Nthambi yaikulu ya boma la United States ndi injini imene imatembenuza cholinga cha lamulo kukhala ntchito yooneka. Pamene kuli kwakuti Congress imatsutsana ndi kuchotsa ngongole, ndipo oweruza amamasulira lamulo, nthambi yaikulu imatsimikizira kugwira ntchito kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa boma. Chida chachikuluchi, kuphatikizapo antchito a m'boma mamiliyoni ambiri, antchito ankhondo, ndi bungwe lambiri la mabungwe, amapatsidwa lamulo la lamulo lapadera: kutengera malamulo onse ndi kuwatembenuza kukhala malamulo, mautumiki, ndi zotsatira zake. Nkhaniyi imapereka kuyang'ana koonekera bwino kwa maluso, mafilimu, ndi malamulo a malamulo a malamulo amene amatsogolera nthambi yaikulu pogwiritsira ntchito malamulo, kuchokera ku malamulo a Pulezidenti ku ntchito yolamulira ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma.

Maziko a Lamulo a Mphamvu Yolamulira

Malamulo a nthambi yapamwamba amapezeka m'Chigawo II cha Malamulo a ku United States. Mosiyana ndi mphamvu zotchulidwa, zoŵerengedwa za Congress m'Chigawo I, Mfundo II njachidule ndi yotseguka. Gawo I imaika mphamvu yapamwamba kwa Pulezidenti mmodzi, kulinganiza kopangidwa ndi Aframers kutsimikizira mphamvu, kuŵerengera, ndi kutsimikiza m'boma. Kuchuluka kumeneku kwa ulamuliro kunali kuyankha mwachindunji ku zofooka za Malamulo a Confederation, amene alibe nduna yaikulu yosungitsa malamulo a dziko.

Chigawo III cha Mfundo II chili ndi lamulo lofuna kukhazikitsa malamulo: Pulezidenti "Adzasamalira kuti Malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika. Mfundoyi Imene Imaimira malamulo a pulezidenti pa ntchito zonse zaudindo. Imakakamiza ntchito yosatha kwa Pulezidenti kutsimikizira kuti malamulo operekedwa ndi Nyumba za Malamulo achitidwa mogwira mtima ndiponso m’chikhulupiriro chabwino. Mawu omveka ngati osavuta atembenuzidwa ndi akatswiri ndi makhoti kupatsa Pulezidenti ulamuliro wofunika pa bungwe lonse la boma.

Malamulo amapatsanso Prezidenti mphamvu kuti akhazikitse maofesala aakulu a United States, monga ngati alembi ndi oweruza a boma, ngakhale kuti mphamvu imeneyi imakhala pansi pa "udindo ndi chivomerezo" cha Nyumba ya Malamulo. Kuwonjezerapo, Pulezidenti angafune lingaliro, polemba, lokhala mkulu wa gulu lililonse pankhani iliyonse yokhudza ntchito zawo. Makonzedwe ameneŵa anapangidwa kulowa m'dongosolo lamakono la Kbibit Cobit, kumene Pulezidenti amakhazikitsa mitu ya madipatimenti a akuluakulu kaamba ka uphungu ndi mgwirizano. Ofesi ya Pulezidentiyo ikhozanso kuwonjezera mphamvu ya Vescale , imene imapatsa "udindo wamkulu" kwa Pulezidenti, mawu omvedwa kukhala akukwaniritsa maulamuliro onse a mtsogoleri, nkhani ya ulamuliro, ku polera ndi kulephera ndi kupatsa mphamvu za bungwe la kolamulira.

Kuti mumvetsetse bwino malemba oyambirira ndi kumasulira kwake, National Archives imapereka mawu onse a Mfundo II .

Pulezidenti Monga Mkulu wa Malamulo

Mapresidenti amakono amachita mbali yofala ndi yaikulu m'dongosolo la malamulo, kuwapatsa iwo dzina lamwaŵi la "Chief Legislator". Chiyambukiro chimenechi chimachitidwa ponse paŵiri pakhale chikalata cha malamulo, kuumba zimene zilimo, ukulu, ndi kutsatiridwa kwa lamulo la boma.

