Zosankha za boma sizimatuluka kaŵirikaŵiri. Zimapangidwa ndi macheza, kupikisana, ndi kugwirizana pakati pa akanema osiyanasiyana, aliyense akubweretsa zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana, ukatswiri, ndi mapindu ku gome. Mfundo za boma nzocholoŵana, ndi mabizinesi amene opanga malamulo amayang'anizana ndi chipambano ndi kulingana, kukula ndi kusungidwa kwa zinthu, ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ndi chitaganya, sakhoza kumvedwa bwino popanda kupenda osungitsa iwo. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kochuluka kwa ntchito ya osungitsa mitengo m'malonda, kuchokera ku ku ku kupenda ndi kulinganiza kwa chiyambukiro chawo pa kachitidwe ka chosankha. Mwa lunthano, mmene amachitira, ndi zitoko, ndi kutsutsa kumene amapanga, ndi kuyendera, ndi kuyendera malamulo oyendera malonda, ndi okhoza kuchirikiza, ndi kuchirikiza mfundo, ndi kuchirikiza mfundo zogwirizana.

Kumvetsetsa Osunga Malo: Malongosoledwe ndi Mafolansi

Pamaziko ake, wosungitsa zinthu ali munthu aliyense, gulu, kapena gulu limene limakhala ndi chikhumbo chachiwonjezo cha chigamulo cha lamulo. Chikondwerero chimenechi chingalunjikitsedwe mwandalama monga ngati kuyambukiridwa ndi lamulo latsopano . kapena kusalunjika, kuchokera ku nkhaŵa za makhalidwe, makhalidwe, kapena za nthaŵi yaitali. Osunga malamulo angakhale achibadwa (m’jere, osankhidwa akuluakulu, ma bureaucrates) kapena akunja (mg., magulu advocacy, nzika).

Malo othandiza kwambiri pozindikira ndi kuika m'magawo a anthu ndi mlingo wa grid-lactive-lactive , yofala poyang'anira ntchito ndi kusanthula malamulo. Mapiri osungidwa pa mlingo wawo wa mphamvu kuti asonkhezere chosankha ndi kukondwerera kwawo zotsatirapo.

  • Makiyi a oseŵera (mphamvu yapamwamba, chiwongola dzanja chachikulu): Osungitsa mapangano ameneŵa ayenera kuikizidwa mokwanira chifukwa chakuti akhoza kupanga kapena kuswa lamulo.
  • Sungani kukhutila (mphamvu yapamwamba, chikondwerero chotsika): Sungani chichirikizo chawo mwa kupereka chisamaliro chachikulu, koma peŵani kumangowavutitsa.
  • Sunganibe dziŵitsa [ (kuchepa mphamvu, chikondwerero chachikulu): Kulankhulana kokwanira; kukhoza kukhala ndi chisonkhezero mwa kugwirizana kapena malingaliro a anthu.
  • Monitor (mphamvu yotsika, chikondwerero chochepa): Kuyesayesa kochepa kumafunikira, koma londani za kusintha kwa malo.

Kupyola pa kuikidwa kumeneku, osungitsa mwazi angasiyanitsidwe ndi kugwirizana kwawo ndi lamulo. [FLT:] Osunga maupandu a paulova akuphatikizapo awo oyambukiridwa mwachindunji, monga opanga makina kapena ma inshuwalansi. [[FLT: 4.] Othandiza zaumoyo angosintha malamulo a zaumoyo. [[FLT:] ndi awo amene sakhudzidwa nthaŵi yomweyo koma amakhala ndi zikondwerero, monga magulu a anthu kapena ofufuza za zamaphunziro. Kudziŵa zimenezi kumathandiza kuyang'ana za malonda a malonda. [[FLT: 4.]

