Kumvetsa Malonda a Malamulo a Boma

Mfundo ya kugulitsa malamulo a boma ili pa maziko a kuyendetsa bwino. Njira iliyonse imafuna kuti munthu asiye kukwaniritsa zotsatira zake zokhumba, monga chuma, nthaŵi, ndi likulu la ndale zadziko n’zochepa. Opanga malamulo ayenera kupikisana nthaŵi zonse ndi oyendetsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kulinganiza kuyendetsa bwino zachuma ndi kusatsata, kupita patsogolo kwa kanthaŵi kochepa ndi kukhazikika kwa nthaŵi yaitali, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense wokhala ndi ubwino wogwirizana. Kugulitsa sikuli kokha mwaŵi wakupanga zinthu zotsendereza, zowonetsera, ndi zosankha zodziŵa bwino zimene zimasonyeza zinthu zofunika. Kuzindikira malonda ameneŵa ndi si sitepi loyamba la malamulo a ntchito zaluso la zopanga zinthu zimene zili zothandiza ndi kulimba.

Makampani amalonda amatulukira pafupifupi m'mbali zonse za malamulo a boma, kuyambira kusamala zaumoyo ndi maphunziro mpaka kuyang'anira malo okhala ndi malo okhala ndi makampani. Amakakamiza opanga zosankha kufunsa mafunso ofunika kwambiri: Kodi tikufuna kulipira ndalama zingati kuti tiperekere mpweya woyera? Kodi tiyenera kulinganiza ndalama zothandizira kuchepetsa chithandizo chamtengo wapatali? Kodi ndi mlingo wotani wa msonkho umene uli wovomerezeka kupezera ndalama zothandizira anthu? Kuyankha mafunsowa kumafuna njira yolinganizidwira bwino kuti tipeze zosankha, kuzindikira zotsatira zake, ndi kukambirana ndi anthu.

Kusokonezeka kwa Malonda a Malamulo

Ma Tradoff angandanitsidwe m’njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo chilichonse chimapereka mavuto ndi mipata yapadera yowalamulira.

Malonda a Zamalonda a Malo Okha

Makampani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zokondweretsa za Kupikisana

Magulu osiyanasiyana m'chitaganya ali ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Mabizinesi angafune kuletsa kukula, pamene magulu a malo okhala amachirikiza chitetezo chachikulu. Anthu aulimi angafunikire chithandizo cha madzi, pamene nzika za m’tauni zimachirikiza kusungidwa. Kulinganiza zinthu zimenezi ndiko ntchito yaikulu ya ulamuliro wa demokrase. Opanga malamulo ayenera kukambitsirana, kukangana, ndipo nthaŵi zina amapanga zosankha zosakondweretsa kuti athandize anthu ambiri.

Temporal Tradeoffs: Mphindi zazifupi v.

Mwinamwake chidani chopitirizabe m'malamulo a anthu ndicho pakati pa zotsatirapo za mwamsanga ndi zotsatirapo zodalirika. Andale kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zosankhidwa kuti apereke chipambano cha mwamsanga, monga kudula msonkho kapena kuwononga ndalama, zimene zingawononge thanzi lanthaŵi yaitali. Mofananamo, kunyalanyaza kusungitsa zinthu zamakono kumasunga ndalama zochepa koma kumatsogolera ku mtengo wapamwamba. Olamulira anzeru amazindikira kufunika kwa kuleza mtima ndi kuikizira mapangano amene amadzetsa mapindu kwa mibadwo yambiri.

Kugwira Ntchito Bwino Kosiyana ndi Kutha kwa Mabanja

Makampani amathandiza kwambiri kupatsa anthu amene angakhoze kulipira ndalama, koma satsimikizira chilungamo. Apolisi amene amachirikiza chipambano [1] monga kuchotsa kapena kutsekereza ndi kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kusalingana. Komanso, maprogramu opereka ndalama zowonjezereka monga misonkho yopita patsogolo kapena mautumiki ofunika padziko lonse angachepetse kusalingana koma angachepetse zisonkhezero zachuma. Kupeza kulinganiza kwabwino pakati pa kuyendetsa bwino ndi kuyenera kuli chitokoso chosatha, kufuna kulinganiza bwino ndi kupenda bwino.