Kukhazikitsa Agenda ndi Boma la Mgwirizano

Kachitidwe ka kugwiritsa ntchito kanayamba kalekale lamulo lisanasainidwe. Pulezidenti amakhazikitsa malamulo kudzera m'makalata a boma la United Union, chigamulo cha bajeti choperekedwa ku Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndi zikalata zalamulo zolembedwa ndi White House. Mapepala ameneŵa amasonyeza zinthu zofunika za boma ndi kupereka pulani ya Congress, kukhazikitsa makambitsirano a dziko lonse ndi kulongosola chilengedwe cha malamulo odalirika. Makamaka, ndi chida champhamvu, monga momwe akunenera kuti aperekere milingo ya maprogramu onse a boma, kukhazikitsa bwino zothandizira zokhalira zoyendera zoyenderapo za boma m'chaka chakubwera.

Mphamvu ya Kachilombo ka Veto ndi Ntchito Yake Yabwino

Pamene Congress apereka lamulo, Pulezidentiyo agwiritsa ntchito mphamvuyo, kuyang'anira kowopsa pa nthambi ya malamulo. Pulezidenti angasaine lamulolo m'lamulo, kapena kulilola kukhala lamulo popanda chikalata chalamulo pambuyo pa masiku khumi. Aveto amatumiza lamulolo ku Nyumba ya Malamulo, limene lingangolichotsa ndi magawo aŵiri a triat permajects m'zipinda zonse. Mtengo uwu umapanga kukhala wosapezeka. Suto si chida choipa chabe; ndi chiwopsezo chapadera. Chiwopsezo cha njerwa chingakakamitse kukambirana ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo la kukumana ndi Pulezidenti asanafike pa desiki. Mtundu wapamwambawu, suchitika pa tsiku la chikalatacho ndipo popanda chikalata chophetsa.

Kusaina Ndemanga ndi Kumasulira kwa Olamulira

Chida chotsutsa kwambiri mu unduna wamakono ndi mawu osaina. Posaina lamulo, Pulezidenti angapereke chikalata cholongosola mmene amasulirira lamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri kusonyeza mmene nthambi yaikulu imafunira kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo. Zikalata zina zosaina zimadzutsa zitsutso za lamulo, kulangiza mabungwe a maulamuliro kuti asamapereke malangizo oletsa Pulezidenti kupondereza ulamuliro. Pamene kuli kwakuti mawu ameneŵa sakakamiza makhoti, amatumikira monga chitsogozo chachindunji cha boma. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti iwo amapanga mzera wa tento, kunyalanyaza lamulo monga lolembedwa. Oyang'anira akuona monga ntchito yoyenerera ya Pulezidenti yomasulira malamulo ndi "kusamalira" kuti malamulo akutsatitsatitsatiridwa m'njira ya malamulo.

Malamulo ndi Malangizo Otsogolera

Mwinamwake chida chachindunji koposa cha kulinganiza ndi dongosolo la akuluakulu. Malamulo auyang'aniro ndiwo malangizo operekedwa ndi Pulezidenti kwa mabungwe a boma amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo. Ayenera kuikidwa mu ulamuliro wa malamulo amene alipo kapena Malamulo enieni. Malamulo auyang'aniro amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsogoza ntchito za boma la boma, kukhazikitsa malamulo, kuwongolera malamulo, kumasulira malamulo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zofunika. Zitsanzo zonga ngati Bungwe la Unduna wa 9981, zimene zinachotsa mphamvu zankhondo, ndi Unduna 9066, zimene zinavomereza chipani cha ku Japan cha America kugwirizanitsa anthu mkati mwa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya dziko. Pulezidenti proferanda ndi zimagwira ntchito zofananazo, kutsogolera ntchito popanda kugalamu ya dongosolo laungwe la kayendetsende.

Makina a Boma: Kabinapiti ndi Maboma Oyendetsera Ntchito

Pulezidenti angakhale mkulu wa nthambi yoyang'anira, koma ntchito yeniyeni yogwiritsa ntchito malamulo imachitidwa ndi madipatimenti, mabungwe, makampani, ndi makampani a boma. Boma limeneli ndilo madongosolo a boma achikhalire, amene ali ndi udindo wopereka lamulo tsiku limodzi. Kumvetsa bwino kapangidwe ka makinawa n’kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse mmene malamulo amakhalira enieni.