Magulu a anthu osungitsa ndalama atsamunda amaphatikizapo awa:

  • Mabungwe a boma a m’madera onse (a boma, a m’dziko lawo, ndi a m’dera lawo)
  • Mabungwe osapanga phindu ndi magulu achinyengo
  • Makampani ndi makampani
  • Anthu a m’derali ndiponso anthu okhala m’deralo
  • Kufufuza, kufufuza, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makina ofufuzira
  • Makampani oulutsa nkhani ndi mabungwe oyendera anthu
  • Mabungwe a padziko lonse (m’njira yachiwiri, World Bank, United Nations)

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga mozama pa ma thiropozi, [[FLT: 0] malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka gulu amapereka chitsogozo chachikulu pa pangano la opanga malamulo.

Kufunika kwa Kuloŵa M’pangano la Kudziloŵetsamo

Opereka chikole sindiwo mwambo chabe; ndi maziko a ulamuliro wa demokrase ndi kukhutiritsa kwa kachitidwe ka pulogalamu. Pamene achitidwa moyenerera, osungitsa chitomero amapatsa mapindu ofunika ambiri amene amayambukira mwachindunji mkhalidwe wa kupenda malonda.

Kulimbikitsa Kutsatira Malamulo ndi Kudalirana

Andale amene ayamba kudziona kuti ndi opatulidwa amakayikirana ndiponso amatsutsa. Mwa kuphatikizapo anthu amene akuchititsa mavutowa, opanga malamulo amapanga kukhulupirira ndi kusonyeza ulemu kwa anthu amene akhudzidwa. Kuyenera kumeneku n’kofunika kwambiri kuti anthu agwirizane kwa nthawi yaitali ndiponso agwirizane. Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi ya pangano la Pangano la ku Paris mu 2015, kukambirana ndi anthu a m’dziko limodzi ndi maboma a mayiko osiyanasiyana kunathandiza kukulitsa kugula zinthu zambiri, ngakhale kuti vuto lachibadwa la kutukuka kwa chuma ndi kuchepetsa kuyendetsa ntchito kwa dziko.

Kuwongolera Chidziŵitso ndi Kukonzanso

Palibe bungwe limodzi limene lili ndi chidziŵitso chofunikira kupenda bwino lomwe. Osunga malo panthaka kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi chidziŵitso chochuluka ponena za mikhalidwe ya kumaloko, zopinga za maluso, kapena zotsatirapo zosayembekezeredwa. Mwachitsanzo, eni mabizinesi aang'ono angapereke chiwonjezeko chothandiza pa ntchito ya kuyang'anira malamulo a malo okhala olinganizidwa, kutheketsa oyendetsa kusintha njira zimene zimachepetsa mtengo popanda kutaya zolinga za malo okhala. Njira yogwirizana imeneyi imapangitsa njira zatsopano zimene zinganyalanyazidwe.

Kuyembekezera Kukangana ndi Kuthetsa Mikangano

Ma Trandoff nthaŵi zambiri amapanga opambana ndi olephera. Kuphatikiza anthu amene amalephera kutaya zinthu monga antchito m'maindasitale otsika pa kusintha kwabiri ndi [1] kumalola opanga malamulo kupanga njira zobwezera, kukonza maprogramu, kapena nyengo za mbali zimene zimachepetsa kuvulaza. Popanda pangano lotero, mkangano ungakule kukhala kutsutsana, kutsutsa, kapena kubwezerana kwa ndale zimene zimasokoneza lamulo lonselo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Bwino Zinthu

Otenga malo amene ali ndi mbali m'makonzedwe a ndawala amagwirizana kwambiri pogwira ntchito. Izi zili choncho makamaka m'maunansi a anthu aumwini kapena maprogramu autumiki. Mwachitsanzo, mu Affordal Care ACA , kuloŵerera kwakukulu kwa makampani a inshuwalansi, zipatala, ndi magulu a anthu odwala odziŵa za anapindu adafunika kwambiri kukonza misika ndi kuwonjezera Madisiki, kutsogolera ku mainishuwansi a mamiliyoni ([[FLT: 0]CDC pa milingo yodzipiritsira ndalama ).

Mitundu ya Otenga Malo m’Malamulo a Kutenga Malo

Kuzindikira mbali zimenezi kumathandiza openda kuona mmene mafilimu osiyanasiyana amakhudzira malonda pa nthaŵi iliyonse.

