedwe. Chikusintha njira ya ndale ya kusinthira kudziko, kusinthira kwa maulamuliro adziko, kuimbidwa ndi kubweretsa ntchito kwa boma la chitaganya.

Zovuta Zamakono: Boma la Ufuko Likugwira Ntchito Lerolino

Maboma a mafuko amakono ngocholoŵana, okhala ndi mitundu yambiri, amene kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zofanana ndi maboma a boma, ngakhale kuti ali ndi malire ndi mapindu apadera. chisonkhezero chawo chimamvedwa pafupifupi m’mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa anthu.

Kutsatira Lamulo ndi Kuweruza Mwachilungamo

Mafuko ambiri amayendetsa madipatimenti awo a apolisi, mabwalo amilandu, ndi mabwalo a ndende. Madongosolo ameneŵa ngofunika kwambiri kuti anthu akhale otetezeka kaŵirikaŵiri ndi kutali kumene malamulo a boma angayendere kutali. Makhoti a mafuko amaweruza milandu yambiri, kuyambira kuswa malamulo a m'misewu ndi malamulo a banja kukhazikitsa mikangano ndipo, m'nkhani zina, milandu yaikulu. Komabe, kuvuta kwa malamulo ndi vuto la anthu. kuchuluka kwa anthu opatuka ku boma kumafuna kuti akhazikitse mphamvu zawo za kuweruza milandu yapansi pa mafuko awo, kuyambitsa "kuteteza anthu opatuka pa anthu ena" ndipo, zimene zingagwirizanitsedwe ntchito. Lamulo ndi Lamulo la 2010 ndi kukonzanso lamulo la 2013 la Chiwawawa cha Akazi pofuna kulankhula mawu ameneŵa pobwezera chiwawa cha mafuko ena, ngakhale kuti anthu oukira boma, chipanipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani, chikabe, chigamu, chikhomeretso cha lamulo, chikabe cha lamulo cha chigamu.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Chuma ndi Maulamuliro

Uchifumu wa zachuma ndi malire ovuta kwambiri kwa maboma a mafuko. Gamming ndi mbali yooneka kwambiri, imatulutsa ndalama mabiliyoni ambiri pachaka zimene ndalama zimafunika kuchokera ku zosamalira zaumoyo kupita ku misewu. Koma mafuko akuwonjezeka. Dziko la Choctaw la Oklahoma likuyendetsa malonda opanga ndi oyendetsa ndege. Cow Creek Band of Umpaa Livrea Line maawere opambana a Aindiya. Dziko la Oneida la Wisconsins Hotela, makosi a thafu, ndi masitolo opezerako phindu. Makampani ameneŵa si mabizinesi okha; ali zida za mabizinesi aumwini okha, kupereka ufulu wa ndalama umene umalola kuti anthu achepetse kudalira kwawo kopanda lamulo la boma. Maboma a boma akupereka msonkho, amakhoma msonkho, amalanda msonkho ndi kutsa misonkhoma ndi kutsa misonkhoma ndi kutsa misonkhoma yachuma m'maiko awo, kukhazikitsa madera otchuka.

Maphunziro ndi Kusungidwa kwa Chikhalidwe

Maboma a mafuko amaikidwa kwambiri pa maphunziro monga chiŵiya cha mwaŵi wa zachuma ndi kupulumuka kwa chikhalidwe. Mwa pulogalamu ya Johnson-O'Malley ndi kulamulira mwachindunji pa Bureau of Indian Education School, mafuko ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito madongosolo awo a sukulu. Sukulu zimenezi zimaikidwa mwapadera kuti zigwirizane ndi maphunziro a chinenero cha Enibala, mbiri ya chikhalidwe, ndi mapindu a anthu m'magawo. Masukuluwa ndi ofunika kwambiri pokonzekeretsa ophunzira a ku chigawo cha dziko lawo ndi kuwonjezerapo.

Mautumiki a Zaumoyo ndi Akhalidwe la Anthu

Mwa mapangano odzisankhira okha, maboma ambiri a m'mafuko amayang'anira mwachindunji zaumoyo woyang'aniridwa ndi Indian Health Service (IHS). Zimenezi zimawalola kugwirizanitsa ntchito za kuchiritsa kwamwambo, kaya kuphatikizapo njira zochiritsira zamwambo, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa maprogramu oyenerera a chikhalidwe, kapena kuyang'anira matenda osachiritsika monga matenda a shuga. Zotulukapozo zingasinthe. Mafuko ambiri a Alaska amasintha umoyo wa ana, thandizo la nyumba, ndi maprogramu osamalira anthu, amapanga malo a zaumoyo a boma a ku Anchorage, ndipo amagaŵira mautumiki a zaumoyo kupyola zigawo za IHS. Mofananamo, mitundu yambiri imapanga chithandizo cha ana, akulu, ndi maprogramungwe osungitsa a zaumoyo a za anthu odzisunga amene akusonyeza kufunika kwa anthu.

Udindo wa Malo Okhala ndi Mawu a Fuko

Maboma a mafuko amayang'anira kwambiri ntchito yoyang'anira malo okhala. Maiko awo ali ndi zinthu zapadera zachilengedwe, kuyambira matabwa ndi mamineral ku Washington mpaka malo owonongeka okhalako. Kugwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wawo wachifumu, mafuko akhala atsogoleri m'chitetezero cha malo okhala. Mtundu wa Indian Inte Awedian amayang'anira ntchito yoyang'anira malo awo otetezeka kwambiri. Komiti ya Sundomish Indian Trinial Community ku Washington yayambitsa njira yosinthira nyengo imene imasinthasintha zinthu zimene zimasintha ndi kufalikira kwa dziko la Western scieology. Ndiponso, bungwe la zachilengedwe la Unic Protection Agency imagwira ntchito m'mitundu yodziŵika monga "station" kaamba ka zifuno za kukwaniritsa malamulo a Clean Water ndi Chean Air Act , ikuwalola kukhazikitsa miyezo ya madzi ndi kutulutsa m'malo awo. Zimenezi ndi mphamvu ya boma imene imakhudzana zaumoyo.