Kufunika kwa Kufufuza za Tradoff M’maboma Amakono

Kufufuza kwa dongosolo la malonda kumasintha kupanga zosankha kuchokera ku njira ya kachitidwe ka zinthu, youlutsira mawu kukhala chilango cholinganizidwa, chozikidwa pa umboni. Kumapangitsa anthu kukhala omveka bwino posankha zinthu zovuta ndi kukulitsa chidaliro mwa kusonyeza kuti zosankha zimachitidwa moganizira zinthu zonse zofunika.

Kupanga Zosankha Zowonjezereka

Mwa kupenda bwino ubwino ndi kuipa kwa njira iliyonse, kufufuza kokhudza malonda kumathandiza kupeŵa zotsatira zosayembekezereka. Mwachitsanzo, kulinganiza kuchepetsa magalimoto amagetsi kungachepetse kutulutsidwa kwa magetsi komanso kuwonjezera kufunidwa kwa magetsi, kugwiritsa ntchito giredi. Kusanthula kosamalitsa kungayembekezere ziyambukiro zoterozo ndi kulola opanga malamulo kupanga njira zogwirizanira, zonga ngati kugula ndalama zobwezeretsa mphamvu ndi makono.

Kuona Mawonekedwe Mowonjezereka ndi Kuŵerengera

Maboma akavomereza poyera kuti malonda asintha, nzika zimamvetsa chifukwa chake anthu amasankha zinthu zina. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kukayikira ziphuphu kapena tsankho ndipo zimalimbikitsa nkhani yapoyera yodziwika bwino. Malo otsegulirako zinthu, khutu lapoyera, ndi zikalata zopimira anthu ndizo ziwiya zimene zimapanga malonda a malonda. Mwachitsanzo, Ofesi ya U.S. ya Manage of Management and Baccation imafalitsa mapendedwe a pachaka a malamulo aakulu, kulongosola mtengo ndi mapindu ake.

Kupeza Zinthu Zothandiza

Ndalama za boma ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pothandiza kwambiri anthu. Tradoff imasonyeza madera amene kuikizira ndalama kumabweretsa mapindu aakulu ndiponso kumene maprogramu amene alipo salungamitsa ndalama zawo. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za gogo, kumene kumafuna kulungamitsa ndalama zonse zimene zimawonongedwa podulidwa, ndi imodzi ya njira zimene zimakakamiza kupenda kodziwitsa. Maboma amene amagwiritsira ntchito bajeti ya ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri amapeza zotulukapo zabwino ndi ndalama zochepa.

Zitsanzo Zapadziko Lonse za Malonda a Mabungwe Ogulitsa Malamulo Ofala

Kupenda nkhani zachindunji kumatithandiza kuona mmene zinthu zongosintha zimagwirira ntchito ndiponso kumasonyeza kusiyana kwa zimene munthu wasankha.

Lamulo la Zaumoyo: Kupeza, Kuwononga, ndi Ubwino

Kusamalira zaumoyo, mapulogalamu odziŵika bwino a “mabungwe atatu a mapulaneti” angachititse kuti anthu azitha kulowa, kukwera mtengo, ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zonse. Kuwonjezera ndalama zoyendetsera anthu onse, monga mmene zimakhalira ndi anthu onse osamalira zaumoyo, kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna msonkho wapamwamba kapena ndalama zambiri za boma. Koma madongosolo a msika angachititse kuti anthu asankhe bwino komanso apange zinthu zina zatsopano koma amasiya kuti ena asakhale odalirika. Afford Care Act ku United States cholinga chawo n’kuwonjezera njira zopezera anthu opereka ndalama, komanso ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama.

Kusintha Kwamalo: Kuwonjezeka kwa Mafupa.