  • Advocates ndi Activoist : Ochititsa zimenezi amalimbikitsa zinthu zinazake kapena nkhani, kaŵirikaŵiri kulimbikitsa anthu ndi kusonkhezera opanga zosankha. Ntchito yawo ndiyo kutsimikizira kuti makampani ena (m’b., malingana, madeti) akukhalabe pampambo.
  • Advisors ndi Akatswiri: Accaucs, kamtsender, ndi mabungwe odziŵa kupereka umboni ndi zilozero za maluso. Zimathandiza kusanthula mtengo ndi mapindu a njira zina zopangira, kupanga malonda owonekera bwino.
  • Opponts ndi Veto Aasuni: Ena osungitsa malonda amatsutsa mwamphamvu malamulo. M'madongosolo andale okhala ndi mfundo za bungwe (m' lekuatiso, ma biadralism, chiunistism), oseŵera ameneŵa angaletse kusintha. Otsutsa awo opanga malamulo okambitsirana, kaŵirikaŵiri amatulukapo m'kulolera molakwa malonda.
  • [[FLT: 0] Opatula ndi Makina Okhalako: Awa amasungitsa lamulo ndi kugwira ntchito kumanga mapangano opangika. Amachepetsa mtengo wa ndale zadziko wa malonda mwa kupereka chizindikiro chakuti lamulolo liri ndi mizu ya udzu kapena chichirikizo chapamwamba.
  • Opereka ndi Olamulira: Oyang'anira ndi antchito apatsogolo amatembenuza lamulo ku ntchito. Kuvomereza kwawo pa zopinga zothandiza kungabwezeretsenso malonda mkati mwa mbali yogwiritsa ntchito.
  • Masuzumira ndi Ogada: Mabungwe oyendera makampani, ndi magulu olondera aonere zotsatira za malamulo. Mwa kuonetsa kulephera kapena ma iniquities, angayambitse kusintha ndi madendesi atsopano a kukambirana kwa malonda.

Kuseŵera mbali zimenezi kumapanga malo amphamvu kumene kulibe wosunga modzi yemwe wolamulira. Kufufuza kwapadera kwa mmene magulu amayambukirira malamulo, lingalirani [[FLT: 0] ntchito ya [1] David Truman panthanthi ya gulu m'boma.

Kusintha Zinthu pa Nkhani ya Malonda: Makina ndi Zotsatirapo Zake

Kumvetsa njira zimenezi kumavumbula chifukwa chake zinthu zina zogulitsa zimaikidwa patsogolo kuposa zina.

Malo Okonzera Agenda

Kusintha kwa nyengo kapena kusintha kwa nyengo kungakweze mavuto ena monga ngati kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene zikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, vuto la opioid ku U.S. linakula ndi magulu a anthu andale kapena mabanja, ndipo linachititsa kuti anthu agulitse ndalama zimene amawononga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina.

Kuwononga Kofuna Kudya

Oyendetsa makampani ayesanso kusonkhezera mmene ogulitsa ndalama ndi anthu ena amaonera malonda. Mwa makampani, kufufuza, ndi kukopa anthu, iwo angapangitse makampani ena kuoneka ngati ovomerezeka kwambiri kapena ngakhale ofunika. Mwachitsanzo, magulu a makampani angapange miyezo yowonjezera mphamvu za magetsi monga chiwopsezo ku ntchito ndi kugula zinthu, pamene magulu a malo okhala akuwaika monga njira yofunikira kuti apeŵe kusintha koopsa kwa nyengo. Malamulo otsatirapo angachititse kulolera kusokonezeka kwa zinthu zopikisanazi.

