Kuimira kuli chimodzi cha zipilala zofunika kwambiri za ulamuliro wa demokalase. Kumatsimikizira kuti zimene anthu amakonda, zimene amakonda, ndi makhalidwe awo amatembenuzidwa m'zigamulo za ndale. Mpangidwe wake wabwino, kugwirizanitsa nzika ndi boma lawo, kuchititsa boma kukhala lovomereza ndi lodziŵerengera. Nkhani yofutukulidwayi ikupenda maziko a kuimira, zitsanzo zake zosiyanasiyana, mavuto osatha amene amayang'anizana nawo, ndi mademocracy imene ingatenge njira zolimbikitsira mgwirizano wofunika umenewu pakati pa anthu ndi mphamvu.

Maziko a Kuimira

Kuimira sikunayambike, koma tanthauzo lake lakhala likusintha zaka mazana ambiri. M'Atene wakale, demokrase inali yolondola — nzika zinasankha pa malamulo popanda kutumiza mauthenga. Pamene anthu anachuluka ndi kufutukuka, kugawanako kunakhala kopanda pake. Motero, lingaliro la la kuimira [ku] kuoneka ngati njira yothetsera yothandiza: nzika zisankha anthu kuti apange zosankha paokha. M’malo amene alipo, apanga mawu a anthu amene sangakhale m’malo awo. Andalea Hanna Pitkin anafotokozedwa motchuka monga “ kuimira kumene kulipo pa mfundo inayake imene sii.

Demokrase yamakono imatsata lamulo lakuti ulamuliro walamulo umachokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulidwa. Chivomerezo chimenecho chimasonyezedwa makamaka mwa masankho. Komabe, kuimira kumaloŵetsamo zambiri osati kungowina mavoti. Kumaphatikizapo ntchito yopitirizabe ya umbuli, kugamula, ndi kulabadira. Woimira amayembekezeredwa kupititsa patsogolo zikondwerero za anthu awo pamene akuchitanso chiweruzo kaamba ka ubwino wa onse. Kulinganizika kodabwitsa kumeneku kwatsutsana ndi akatswiri ochokera kwa Edmund Burke kwa asayansi ya ndale zadziko ya nthaŵi imodzi.

Zingwe ziŵiri zazikulu zoyerekezera zimalamulira makambitsirano a kuimira: chitsanzo cha dalagete [1] ndi chitsanzo cha [FLT:] choikizira . Nthumwi zimadziona monga zolankhulira za zigawo zawo, kutsatira zikhumbo zawo zachindunji monga momwe kungathekere. Okhulupirira, posiyana, amakhulupirira kuti amasankhidwa kuti agwiritsire ntchito chiweruzo chawo ndi luso lawo, ngakhale ngati zimenezo zingasokonezetse zikhumbo za Konsoti. Oimira enieni ambiri padziko lapansi amagwira ntchito kwina pakati pa mitengo imeneyi, ndipo kutsendereza kwa aŵiri kuli mbali yabwino ya moyo wa democracy.

Kumvetsa maziko amenewa n’kovuta chifukwa chakuti munthu aliyense amaona kuti mawu ake ndi osavuta kuwamva, amasintha malinga ndi mmene zinthu za m’dziko, luso la zopangapanga, ndi chikhalidwe chandale.

Chifukwa Chake Kuimira Nkhani

Kuimira sikuli kokha kulinganiza kwa chibadwa — kuli kofunika kwa makhalidwe ndi kopindulitsa kaamba ka mademokrase aakulu. Popanda kuimira, mphamvu za ndale zadziko zikakhala zoikidwa mwa anthu apamwamba, ndipo nzika wamba sizingakhale ndi njira yopangira malamulo amene amalamulira miyoyo yawo. Kuimira kumafalitsa mphamvu, kulimbikitsa kutengamo mbali, ndi kupereka njira ya kuchititsa atsogoleri kukhala oŵerengera mlandu.

Imodzi ya ntchito zofunika kwambiri za kuimira ndiyo kulimbikitsa pangano la anthu. Pamene anthu akhulupirira kuti mavoti awo ndi kuti ali ndi woimira amene amamvetsera, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kutengamo mbali m'moyo wa ndale zadziko — osati kokha mwa kuvota komanso mwa kupezeka ku maholo a tauni, kulankhulana ndi akuluakulu a boma, ndi kugwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma. Kugwirizana kumeneku, kumalimbikitsanso kuyenera kwa dongosolo lonse la zinthu.

Chithunzinso [[FLT: 0] choimira mlandu. Akuluakulu osadziŵa amadziŵa kuti adzayang'anizananso ndi ovota m'zaka zoŵerengeka. Chiyembekezo chimenecho chimayambitsa chisonkhezero cha kuyankha ku nkhaŵa za anthu, kupeŵa ziphuphu, ndi kupereka zotulukapo zowoneka. Masankho anthaŵi zonse ndiwo njira yoŵerengera yoposa, komanso kuimira kutanthauzanso kulankhulana kosalekeza pakati pa oimira ndi ma contituence. Makomiti, makutu, ndi kufunsira kwapoyera ziri mbali ya kachitidweka.

M'zitaganya zosiyanasiyana, kuimira kumalimbikitsa kusamvera [1]. Pamene malamulo akhazikitsa malamulo amaphatikizapo anthu a mafuko, mafuko, chiwerewere, ndi zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana, malamulo amene amapanga ali othekera kwambiri kusonyeza zokumana nazo ndi zosoŵa zonse kwa anthu. Kufufuza kosalekeza kumasonyeza kuti malamulo osiyanasiyana amatulutsa malamulo osakondera — mwachitsanzo, m’madera onga ngati kusamala zaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi zoyenera za anthu.

