Chiyambi: Kumasulira Mapale Opanda Ogwirizana

Political Action Committee (PACs) ndi maziko a ndalama za ndawala ku United States, koma si onse a PC amene amagwira ntchito mofanana. Kusiyana kwakukulu kuli m'kayani ngati PAC ali "yogwirizana" kapena "osagwirizana". PaC ndi yogwirizana ndi gulu, mgwirizano wa antchito, mayanjano a malonda, kapena gulu lina, ndipo ndalama zake ndi ntchito zake zimayendetsedwa ndi gululo. Mosiyana, PC yosakhala yogwirizana ndi gulu la kholo lililonse ndipo siigwirizana ndi ndalama za munthu aliyense payekha kuti achirikize kapena kutsutsa, miyezo, kapena malamulo amene amagwirizanitsa ndi mfundo zake kapena ntchito yake yogwirizana ndi ntchito.

Ma PC osagwirizana akhala osonkhezera kwambiri m'mabungwe ochirikiza mayanjano. Iwo amapereka ndalama zoperekedwa kaamba ka kulinganiza, ndi kusonkhanitsa, kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha zifukwa zimene kulibe kuchirikiza kwa makampani aakulu kapena maukwati. Chifukwa chakuti samaona gulu limodzi la kampani kapena gulu, maprogramu osagwirizana, ma PC angafulumire kuyambitsa nkhani ndi kuvomereza kusintha maganizo a anthu. Kudziimira kumeneku kumawapangitsa kukhala oyenerera mwapadera kulimbikitsa machitidwe a makampani aakulu kapena kuti asinthe malamulo pa nkhani ngati ufulu wa anthu, chilungamo, zachuma, zachuma, ndi zina zambiri.

Kuti timvetsetse mbali yonse ya ntchito yawo, nkofunika kupenda malamulo amene amawalamulira, mmene amachitira zinthu, ndi njira zenizeni zimene achirikizamo magulu aakulu a kakhalidwe ka anthu m’zaka zaposachedwapa.

Ntchito ya Malamulo ndi ya Kukhazikitsa Malamulo

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Kampeni ya Chisankho

PC yamakono inapangidwa kwakukulukulu ndi Federal EFomment Campaign Act (FACA) ya 1971 ndi kukonza kwake mu 1974 ndi 1976. FECA inakhazikitsa malire a zopereka, zofunikira kuulula, ndi mafotokozedwe alamulo a komiti ya ndale zadziko. PC yosakhala yolumikizidwa imafotokozedwa monga komiti ya ndale zadziko yomwe si komiti ya chipani kapena komiti yalamulo ya wobatizidwa, ndipo imene ilibe ndi bungwe lochirikiza kapena gulu la antchito. Makomiti ameneŵa ayenera kulembetsa ndi Federal Evotion Commission (FEC) ndi kulengeza nkhani zawo zanthaŵi zonse zopereka tsatanetsatane ndi kuchotsedwa kwa zikalata.

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu la 2010 mu Cibizens United FEC . FELT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pamene kuli kwakuti chigamulocho chinawonjezera kwambiri ku Super PACS, chinalimbikitsanso kufunika kwa ma PAC ogwirizanitsidwa monga mabungwe amene angapange zopereka zolunjikitsa kwa ofunsira m'malamulo (pakali panopo $3,300 pa mavoti a komiti a olembetsa). Osakhala ogwirizana a PaC amapitirizabe kugwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo amwambo, pamene PPACS .

Malamulo Othandiza ndi Oletsa Kusungirira

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa angalandire zopereka zofika pa $5,000 pachaka kuchokera kwa munthu aliyense. Iwo angapereke $5,000 pa chisankho kwa komiti ya wobatizidwa (masankho apadera ndi aunyinji) K45,000 pachaka ku komiti ya chipani, ndi $5,000 pachaka kwa pulogalamu ina ya PAC. Malamulo ameneŵa amaikidwa kuti achepetse kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu ndipo amasinthidwa nthaŵi ndi FEC. Kusintha kwa mlingo kwa mtengo ndi: PCs ayenera kuulula dzina, keyala, ntchito, ndi bwana wa aliyense wopereka ndalama zoposa $200. Mabukuwa amapezeka poyera pa webusaiti ya FEC, kupereka mlingo wa kuŵerengera mlandu.