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo Ndiponso Kumenyera Ulamuliro wa Yehova

Ngakhale kuti mayiko akukula kwambiri, maboma akupitirizabe kukumana ndi mavuto aakulu amene amayesa ulamuliro wawo ndi kulimba kwawo.

Kuvuta kwa Zinthu ndi Kuchotsa Maliro

Kutsimikizira boma lomwe ndilo boma lomwe . Litigage ndilo limakhala ndi ulamuliro pa munthu wina, malo, kapena ntchito. Izi zilidi zoona makamaka kwa malamulo a Boma 280, kumene maboma ena apatsidwa ulamuliro wa upandu m'mayiko a Enibala, kuyambitsa dongosolo la zigaŵenga. Litigalamu ndi mtolo wa nthaŵi zonse. Mabungwe ayenera kupita kaŵirikaŵiri ku khoti kukatetezera ulamuliro wawo kuchokera ku ku kuloŵerera kapena kukakamiza pangano la boma. Ndalamazo nzazikulu, zopangitsa chuma chimene chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito pa mautumiki a chitaganya. [FL:0] [FLD] [FLD] [FLD:] [12.] [2001] Chigamulo, chimene chimatsimikizira kuti gawo lalikulu la ku chigawo cha ku Eastern American, limakhala ndi gawo latsopano la malamulo, limakhala ndi likulu la malamulo, ndi lochititsa kuyendetsa nkhondo, ndipo likhoza kukhazikitsa ulamuliro kwa lamulo.

Kupereŵera kwa Ndalama ndi Uyang’aniro wa U.S.

Pamene kuli kwakuti kusamuka ku kudzipha kwapatsa mafuko ulamuliro wowonjezereka pa maprogramu, ndalama za boma sizikukwanira. Indiyan Health Service imadziŵika kukhala yosakwanira; ndalama zowonongedwa zaumoyo kwa Eni - America ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa kwa akaidi a boma kapena Medicare olandira. Bureau of Indian Affairs Religion for jourced jours, projectives , ndi ziwinjirikiti za boma sizikukwanira. Ndiponso, bungwe loloŵeramo malonda ogwirizana ndi boma la boma la boma la bomalo lingakhale lodabwitsa, ndi malamulo otsatizana, ndi madongosolo amene angagonjetse maboma aang'ono okhala ndi udindo wolamulira waunjikana. Nkhondo yolimbana, yosakwanira, yosagwirizana ndi zingwe zoyendera malamulo aungwe zopereka ndalama zopereka ndalama zimene zimapereka ulemu pa kulinganiza kwa mafuko kuli nkhondo yomapanga lamulo lomapanga lamulo lomapanga lamulo lomapanga lamulo.

Zitsenderezo Zochokera ku United States ndi Zokondweretsa Zaumwini

Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kuwonjezera ulamuliro wawo ku maiko afuko, makamaka m'madera onga ngati msonkho, malamulo a kutchova juga, ndi kulola malo okhala. Kutsutsana kumeneku n’kosasintha. Mofananamo, zikondwerero zaumwini, kuyambira ku makampani a mphamvu kufikira ku ntchito za migodi, kaŵirikaŵiri amayesa kugwiritsira ntchito chuma cha mafuko, kaŵirikaŵiri m’njira zimene zimatsutsana ndi malamulo a mafuko ndi chikhalidwe. Kulinganiza mwaŵi wa zachuma ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala ndi chikhalidwe kuli kachitidwe kowopsa. Kutsutsa kwa kampani ya Stank Rock kunakhala chizindikiro cha dziko lonse cha kulimba kumeneku, monga mtunduwo unatsimikizira kuyenera kwake kwa pangano ndi ulamuliro wachifumu kutetezera kuperekedwa kwake, kuyang'anizana ndi boma lachiwawa ndi chitetezo chaumwini m’kachitidwe.

Kumaliza: Mnzanga wa Chipani cha America

Maboma a mafuko sali akale. Ngosalimba, osinthasintha, ndi ofunika kwambiri m'dziko la United States lamakono. Uchifumu wawo, mobwerezabwereza kuzima ndi kubadwanso, tsopano umapereka maziko amphamvu a kudziimira kwa anthu ndi mphamvu za kampani. Mavuto amene amayang'anizana nawo . Kusokonezeka kwa nthaŵi zonse, kupitirizabe, kuloŵerera, ndi kuloŵerera kwa kunja. Koma kuloŵerera kwa theka la zaka zomalizira zapakati ndi zaka zapakati za anthu kumakhala kwamphamvu ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka. Kuzindikira maboma a mafuko kukhala okhalitsa, oyenerera m'dongosolo la dziko la America si chinthu chalamulo kapena chofunikira cha mbiri yakale chabe; ndiko chofunika chofunika kwenikweni kukambirana nkhani za kusinthitsa mkhalidwe wapo. Kusintha kwa boma, kulemekezana ndi kuchirikizana pakati pa dziko, ndi dziko lakale, ndi kutchuka kwa dziko la United States, ndi kutchuka kwa mtsogolo kopambana, ndipo kopindulitsa kwambiri.