Kutenga Mphamvu

Pomalizira pake, kugulitsana kumagamulidwa mwa kukambirana pakati pa akanema okhala ndi mphamvu zosalingana. Ogwira ntchito m'makampani aakulu (m’chitsanzo, makampani aakulu) angapeze njira ndi zipangizo zambiri zoperekera mawu abwino. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, midzi yopatulidwa ingakhale yopanda kuimira, kuchititsa kugulitsa ndalama zimene zimawonongedwa ndi anthu. Mphamvu imeneyi imayambitsa vuto lalikulu: mmene angatsimikizire kuti malonda salephera kusokoneza magulu osavuta kutengerapo mwayi. Kukambirana mwatsatanetsatane za mphamvu, World Bank's [[FLT:] maactlect. [FLD:1]

Zotsatirapo za Kufufuza Zinthu za Malonda

Chiyambukiro cha chisonkhezero cha osungitsa ngozi nchakuti, makampani oyendetsa galimoto samakhala kokha aluso kapena achuma. Iwo ali andale zadziko kwambiri. Kupenda kotayitsa ndalama kungawopsezedwe ngati alephera kufotokoza ziyambukiro zimene operekawo amasamalira. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la zoyendera limene limamanga msewu watsopano lingakhale ndi phindu lalikulu m'makwalala, koma ngati lichotsa malo otsika ofikirako, malondawo amaloŵa m’ndale ndi kuimbidwa mwalamulo. Chipangano cha Sakesterer chithandiza kufukula ndalama zimenezi zobisika.

Mavuto a Kuloŵa m’Zaka Zoloŵana

Mosasamala kanthu za kufunika kwake, pangano la osungitsa chitomero limadzazidwa ndi mavuto opindulitsa ndi amakhalidwe amene angapotoze kupenda malonda a malonda ngati sawasamalira bwino.

  • Kusintha ndi Kutsutsana Zokondweretsa: Osunga malo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi zonulirapo zotsutsana kotheratu. Alimi amafuna mitengo ya madzi yotsika; akatswiri a malo okhala amafuna kutetezera. Kuthetsa mikangano yotero popanda kupunduka kuli vuto lalikulu.
  • Chochititsa: Kutomerana kwenikweni ndiko kulinganiza nthaŵi ndi kukwera mtengo. Opanga apolisi okhala ndi ndalama zothina angatembenukire ku kufunsira kwachiphamaso (m’jere, kumvetsera kwapoyera mmodzi), kumene kumalephera kufotokoza malingaliro osiyanasiyana.
  • Mphamvu ya Kulinganizika ndi Elite Capture: Osungitsa mapangano okonzedwa bwino angalamulire ntchito, kuchepetsa magulu osalinganizidwa bwino. Izi ndi ngozi iliyonse, kuyambira kugwirizanitsa mapangano a mitundu yonse.
  • [[FLT: 0] MPHAMBITY ndi Parochialism : "Sim' Ini mu Backyard" Chitsutso chingatsekereze malamulo amene ali opindulitsa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mafamu a mphepo kapena mizere youlutsira yomwe imafunika kuti apangenso mphamvu yamagetsi ikhoza kumangidwa ndi chitsutso cha kumaloko, kukakamiza malonda amene amachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Nthawi zokhala ndi zochitika zandale kaŵirikaŵiri zimaika patsogolo phindu la kanthaŵi pa mapindu a nthaŵi yaitali. Osunga ndalama ochirikiza chithandizo cha mwamsanga angamize awo amene akukakamiza kaamba ka kusungitsa ndalama zotetezera, ma shelefu a malonda a malonda amakono.
  • Umboni: Ena osungitsa ntchito angakhale ndi chidziŵitso chapamwamba kapena chaluso chimene opanga malamulo sangathe kutsimikizira, kuchititsa kudalira pa chidziŵitso chosankhika. Zimenezi nzofala m'mapangano a zamankhwala kapena a makampani a mankhwala.

Kuthetsa mavuto ameneŵa kumafuna kulinganiza mwadala, osati zolinga zabwino. Kukonza njira zochotsera ufulu, monga ngati zigaŵenga za nzika kapena zipinda zambiri zosungiramo ziwiya, kungathandize kuwonjezera malo oseŵera.

Njira Zochitira Ubwenzi Wachipambano

Opanga malamulo angatsatire njira zotsimikizirika zogwiritsira ntchito njira zovuta za kuloŵetsedwamo ndi kuwongolera zotulukapo za malonda.