Komabe, otsutsa amawona kuti kuvumbula kungachepetsedwe ndi "masitepe achinsinsi". Ma PAC ena osalumikizidwa amalandira ndalama kuchokera kwa 501(c)(4) mabungwe a zaumoyo wa anthu kapena makampani ochepera opereka ndalama (LLCs) amene samavumbula opereka awo obisika. Zimenezi zatsogolera ku mikangano yopitirizabe ponena za kupambana kwa malamulo amakono oulukira ndi kufunika kwa kusintha.

Mapale Opanda Anthu Ogwirizana ndi Makompyuta

Ntchito Zopereka Zopereka

Ma PAC amene sakugwira ntchito kwenikweni amakweza ndalama kudzera m'makalata, mamenti a mameseji, manyuzi oulutsira nkhani za anthu, ndi zochitika. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa maziko a anthu opereka mawotchi ang'onoang'ono amene amafunitsitsa nkhani inayake. Mwachitsanzo, PC yoyang'anira za chilungamo cha malo okhala angagwiritse ntchito intaneti kupempha ndi mpambo wa makalata kuti apemphere ochirikiza. Opereka ndalama zambiri angachitenso mbali yofunika, makamaka pamene PC amadziŵika kuti athandiza posankha anthu ofunsira ntchito za pulojekiti.

Kuwononga Ndalama ndi Kuphunzira

Ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa amawononga ndalama m’njira zambiri: zopereka zachindunji kwa oyembekezera ndi makomiti a zipani; zowonongedwa zaumwini kaamba ka kusatsa malonda, otumiza makalata, ndi makampani a foni; ndi zowonongedwa za boma zonga malipiro, lendi, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera. Zowonongedwa za indekha ziri chiŵiya champhamvu chifukwa zikhoza kupangidwa popanda malire, malinga ngati palibe kugwirizana ndi aliyense wofunsira. Ma PAC ambiri osagwirizana ndi ogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zodzifunira kugwiritsira ntchito kutsatsatsa malonda ochirikiza kapena otsutsa kayendetsedwe kake ka nkhani ya kakhalidwe.

Kugwidwa ndi Madzulo

Kuposa zopereka za ndalama, ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amasonkhezerera machitidwe a kutulutsa chivoti (GOTV), kubanki ya telefoni, ndi kugulitsa khomo ndi khomo. Iwo angachirikizenso zikondwerero, masukulu a maphunziro, ndi maprogramu ophunzitsa omenyera nkhondo. Chichirikizo cha nsapato za panthaka nchofunika kwambiri makamaka m'magulu amene amadalira kugawana kwa onse kuti apange chitukuko ndi kukakamiza akuluakulu osankhidwa.

Mbali Zochirikiza Magulu Othandiza Anthu

Kuwononga Malo ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Imodzi ya madera otchuka kwambiri kumene kulibe bungwe la PALIC ndiyo njira yotetezera zachilengedwe. Magulu onga Ligue of Conservation Voters [LCV] Fund yochitapo kanthu [1] ndi Komiti ya zandale ya zandale Saristra Club Komiti ya zandale ndi osagwirizana ndi ndalama zokweza kwa anthu kuti asunge ndalama zothandizira ofufuza malo ndi kutsutsa awo okhala ndi zolembamo zopanda pake. MapaCs ameneŵa akhala othandiza kwambiri kupititsa patsogolo malamulo a nyengo, kutsekera maprojekiti a mafuta, ndi kupititsa patsogolo kusintha mphamvu zamagetsi. Mkati mwa nyengo 20 zosankhidwa, zopanda ma PCC 20,000 ongogwiritsidwa ntchito pa ziwoneto zongo zake.