Malamulo a malo okhala ali ofala ndi makampani oyendetsa zinthu. Kuletsa kwambiri kuipitsa mpweya ndi kuwongolera thanzi la anthu, koma angawonjezere ndalama zotulutsidwa kwa opanga ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chuma kwa kanthaŵi kochepa. Ceasha Air Act ku U. adapatsidwa mlandu wa kupulumutsa mazana zikwi za anthu, koma kuyendetsa kwake kumafunikira makampani kuti agwiritsire ntchito kwambiri zipangizo zotetezera kuipitsa. Mofananamo, kutetezera mitundu ya zamoyo yowonongeka mwa kuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito dziko kungawombanitse kumanga nyumba, ulimi, ndi kutsatsa chuma. Malamulo ogwira ntchito bwino a kuchepetsa ziyambukiro zoipa zachuma pamene akukwaniritsa zolinga za malo okhalako, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera ntchito yosintha kwambiri monga ngati ziŵiro zotetezera kuipitsa ndi kuipitsa kapena kuyendetsa zinthu.

Kusintha kwa Mabanja: Stimulus v.

Pamene zinthu zachuma zikugwa, maboma akulimbana ndi vuto la kuchepetsa kusoŵa ndalama mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndiponso kusungitsa ndalama. Vuto la zachuma ndi mliri wa CHOVID wa 2008 ndi wa19 zinaona kuti kubwereka ndalama ku boma kuti zithandize mabanja ndi mabizinesi. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuloŵerera kumeneku kunachititsa kuti anthu asamagwe kwambiri, iwonso awonjezera ngongole ku ndalama zimene zingawalepheretse kulinganiza ndalama zamtsogolo kapena kufuna kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa ndalama. Kulinganiza kwa ndalama kumathandiza kuti chuma chisathe ndi kupeŵa kulephera kulipira ngongole kuli vuto lalikulu kwa opanga malamulo a zachuma. Kuwombana kwambiri, onani [[FLT:] MF.

Kuyendetsa Malonda: Mabungwe ndi Zida Zogwiritsa Ntchito

Kuti tidziwe mmene makampaniwa amagwirira ntchito, tiyenera kuchita zinthu mwadongosolo.

Kuloŵa m’Dziko Lokhala ndi Ukapolo ndi Demokrase Yodziimira

Kusintha mawu osiyanasiyana m'kachitidwe ka kukonza kumathandiza kutulukira malonda amene anganyalanyazidwe. Technique yonga ngati majuli a nzika, mavoti opangidwa, ndi kulinganiza ndalama zothandizira kulola anthu oyambukiridwa kufotokoza zimene amakonda ndi kumvetsetsa mtengo wa zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda wa Porto Alegre ku Brazil unachita upainiya wopanga bajeti yothandiza, kupatsa nzika ulamuliro wa mmene chigawo cha ndalama za boma chikugwiritsidwira ntchito. Njira imeneyi siinangowongolera ndalama zothandizira anthu komanso inamanganso kudalirana ndi kuŵerengerana ndi boma.

Kupanga Chosankha Chofunika Kwambiri cha Chidziŵitso

Kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chachikulu ndi kufufuza nkofunika kwambiri pofufuza malonda. Chotchi yotayika, kufufuza zosankha zambiri, ndi ziyeso zoyendetsedwa popanda dongosolo zimapereka umboni wokhudza ziyambukiro za malamulo. Zida zonga za World Bank [[FLT: 0] Public Policy Emply Moversement Toolkit [1] imapatsa maluwa othandizira kugwirizanitsa chidziŵitso m'mbali iliyonse ya malamulo. Pamene zosankha zazikidwa pa umboni mmalo mwa nthanthi, mabizinesi amakhala owala kwambiri ndi okhoza kutsukirapo.