Ubwenzi Woyambirira ndi Wosatha

Kuyamba pangano lisanalembedwe lamulo la kukonza gulu lankhondo kumathandiza opanga mapepala kufotokoza vuto ndi njira zina zogwiritsira ntchito. Zimenezi zimachepetsa mikangano yapambuyo pake. Kugwirizana kosalekeza m'zochitika zonse kumathandizanso kuyang'anira zotsatira zosayembekezeredwa. Environmental Protection Agency ya United States yotetezera albustration trabitor book' yoyambirira kusonkhezera kuloŵerera m'chitaganya.

Kulimbana Kosiyana ndi Kodzigangira

Kuyesayesa kuyenera kupangidwa kufikira magulu opimidwa, kuphatikizapo zitaganya zochepa, anthu olandira ndalama zochepa, ndi olankhula Chingelezi . Izi zingafunikire kugwiritsira ntchito njira zambiri zolankhulira, kugaŵira mautumiki otembenuza, ndi kulinganiza misonkhano panthaŵi ndi malo opezeka. Online platformations (m'jere, mabwalo a tauni enieni) angawonjezere koma osaloŵa mmalo mwa pangano la kuyang'ana kutsogolo.

Njira Zongopeka

Njira zodzitetezera . monga ngati kugwirizana kwa misonkhano, maselo, kapena maseŵero ofufuza ambiri . zimathandiza opanga makampani kupenda malonda motsatira dongosolo. Njira zimenezi zimachepetsa kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro ndi kulimbikitsa kukambitsirana kwa maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, njira "Kufalitsa Polling" yoyambitsidwa ndi James Fishkin yagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zosankha zamphamvu ndi zaumoyo m'maiko osiyanasiyana.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zipangizo Popanga Makina Opangidwa ndi Madoko

Zida zogwiritsa ntchito manambala zingagwirizanitse mfundo kuchokera kwa anthu ambirimbiri osunga malo, kudziwa njira ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Mapulogalamu onga "CitizenLab" kapena "Pol.is" amalola mbadwo kuyerekezera zinthu, malo apamwamba, ndi kuyesa zochitika. Komabe, tiyenera kusamala kuti tisamagawane ndi makompyuta ndi kutsimikizira kuti mfundo za pa Intaneti sizingalowe mmalo mwa kugawana kwenikweni.

Nyumba Yamphamvu ya Oloŵa M’nyumba

Kupatsa mphamvu anthu amene akulimbana nawo kuti achite bwino lomwe . Mwa kuwaphunzitsa za njira zamakono, makompyuta, kapena maluso okambirana ndi anthu. Izi n’zofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa mabungwe a anthu amene alibe zipangizo.

Kuona Bwino ndi Kuŵerengera

Opanga malamulo ayenera kulemba mmene mfundo zopinga zinagwiritsidwira ntchito (kapena chifukwa chake sizinali), kupanga chivomerezo. Izi zimakulitsa kudalirana ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Zofunika zovomerezedwa mwalamulo, monga zija za mu Administrative Procedure Act ya ku United States, zimapereka maziko, koma kuwonekera kowonjezereka kwaufulu kukhoza kupitirira.

Kufufuza Nkhani m’Kutenga Malo ndi Kugulitsa

Zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zimasonyeza mmene oyendetsa zinthu amasinthira malamulo m’mbali zosiyanasiyana.

Lamulo la Zaumoyo: Lamulo la Chithandizo cha Malonda Losachedwa (ACA)

A ACA anaphatikizapo kuvomerezana kwambiri ndi zipatala, insurensi, makampani opanga mankhwala, magulu odwala, ndi maboma a boma. Makiyiwo anatulukira: kufuna mainsurensinsinsi kuti akwaniritse mikhalidwe imene isanafike (kufunidwa ndi ochirikiza odwala) pamene akusunga chilolezo kwa anthu kuti agule inshuwalansi (kulola kuti apeze inshuwalansi). Kusintha kwa mankhwala kunatsogolera ku ku kupangidwa kwa inshuwalansi ndi ndalama zothandizira chithandizo, kulinganiza kugula ndi ndalama zolipirira. Komabe, kusiyapo chosankha cha anthu onse chosonyeza mphamvu ya anthu a inshuwarensition. ( Commonwealth Fund yopenda za [[FL:1]