Chilungamo cha Fuko ndi Ufulu wa Anthu

Color of Change PC[FLT :1] ndi ntchito ya NAACC yosankha oyembekezera kuikidwa ku ufuko. Makampani ameneŵa aika malonda ogogomezera kusintha kwa apolisi, ufulu wovota, ndi chiweruzo cha zachuma. Pambuyo pa 2020 George Floyd atsutsa, zopereka ku chilungamo cha fuko la PaCs zinawonjezeka, kuwatheketsa kufutukula kufikira kwawo. Maluso a PaCs kuyankha mwamsanga ku magulu a kakhalidwe kawo amawapangitsa iwo kukhala ofufuza kaamba ka kusungitsa chitsenderezo pa malamulo.

Ufulu wa Ntchito ndi Chiweruzo cha Zachuma

Pamene kuli kwakuti ma PPAC ambiri ogwirizanitsidwa ndi antchito amagwirizanitsidwa ndi maukwati, palinso ma PACI odziimira omwe amasumika pa ufulu wa antchito. Mwachitsanzo, [[FLT: 0] Kugwira Ntchito Parti Auth PaC imagwira ntchito monga gulu lopanda ogwirizana limene limavomereza oyembekezera kuwonjezereka kwa malipiro ochepa, tchuthi cholipiridwa, ndi kukambirana kwa ufulu wa antchito. Nthaŵi zambiri APAC amagwirizana ndi magulu a anthu kumanga maluwa ogwirizana amene amapanga mawu a chigawo.

Ufulu Woberekana ndi Kulingana kwa Mabanja

Mapasa onga Mndandanda wa EMILY (omwe amachirikiza pro -choice Democratic akazi) ndi Komiti ya Zandale ya Akazi ndi okonzekera kupereka ndalama zopimira kulingana kwa amuna ndi akazi. Ngakhale kuti Mndandanda wa EMILY uli ndi chigwirizano chachikulu cha opereka, ilo linapangidwa monga PACI chifukwa chakuti siligwirizana ndi bungwe kapena mgwirizano. Zochita zake zaumwini zakhala zofunika kwambiri posankha akazi kuti akhale a bungwe ndi okhazikitsa malamulo a boma, mwakutero kukhazikitsa malamulo a za kuchotsa mimba, kusamala zaumoyo, ndi kulipira ndalama.

LGBTQ+ Ufulu

LGTQ Victory Fund ndi PC yosalumikizidwa imene imagwirira ntchito kusankha LGBTQ+ oyembekezera. Mwa kupereka ndalama, maphunziro, ndi kuchirikiza kwadongosolo, yawonjezera kuimira ndi malamulo opita patsogolo monga ngati kulingana kwa ukwati ndi chitetezo cha kukana. Chitsanzo chake chimasonyeza mmene kusanthula kwa munthu mmodzi pa PC kungapangire kusintha mwa kusumika pa kufunsira ndi kuchirikiza kwenikweni ndalama.

Mapindu a Mapapilo Osagwirizana ndi Magulu a Anthu

Kudziimira Paokha Paukalamba wa Corpopace

Mosiyana ndi ma PAC amene ayenera kugwirizana ndi zikondwerero za gulu lawo la makolo, ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa angalondole zolinga za kungopanga nkhani. Kudziimira kumeneku kumawalola kukhala olimba mtima popanda kudera nkhaŵa za ogaŵana m'kampani kapena atsogoleri a bungwe. Magulu a anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kukana molakwa, ndipo ma PAC osagwirizana amapereka galimoto kaamba ka zimenezo.

Kulefuka ndi Kuvomereza

Chifukwa chakuti sasokonezeka ndi njira za boma zovomereza, ma PAC osalumikizidwa angawonjezere ndi kutumiza ndalama mofulumira poyankha kuswa nyuzi kapena ziwopsezo za mwamsanga za boma. Mwachitsanzo, pamene boma likhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kuvota, PC yosagwirizanitsidwa ingayambitse ndawala ya mwamsanga m'masiku angapo, kugula zopereka zochepa zoperekedwa ndi magetsi zimene zimatsalira kuchokera kwa nzika zodera nkhaŵa.