Madipatimenti Oyang’anira

Pali madipatimenti 15 a akuluakulu, iliyonse yotsogozedwa ndi Mlembi (kusiyapo Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo, yotsogozedwa ndi Attorney General) amene akutumikira monga chiŵalo cha Kabineja wa Pulezidenti. Madipatimenti ameneŵa ndi aakulu, mabungwe olinganiza bwino ntchito ndi maudindo a chitaganya cha America. Mwachitsanzo:

  • Kuchotsa Usilikali: Kutsatira malamulo okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha dziko ndi ntchito zankhondo.
  • Malo a Thanzi ndi Mautumiki a Anthu (HHS): Addicare, Medicaid, Afford Care Act, ndi Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
  • Desikishoni ya Homeland Security (DHS): malamulo oloŵera m'dziko, amayang'anira chitetezo cha m'malire, ndi kugwirizanitsa chivomerezo cha tsoka kudzera mu FEMA.
  • [[MT.0] Malo a Kayendedwe ka chuma: amasunga misonkho kudzera ku IRS, amayang'anira ndalama za boma, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zilango zachuma.

Dipatimenti iliyonse ndi gulu la atsogoleri andale limene oikidwa paudindo wapamwamba ndi antchito a boma ogwira ntchito zapamwamba akuchita ntchito zazikulu za bungwelo.

Mabungwe Odziimira Okha

Kupitirira madipatimenti 15 a akuluakulu a boma, makampani ambiri odziimira paokha amachita mbali yaikulu pa ntchito. Mabungwe monga a Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Security and Exchange Commission (SEC), Federal Reserve, ndi Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) amaikidwa m'nthambi ya akuluakulu koma amayendetsa ndi mlingo waukulu kwambiri wa ufulu wa prezidenti pa ulamuliro wa boma. Ambiri amatsogozedwa ndi bungwe limene mamembala ake amayenda mozembera ndipo angachotsedwe ndi Pulezidenti chifukwa cha (momogwira ntchito kapena kulephera). Mabungwe ameneŵa amapangidwa kuti ateteze kuchokera ku chisonkhezero cha ndale zadziko, kuwalola kupanga zosankha zodalira pa luso la za sayansi ndi malamulo a zamakono, zimene makamaka n’zofunika kwambiri pa ntchito ndi zaulimi.

Mabungwe a Boma

Ntchito zina za boma zichitidwa ndi makampani a boma, monga ngati Mapositi ofesi a United States, Amtrak, ndi Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). Mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito ngati mabizinesi aumwini koma ndi a boma. Ali ndi mlingo wapamwamba wa kudziimira kwa anthu ndipo amapatsidwa ndalama zambiri mwa kulipira antchito osati ndalama za pachaka, kuwalola kuthandizira mayendedwe a malonda ambiri pamene akutumikira ntchito ya onse.

Utumiki wa Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Dongosolo Lokhutiritsa

Chiyambi cha ntchito ndi ntchito ya boma. Pendloton Act ya mu 1883 inakhazikitsa njira yoyenerera yopezera ntchito ndi kukweza ntchito, kulowa mmalo mwa "system ya ziphuphu" kumene ntchito za boma zinaperekedwa monga wothandizira wandale. Lerolino, Office of Movement Management (OPM) imayang'anira ntchito ya kulembetsa ndi kugawa kwa mamiliyoni a antchito a boma amene amachita ntchito ya boma ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Katswiri ameneyu, wosakhala wantchito wa ntchito ya boma amalinganizidwira kusungitsa kupitirizabe ndi luso ndi kuyang'anira maulamuliro, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo akugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza ndi moyenerera, mosasamala kanthu za zimene gulu la White House limachita.

Kupanga Makina Opangira Malamulo: Mmene Malamulo Ofunika Amapangidwira

Kwa mabungwe ambiri a boma, chida chachikulu chogwiritsira ntchito malamulo aakulu ndicho kupangidwa kwa malamulo kupyolera m'njira yodziŵika monga kupanga malamulo. Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ipereka lamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri imakhazikitsa zolinga zazikulu ndi mapulinsipulo koma imasiya tsatanetsatane waluso la bungwelo. Administrative Procedure Act (APA) ya 1946 ikhazikitsa maziko a kachitidwe kameneka, kukhazikitsa njira yopanga malamulo opangidwa ndi zigamulo kuti zipange malamulo amene ali ndi mphamvu ndi mphamvu yalamulo yonse.