Lamulo la Malo Okhala: Chikalata cha Paris ndi Kusintha Zinthu Kobiriŵira

Chikalata cha Paris Agreement (2015) chinakonzedwa ndi njira yaikulu yofunsira kwa zaka ziŵiri yomwe inaphatikizapo maboma, mabizinesi, NGO, ndi magulu a nzika za dzikolo. Chigawo chapakati chinali pakati pa zopereka zogamulidwa ndi dzikolo (NDCs) ndi zopinga. Mayiko otukuka analimbikira pa kusiyanitsa (ambiri koma osiyanitsa maudindo), pamene mayiko otukuka anafuna kutengamo mbali. Malo omanga nyumbawo amachititsa dziko lililonse kukhazikitsa zolinga zake koma ndi kupenda kwake. Kusintha kumeneku kunali chotulukapo cha kutsalira kwa operekera malonda a mitengo. Panthaneti, mayiko ambiri tsopano akuyang'ana malonda pakati pa ntchito za mafuta a pansi pa nthaka ndi mphamvu zoyera, ndi mapangano apakati pa malamulo osinthasintha zinthu.

Lamulo la Maphunziro: Wophunzira aliyense amapambana pa Kachitidweka (ESA)

Kutsatira kutsutsana kofala ndi "No Child Lead Behind" (NCLB), ESSA (2015) inaimira kusintha kwakukulu kuchokera ku kuŵerengera boma ndi kulolera. Magulu a a maukwati . Magulu a aphunzitsi, mabungwe a maphunziro, mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe . Lamulo lomaliza linachotsa lamulo lomaliza lokhudza kuŵerengera aphunzitsi lolumikizidwa ndi mayeso a ophunzira (kupambana kaamba ka maukwati) pamene likupitirizabe kuyesa ndi kusimba ziyeneretso za magulu a anthu ovutika (kupambana kaamba ka ufulu wa anthu). Amalonda a malonda a boma logwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko wolinganizika ndi kuyang'anira.

Kulinganiza M’matauni: Kudalirana kwa Dziko ndi Nyumba Zokwera

M’mizinda yoyang'anizana ndi kusungidwa kwa malonda, pangano la osungitsa malonda lachititsa njira zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, m’mizinda monga Seattle ndi Portland, malo oikidwiratu a anthu (CLT) anatulukira ndi kukambirana kwa anthu okhala m’mizinda, omanga makampani, ndi maboma. Kugulitsa : kulola kupita patsogolo kwa malonda ku kutenga mtengo, pamene kuli kwakuti kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama kapena zopereka za dziko kupanga nyumba zokhoza kutheratu. Magulu a anthu a Tenant a kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndipo kupikisana kwawo kopitirizabe kunachotsa malondawo kuchokera ku zipamba za msika wamwazike.

Kumaliza

Ntchito ya oyendetsa malonda a boma imakhala yofunika kwambiri . Osati monga mbali yongowonjezera ntchito koma monga mbali yaikulu ya ntchito yopanga malamulo. Kugwirizana kogwira ntchito kumavumbula mkhalidwe weniweni wa malonda: amene amanyamula ndalama, amene amasangalala ndi mapindu, ndi mapindu amene ali paupandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto a mphamvu, kusoŵa chuma, ndi zolinga zotsutsana ndi zenizeni, iwo angachepetsedwe ndi makonzedwe a boma, ndi kukwaniritsa njira zokhalira modzi, ndi kudzipereka ku kuwonekera. Mwa kuzindikira ntchito za wosunga mitengo, advocates, otsutsa, ogwiritsa ntchito njira zogwirizana nawo ntchito zawo, opanga malamulo angalimbane ndi malamulo abwino kwambiri.