Kulinganiza Kapangidwe ndi Kuyesa Koopsa

Chifukwa chakuti kugulitsa kumaphatikizapo kusatsimikizirika, kulinganiza kwa zochitika kumathandiza opanga malamulo kupenda mmene malingaliro osiyana angayambukirire zotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, kulinganiza kwa mzinda kaamba ka kusintha kwa nyengo kungawonere milingo yosiyanasiyana ya kukwera kwa nyanja ndi kuwonjezereka kwa anthu kupanga malo oikizirapo makhoma a nyanja kapena maprogramu opatsirana. Kupenda kwaupandu kumalinganizanso kuthekera kwa zochitika zoipa, monga ngati mliri kapena mavuto a zandalama, kutheketsa opanga zosankha zolinganiza kulinganiza ku kayendedwe ka. OECD’s [FLT: 0] ntchito ya kuyendetsanso malamulo ndi kuwopsa kwa kulinganiza zinthu. imapereka chitsogozo pa kusamala ndi kulinganiza ndi kukonza zinthu.

Kupanga Malamulo ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Pamene makampani a malonda alephera, maprogramu a oyendetsa ndege ndi kuyesa kwa ireatic kungachepetse ngozi. Maulamuliro osintha zinthu angachepetse ngozi. Kwanthaŵi yaitali m'kachitidwe kotsatira malamulo a malo okhala monga kuyesa, kuyang'anira zotsatira, ndi kusintha njira yoyendera yoyendera zimene zaphunziridwa. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena ayendetsa maprogramu a ndalama zofunika kwambiri kuti ayese ziyambukiro zawo pa ntchito, umphaŵi, ndi kusungidwa kwabwino asanachite ntchito yonse. Kusintha kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti malonda angasinthe kwanthaŵi ndi kuti kusinthika ndiko ubwino.

Kusankha Zochita Moyenera

Kodi tiyenera kuona bwanji ubwino wa mibadwo yamtsogolo ndi zosoŵa zamakono?

Chilungamo Choperekedwa

Malonda ambiri amaphatikizapo kugaŵira mapindu ndi mtolo m'madera osiyanasiyana a chitaganya. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezeka kwa msonkho kumene ndalama za maphunziro a boma zingayambukire mokulira mabanja olemera koma kupindulitsa mabanja opeza bwino. Opanga malamulo ayenera kulingalira ngati kugaŵira koteroko kumayenderana ndi malamulo a chilungamo ndi chilungamo. Lingaliro la “kupitira patsogolo". Kuyesayesa kulinganiza bwino ndi kutsimikizira kuti awo amene ali ndi luso lakuchuluka la kulipira zowonjezereka, pamene kuli kwakuti mautumiki ofunika akhalabe ofikirika kwa onse.

Kugwirizana kwa Anthu

Kutsatsa malonda kwanthaŵi yaitali, monga aja ophatikizapo kusintha kwa nyengo kapena ngongole ya anthu, kumadzutsa nkhani ya mathayo kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo. Kulephera kupindula ndi ndalama ndi kayendetsedwe kake ka zinthu ndi kachitidwe kofala m'kusanthula mtengo, koma kusankha mlingo wa kuchepetsa kumasonyeza malingaliro a mwambo. Chiŵerengero chochepa cha kuchepetsa chimayambitsa ubwino wamtsogolo, pamene kuli kwakuti chiŵerengero chachikulu cha anthu oyanjana ndi ogwiritsira ntchito nthaŵi ya mtsogolo. Opanga malamulo ayenera kukhala olunjika bwino ponena za zigamulozo ndi kukambitsirana poyera za mtundu wa choloŵa chimene akufuna kuchoka.

Mfundo Zoletsa Kuyenera kwa Ufulu

Mapangano ena amaumirizidwa ndi ufulu waukulu. Mwachitsanzo, boma silingapereke ufulu wa anthu kotheratu chifukwa cha chisungiko cha dziko, ngakhale ngati kufufuza kochepa kofuna ndalama zoyendetsera kukhoza kukusonyeza. Malamulo otetezera ufulu wa anthu, mapangano a ufulu wa anthu, ndi malamulo a mitundu yonse amakhazikitsa malire ovomerezeka pa malonda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kuthana ndi Mavuto a Kuyendetsa Zinthu Mochita Zamalonda

Ngakhale kuti pali zipangizo zothandizira anthu opanga makompyuta ndiponso malamulo a chikhalidwe, kuyendetsa malonda kumakhala kovuta.