Ganizirani Nkhani za Nikire

Magulu ambiri a chikhalidwe amakhudza nkhani zina zimene zinganyalanyazedwe ndi mabungwe akuluakulu. Ma PAC osalumikizidwa angagwire ntchito pa chinthu chimodzi, monga kusintha m'ndende, ufulu wa nyama, kapena chinsinsi cha magetsi. Kusintha kumeneku kumathandiza ukatswiri ndi kutumiza mauthenga, kuchititsa kuti zikhale zothandiza kwambiri kuposa zinthu zazikulu, zofalitsa zinthu zambiri.

Kukhomereza Mazira Kumadzutsa Mawu

PACIS yosalumikizidwa imapereka mphamvu kwa opereka mphatso paokha kuti agwirizanitse chuma chawo ndi kukhala ndi chiyambukiro chogwirizana chimene chiposa zimene aliyense angapeze yekha. Kusintha kumeneku kwa kugawana kwa ndale zadziko – ngakhale m’nthanthi – kuthandizira kuwonjezera mbali ya kuseŵera ndi zikondwerero zachuma. Zopereka zazing'ono kuchokera kwa zikwi za ochirikiza zingasonkhezere kusatsa malonda a wailesi yakanema, makalata achinsinsi, ndi maprogramu a m’munda omwe amamanga mphamvu yeniyeni ya ndale zadziko kaamba ka magulu.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza

Kusoŵa Kuona Malo Oyera ndi Ndalama Zakuda

Mosasamala kanthu za zofunika zovumbulidwa, MaPAC ambiri operekedwa kupyolera m'zochitika zosagwirizanitsidwa zimene zimavuta kuzipeza. MaPAC ena amalandira zopereka kuchokera ku makampani a zigoba kapena mabungwe amene safunikira kuvumbula operekawo. "Ndalama zobisika" imeneyi ingabise amene kwenikweni akuchirikiza ndalama za gulu la anthu, kuwonjezera nkhaŵa za zinthu zobisika. Mwachitsanzo, PC wochirikiza zisonkhezero za malo okhala angachirikizidwe ndi ziŵiya za mafuta ofukulidwa m’mabwinja zofuna kusonkhezera gulu la anthu mkati.

Chisonkhezero cha Opereka Ndalama

Ngakhale kuti ma PAC osalumikizidwa sangalandire zopereka zosamalitsa zonga Super PACs, iwo angalamuliridwebe ndi opereka ndalama zoŵerengeka. Anthu olemera angapereke $5,000 pachaka kwa PAC imodzi, koma angathandizirenso ku ma PAC ndi zipani za ndale zadziko zambiri, kukulitsa mawu awo mokhutiritsa. Otsutsa amanena kuti zimenezi zingatsogolere ku protocratic skew, kumene kukonda kwa chiŵerengero chochepa cha olemera kupambana aja a anthu ambiri.

Kuopsa Kogwiritsa Ntchito Kachipangizo Kotengera Mtengo wa Magazi

Pamene PC yosalumikizidwa ikhala yochirikizidwa kwambiri ndi magwero amodzi kapena kagulu kakang'ono, kungasinthe zinthu zake zofunika kuti zigwirizane ndi zofuna za operekawo, zokhoza kupatuka pa zolinga zoyambirira za udzu. Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa chisonkhezero cha wopereka ndi mizu ya udzu kuli chitokoso chosatha ku gulu lililonse limene limadalira pa ndalama zoyendetsera kunja.

Chiyambukiro Chachindunji Chochepa pa Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti ma PAC osalumikizidwa angasonkhezere masankho, iwo sangachirikize mwachindunji kapena kulemba lamulo. Chida chawo chachikulu ndicho kuchirikiza, kumene kuli kosalunjika. Ndiponso, chiyambukiro cha kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama pa masankho kaŵirikaŵiri chimatsutsidwa; zinthu zambiri zimagamula masankho, ndipo ndalama zokha sizingatsimikizire chipambano. Magulu angadalire kwambiri pa ma PC pamene akunyalanyaza mitundu ina ya kutsutsa kwa anthu, monga kutsutsa kwa lamulo, kapena kulinganiza chitaganya.