Zimenezi zimachitika m’madera angapo ofunika kwambiri:

  1. Adresidy Aguement : Congress imapasa lamulo, monga ngati Chrease Air Act, kulangiza EPA kukhazikitsa National Ambient Security Service Servement (NAAQS) kutetezera thanzi la anthu.
  2. Lamulo lolinganizidwa: Bungwe limafufuza nkhani ndi kupanga malamulo olingaliridwa. Limafalitsa Chidziŵitsochi cha Kupanga Malamulo (NPRM) mu Féderal Register .
  3. Notilic Wothirirapo ndemanga: APA imalamula nyengo "mawu ndi ndemanga", yomwe imakhala masiku 30 mpaka 90. Chiŵalo chilichonse cha anthu, kuphatikizapo anthu, makampani, makampani a malonda, ndi magulu a zikondwerero, zingapereke ndemanga zolembedwa. Bungweli lifunikira mwalamulo kuwerenga, kuganizira, ndi kuyankha ndemanga zofunika.
  4. Lamulo lachibadwidwe: Atapenda ndemanga zapoyera, bungwelo limakonza ndi kufalitsa Lamulo Lomaliza mu Faceral Register [ ndi [[FLT]] Code of Federal Regame (CFR ]. Lamulo lomaliza limaphatikizapo kuyankha kwa bungwelo ndi maziko alamulo kaamba ka zotsatira zake zomaliza. Kamodzi, lamulolo limakhala ndi mphamvu ya lamulo. Kulephera kutsatira malamulo. Kulephera kukwaniritsa zilango kapena zilango zina.

Njira yofunika kwambiri m'zochitika zimenezi ndiyo kupenda Office of Information and Regural Affairs (OIRA). Yopezeka m'gulu la White House Office of Management and Bactage , OIRA imapenda malamulo ofunika ndi omaliza ochokera ku mabungwe akuluakulu. OIRA imatsimikizira lamulolo kukhala logwirizana ndi mfundo zofunika za Pulezidenti ndipo ikufuna kupenda kolimba kokhala ndi mtengo wokwera, kupenda ngati mapindu a lamulolo akulungamitsa mtengo wake. Webusaiti ya [[FLT: 0] OIRARA imapereka tsatanetsatane wowonjezereka pa kapendedweka. Kupenda kobwereranso kwa ka ka ka ka ka kaungweka ndi chimodzi cha ziwirizo zamphamvu kwambiri zimene Pulezidenti ali nazo poyang'kuyang'anira boma la boma lokonzanso.

Kukakamiza, Nzeru, ndi Kuletsa Udindo

Kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi mbali ya ntchito yokhayo imene munthu ayenera kugwira, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulowo kumafunanso kuti anthu azichita khama pochita zinthu zogwirizana ndi malamulo a m’banja mwake.

Nzeru Yoweruza

Mabungwe a Federal sangathe kufufuza kapena kukakamiza kuti lamulo likhale loswedwa. Ayenera kuika zofunika choyamba. Izi zimadziŵika monga kuweruza mlandu. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Chiweruzo (DOJ) ingagamule kusumika maganizo pa upandu wachiwawa wa dzuŵa pa upandu wa azungu m'chaka choperekedwa, kapena SEC ingayambitse milandu ya kugulitsa yaing'ono yonena za kuswa lamulo. Kusankha kumeneku kuli ntchito yofunika ya nthambi yapamwamba imene iyenera kugawa chuma chokwanira, komanso ingakhalenso magwero a mkangano wa ndale, makamaka pamene Prezidenti atsogolera kuletsa ntchito yopereka lamulo m'madera ena.

Kuletsa Oyang’anira

Mabungwe ambiri ali ndi mabwalo a mkati mwa khoti amene amayang'anira mikangano yomwe imabuka pansi pa malamulo awo. Bungwe la Social Security Administration (SA) lili ndi dongosolo lalikulu la Oweruza Audministrative Law (ALJS) amene akumva zidandaulo za anthu ena zimene zimakana mapindu. Oyang'anira Ofesi ya Immigation Review (EIR) amayang'anira makhoti a anthu oloŵa m’dziko kumene oweruza amasankha kuti atha kuthamangitsidwa. Federal Tradenti Commission (FC) imayang'anira kutsutsa mabizinesi osoŵa a anthu olakwa. Mabungwe ameneŵa amayang'anizidwa ndi malamulo a APAUD, zimene zimatsimikizira, zimene zimatsimikizira, ndi chigamulo cha mbiri.