Zitsenderezo Zandale ndi Kuleka Kulamulira

Kusinthasintha kwa nthaŵi kumachititsa zisonkhezero zamphamvu za malamulo amene amapereka zotulukapo zowoneka. Andale zadziko angazengereze kuchirikiza kaamba ka kuyendetsa zinthu kopweteka [1] monga kukweza misonkho kapena kudula maprogramu otchuka . Ngakhale pamene zosankhazo ziri zokondweretsa anthu. Kugonjetsa nyengo zazifupi kumafuna madongosolo a kayendetsedwe amene amatetezera zosankha zina za tsiku ndi tsiku za ndale zadziko, zonga ngati makhonsati odziimira paokha, mapulani a ndalama zoikidwiratu, ndi malamulo alamulo amene amatsendereza kuwonongeka kwa ndalama zowonongedwa. Komabe, njira zimenezi zimaphatikizapo malonda pakati pa demokrase ndi kukhazikika kwa demokrase.

Kulumikizana Kochititsa Chidwi

Mavuto ambiri a zachikhalidwe agwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, zoyesayesa za kuthetsa umphaŵi, zingafunikire kuikizira ndalama pa nthaŵi imodzi m'maphunziro, zaumoyo, ntchito, ndi nyumba. Kupatulako chinthu chimodzi chogundana kumakhala kovuta pamene zisonkhezereka ndi ziyambukiro. Madongosolo a kalingaliridwe ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a kawonekedwe kabwino ka zinthu angathandize, koma amafuna ukatswiri wochuluka ndi zinthu zambiri. Kufikirapo, monga kugwiritsira ntchito njira zofufuzira ndi malamulo otchuka, kungakwanire m’zosankha zochita koma kungaike kubweretsa mavuto ovuta kwambiri.

Chidziŵitso ndi Kusatsimikizirika

Opanga malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri alibe chidziŵitso chonse ponena za mtengo ndi mapindu a zosankha zosiyanasiyana. Zokonda zapadera zingaletse kapena kupotoza chidziŵitso, ndipo mtsogolo mwachibadwa mulibe zotsimikizirika. Kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ndi kupanga zosankha kwamphamvu . Izi zimafuna njira zimene zimagwira bwino ntchito m’tsogolo mwabwino. Kulephera kutsimikizira kuli kachitidwe kolamulira kopambana, pamene kumachepetsa ziyembekezo zenizeni ndi kuchepetsa kusagwirizana ndi zoneneratu.

Mapeto ake: Kutenga Mabizinesi Monga Wolamulira

Kusinthasintha kwa malamulo a boma sikuli chizindikiro cha kulephera koma mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro wathayo. Mwa kupenda mwadongosolo makampani, ochititsa mapangano, ndi kumamatira ku malamulo a makhalidwe abwino, opanga malamulo angapange zosankha zimene zili zooneka bwino, zoŵerengera, ndi zogwira mtima. Kucholoŵana kwa maiko amakono kumafuna kuti tisunge mawu ovuta kwambiri ndi kuyang’anizana ndi zosankha zovuta zimene zimalongosola mtsogolo mwathu. Kulamulira kogwira mtima sikuthetsa malonda; kumawatsogolera ndi nzeru, umboni, ndi chifundo.

Pomalizira pake, mkhalidwe wa lamulo umayesedwa osati ndi kusakhalapo kwa makampani koma ndi mmene amasamalidwira bwino. Nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa malonda zimakonzekera bwino kupenda malonjezo andale ndi kuchititsa maboma kuŵerengera. Pamene tikuyang'anizana ndi mavuto apadziko lonse monga kusintha kwa nyengo, kusokonezeka kwa luso la zopangapanga, ndi kusintha kwa anthu, luso la kupanga malonda anzeru adzalongosola chipambano cha chitaganya chathu. Kuŵerenganso nkhani yovuta imeneyi, . . .E CD ya bungwe la Generaldance Office imapereka chuma chachikulu pa kapangidwe ndi kupenda, ndi Nationalbiaurage ya kufufuza zachuma [FLT]