Ntchito Yokakamiza

Kugwira ntchito pa PC yopanda ogwirizanitsidwa kumafunikira kugwirizana kosamalitsa ndi malamulo a FEC, kuphatikizapo kukonza malipoti a mwezi ndi mwezi kapena kotayi, zopereka zoyendera, ndi kumamatira ku malire a zopereka. Kuyang'anira kumeneku kungakhale kowonongetsa ndalama ndi kopatsa nthaŵi, makamaka kwa a PC aang'ono otsogozedwa ndi odzipereka. Zolakwa zingatsogolere ku chilango, chimene chimalepheretsa magulu ena audzu kupanga PC.

Kuyerekezera: PACS vs. Super PACs v. 501(c)(4)s

Magulu a kakhalidwe ka anthu kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito msanganizo wa magalimoto a ndalama. A POC angakweze ndalama zosaŵerengeka kuchokera ku mabungwe, maukwati, ndi anthu, koma amaletsedwa kupereka ndalama zachindunji kwa ofunsira. Ma PC, mosiyana, angapereke mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera, koma ali ndi malire a zopereka. 501 (c) (4) “mabungwe a zachuma achita msonkho ndipo angaloŵetsedwe m'zopereka zandale kwa nthaŵi yaitali pamene kulibe chifuno chawo chachikulu; iwo safunikira kuvumbula opereka zinthu. Magulu amene amaika chinsinsi, 501(c)(4) ali okongola, koma satha kugwirizana mwachindunji ndi oyembekezera kapena APAC. Opanda ogwirizanawo: Amalola zopereka ndi kukwaniritsa, koma amasankha ndi malire.

Kufufuza za Mlandu: Zolembedwa Zosagwirizanitsidwa Zikugwira Ntchito

Kusintha kwa Miyoyo Yathu

Pambuyo pa kuwomberana kwa Parkland kwa 2018, ophunzira anakhazikitsa March kaamba ka Moyo Wathu PAC kuti asankhe okonzekera kutetezeredwa ndi mfuti. PaC ameneyu amene sanagwirizanitse anakweza ndalama zoposa $6 miliyoni kuchokera kwa anthu opereka, kuphatikizapo zopereka zambiri zazing'ono, ndipo anathera modzipatula osadya ndi maofesi osankha mfuti. Kugwira ntchito kwawo kunasonyeza mmene gulu la achinyamata lamphamvu la Kachilombo kanga kangagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu ya udzu kuisintha kukhala mphamvu ya magetsi.

Kusintha kwa Dzuŵa

Sunrise Movement, gulu la achichepere, linayambitsa PC yopanda ogwirizanitsa ndi ogwirizana ndi osonkha ndalama omwe amachirikiza Green New Deal . PC imagwirizanitsa ndi ndandanda ya Sunsion ndi ndandanda ya amwenye kuphunzitsa antchito odzifunira ndi kuyendetsa mabanki a telefoni. Mwakuyang'ana pa mavuto aakulu otsutsana ndi Democrat yochepera, iwo asuntha malo a nyengo a gululo ku lamanzere. Njira yawo imasonyeza bwino mmene gulu la PC lingakhalire ponse paŵiri likhale lopereka ndalama ndi chiŵiya cholinganiza.

Chilungamo Chofunidwa PaC

Kusumika maganizo pa kusintha jaji ya boma ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba, Chilungamo Chofuna Chilungamo ndi PUC yomwe sikugwirizana ndi opereka ndalama zimene zimakweza ndalama kuchokera kwa opereka opita patsogolo kusonkhezera nkhondo zachiweruzo. Iwo amapanga malonda okakamiza ozembera ndi osonkhezera kukakamiza kuti afutukule khoti kapena opuma pantchito. Mapacrowa asonyeza mmene ma projekiti osagwirizana ndi boma angachitire ndi nkhani zina zimene zimafuna chitsenderezo chokhalitsa kwa zaka zambiri.