Ntchito ya Ofufuza Onse

Kutsimikizira kuti adzadziŵerengera mlandu mkati mwa nthambi yoyang'anira, bungwe lililonse lalikulu lili ndi Ofesi ya Inspector General (OIG). Oyang’anira odziimira okha ameneŵa amafufuza zinenezo za chinyengo, kutaya zinthu, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa, ndi kusasamala m’bungwe lawo. Iwo amatumiza malipoti a anthu ndipo angapereke milandu ku Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo. Ntchito yawo imayang'anira mkati, kutsimikizira kuti malamulowo sakungochitidwa koma kuti boma lenilenilo likuchita mowona mtima ndi mwachipambano.

Kupenda, Kulinganiza, ndi Kuŵerengera

Mphamvu yaikulu ya nthambi ya akuluakulu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo imachepetsedwa ndi dongosolo lokhwima la kuyang’anira nthambi zina ziŵiri za boma ndi malamulo amene amalimbikitsa kuonekera.

Kuyang’anira Gulu

Nyumba ya Malamulo si yongoonerera chabe pambuyo pokhazikitsa lamulo, koma imayang’anira ntchito zake pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamphamvu zosiyanasiyana:

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Komiti ya boma imagwira ntchito monga kuimitsa kotsutsa, kutsimikizira kuti zochita za nthambi za akulu siziposa ulamuliro walamulo kapena wa malamulo. Anthu, makampani, ndi maboma angapereke chikalata chotsutsa lamulo kapena kachitidwe ka lamulo. Makhoti amapenda machitidwe a bungwe pansi pa APA, amene amawalola kuchotsapo machitidwe omwe ali "auveria ndi olakwika" kapena "autsatsa ulamuliro wopambanitsa wa boma.

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, makhoti anagwiritsa ntchito [[FLT: 0] Chaveron , chimene chinafuna oweruza kugonjera ku kumasulira koyenera kwa bungwe kwa lamulo lomwe linali lodabwitsa. Komabe, mu 2024, Khoti Lalikulu linazemba [[FLT:] Throughron m’nkhani ya [FLT:] [[FLT:]] Light Enterpesion v. Raimdo . Kusinthaku kwakukulu kumaika thayo la kumasulira malamulo ovuta judia, m’malo mwa mabungwe. Kusintha kumeneku kumayembekezera kuchititsa kutsutsa malamulo m’khoti, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuyendetsa ulamuliro wa gulu la oyendetsa ntchito ndi kumasulira ulamuliro. [Forksiontion:]

Masainilo Opangira Malo Osonyeza Malo

Malamulo ambiri amafuna kuti nthambi yaikulu igwire ntchito poyera, motheketsa kuyang’anira anthu:

  • Ufulu wa Chikalata cha Chidziŵitso (FOIA): imalola munthu aliyense kupempha mafaelo kuchokera ku mabungwe a boma, kukakamiza kuwonekera m'kupanga chigamulo cha boma.
  • Act ya Federal Advisory Committee Office (FACA): Imafuna kuti makomiti aulaliki ndi ziŵalo zochokera kunja kwa boma akhale olinganizika ndi ochititsa misonkhano yotseguka.
  • Boma m'Chilamulo cha Sunshine: limafuna kuti misonkhano ya mabungwe ambiri (monga SEC kapena FTC) ikhale yotseguka kwa anthu.

Kumaliza

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo kuli njira yocholoŵana, yogwira ntchito, ndiponso yochititsa chidwi kwambiri imene imapitirira mwambo wa kusaina pa Nyumba ya White. Imaphatikizapo kuvina kochititsa mantha pakati pa nthambi zitatu za boma, nkhoswe ndi ntchito ya boma yochitidwa ndi akatswiri ndi kulamulidwa ndi malamulo okhwima, malamulo, ndi njira zoyang'anira. Nthambi yapamwamba siikukakamiza kukhazikitsa malamulo mopanda ntchito; ndi kumasulira kogwira ntchito, kotsogolera, kotsogolera, ndi kopanga malamulo. Kumvetsetsa njira imeneyi nkofunika kuti imvetsetse mmene malamulo amapangiradi ku United States. Dongosolo limadalira pa kulinganiza bwino, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi kutengamo mbali poyera kutsimikizira kuti malangizo a malamulo akutembenuzidwira m’kuthandiza, ndi kukwaniritsa ntchito yoyenerera, ndi yothandiza anthu a ku America.