Kulingalira Zamtsogolo ndi Kachitidwe Kake

Kufuna Kusintha Zinthu

Osuliza a mbali zonse ziŵiri za mpandopo amatsutsa malamulo okhwima pa ma PC. Mapangano amaphatikizapo kuvumbula zenizeni za zopereka zonse, kuchepetsa malire a zopereka, ndi kutseka chiboo cha ndalama zimene zimalola opereka kubisa umboni wawo. Ena amayanja kukonza kogwirizana ndi malamulo kuti agwetse Citazens United , ngakhale kuti chimenecho chimakhala cholinga cha nthaŵi yaitali. Ena amatchula njira yaing'ono yoyenderana ndi masankhoti a boma, imene ingachepetse chisonkhezero cha PCS.

Kusintha kwa Njira za Umisiri ndi Makina

Kukwera kwa mapulatifomu othandizira anthu opanga makampani monga Act Blue ndi Win Red kwachititsa kuti zikalata za AC zikhale zosavuta kuti anthu ambiri ongopereka zinthu. Kutsatsa malonda kwa pakompyuta, makamaka pa Intaneti, kumachititsa kuti ma PAC ayambe kuvota mwachindunji. Komabe, zida zimenezi zimayambitsanso nkhaŵa zina ponena za kusocheretsedwa ndi kuloŵerera kwa mayiko ena. Mapulatifomu ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kuti apeŵe kutsatsatsa malamulo a za kampani ya polisi.

Mbali Yothandiza M’mabungwe a Anthu

Pamene magulu a anthu akupitirizabe kusintha mikhalidwe yandale, ma PC angapitirize kukhala mbali yaikulu ya njira zawo. Luso lakukweza ndalama ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama paokha likupatsa mphamvu zothandizira kutsutsa, kuweruza, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Kuyembekezera kuona malo ambiri osungira zinthu monga zachinsinsi zachinsinsi, ufulu wa antchito, ndi kusankhana mitundu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, magulu afunikira kukhala osamala ponena za kusunga kuoneka bwino ndi udzu kuti adziwitse mlandu wa kusungitsa kukhulupirika kwa anthu onse.

Kumaliza

Ma PAC amene sagwirizanitsidwa ndi makampani a m'chitaganya ofunafuna kusonkhezera masankho ndi malamulo. Ufulu wawo kwa kampani kapena bungwe la ogwirizana umawalola kulondola zolinga zapamwamba, zogwirizana ndi mapangano ogwirizana ndi ochirikiza achikondi. Mwa kugaŵira njira yalamulo yoperekera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, iwo amathandiza kuwonjezera malo akuseŵera otsutsana ndi chitsutso. Komabe, iwo saali opanda zophophonya: mipata ya kuonekera, chisonkhezero cha opereka, ndi katundu woyendetsa zinthu amapangitsa mavuto osatha. Kwa ophunzira a sayansi yandale zadziko, ndawala, ndawala, ndi kachitidwe kakhalidwe ka za kakhalidwe ka anthu, PCss, kuzindikira bwino mmene amachitira ndi mayanjano m'dongosolo la democracy.

Pomalizira pake, mphamvu ya PACI yosakhala yolumikizidwa imakhala osati m'malamulo ake okha, koma m'kukhoza kwake kutsogolera chifuniro cha anthu amene adzipereka kusintha. Pamene agwiritsira ntchito malamulo ndi mowonekera bwino, APAC ameneŵa angawonjezere mawu a magulu a anthu ndi kuthandiza kutembenuza chidwi cha anthu ku zipambano za ndale zadziko. Pamene dongosolo la za ndawala za ndale zadziko likupitiriza kusinthika, mbali ya ma PAC omwe sali ogwirizana idzakhala nkhani ya mwaŵi ndi makambitsirano onse aŵiri.