Chomalizira, kuimira kumapanga chikhulupiriro mu boma. Kudalira kuli ndalama ya demokrase; pamene kuli kotsika, nzika zimakhala zosuliza, zolephera, ndi zosavuta kufunsira authoritarianism. Kuimira kogwira mtima — kumene anthu amawona ndi kumva — kuli mankhwala amphamvu a demokalase. Maiko okhala ndi mbali zambiri zooneka bwino amagwirizana ndi kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko ndi chikhutiro ndi demokrase.

Mitundu ya Kuimira

Kuzungulira dziko lonse, maboma ayamba kupanga njira zosiyanasiyana zotembenuzira mavoti m’mipando. Kusankha njira yosankhira pulogalamu ya votor kumasonyeza mmene amaimira. Kumvetsetsa madongosolo ameneŵa kumathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake mademokrase ena amapanga maboma ogwirizana pamene ena akupereka zinthu zazikulu — ndi chifukwa chake mawu ena ali aakulu kuposa ena.

Kuimira Kolunjika

Kuimira mwachindunji, nzika za Switzerland zimavota mwachindunji pa malamulo mmalo mwa oyembekezera kugamulidwa. Mpangidwe umenewu ngwotheka kwambiri m'midzi yaing'ono kapena kupyolera mwa mameseji a stademokrase m'madera aakulu. Switzerland ndi chitsanzo chachikulu cha dziko limene limagwiritsira ntchito demokrase mwachindunji pambali zonse ziŵiri za dziko ndi milingo ya chipani. Nzika za Switzerland zimasankha nthaŵi zingapo chaka chimodzi pankhani za nkhani zoyambira pa msonkho kusamuka. Pamene kuli kwakuti oimira mwachindunji amapatsa nzikazo mphamvu, iwo alinso ndi zopinga: mavuto angakhale ovuta, ndipo makampani angasowe nthaŵi kapena luso la kupanga zosankha za chidziŵitso pankhani iliyonse. Ndiponso, nthaŵi zina democracyism ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuchotsa ufulu wa anthu ochepa ngati malingaliro ambiri saali oimira oimira boma.

Demokrase Yosalunjika Kapena Yoimira

Kuimira anthu mwachindunji — kotchedwa kokha demokrase yoimira anthu — ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri padziko. Nzika zosankhidwa ku nyumba ya malamulo, ndipo oimirawo mwadala ndi kupanga malamulo. Dongosolo limeneli limapereka mpata wapadera: oimira angasumike pa malamulo, nkhani zophunziridwa mozama, ndi kukambirana. United Kingdom, Canada, India, ndi maiko ena ambiri omwe amatsatira mfundo imeneyi. Otsutsa amanena kuti ingathe kuyambitsa kusiyana pakati pa oimira ndi oimira, makamaka ngati masankhoti ali osakhazikika kapena ngati oimira agwidwa ndi zolinga zapadera. Komabe, masankho ndi anthu amphamvu a m’dziko angathandize kuti oimira anthu azikhala omvera azikhala omvera.

Kuimira Kwake

Proportiganial (PR) imaika mipando ya malamulo yozikidwa pa chigawo chilichonse cha ndale zadziko cholandira . Ngati chipani chipambana 30% ya chisankho, chimapeza 30% ya mipando. Dongosolo limeneli limagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Germany, New Zealand, South Africa, ndi mademokrase ena ambiri. PR imafuna kupanga zigamulo zambiri zokhazikitsa malamulo ndi maboma a mgwirizano. Ochirikiza ake amati chimapereka chisonyezero cholondola kwambiri cha zikondwerero za osankhidwa ndi kutsimikizira kuti zipani za anthu ochepa — kuphatikizapo zigawo zoimira madera a m’mphepete — ali ndi liwu. Osuliza kuti PR angatsogolere kugaŵikana, kukupanga kukhala kovuta kwambiri kupanga maboma okhazikika. Komabe, kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti madongosolo a PR amapanga chivoterero chachikulu ndi kukhutiritsa kwambiri.

Zithunzithunzi za Olamulira

Madongosolo a a Naziritarianism, monga ngati maulamuliro oyambirira a m'mbuyo ndi a m'pansi (FPP), mipando ya wobatizidwa ndi mavoti ambiri m’chigawo chilichonse, ngakhale ngati zimenezo zili zochepa kwambiri. United States ndi United Kingdom ali zitsanzo zodziŵika. Dongosolo limeneli limatulutsa maboma ambiri, amene angakhale okhazikika ndi otsimikiza. Komabe, mwadongosolo, iwonso amaimira magulu aang'ono ndipo angatsogolere ku “kuvota mwakuti a awo amene amataya obatizidwa. FPP imakonda kuyanja madongosolo aŵiri a mbali ndipo ingachititse maboma kupambana kochepera pa theka la chivoti chotchuka cha dziko. Kusintha kwa dongosolo lalikulu la ofufuza ndilo ndiko nkhaŵa yaitali kwa ofuna kuimira anthu oyenerera.

Mavuto Oyang’anizana ndi Zithunzithunzi

Ngakhale kuti anthu m’mayiko ambiri akuona kuti sakugwirizana ndi madongosolo awo andale, anthu a m’mayiko ambiri akuvutika kwambiri.

Kusalabadira ndi Kugwiritsidwa Mwala

Voter trap yatsika m'mademokrase ambiri okhazikitsidwa, makamaka pakati pa mibadwo yachichepere. Ku United States, masankho apakati pa mademokrase adachitidwa kwa zaka 40-50% asanakwere pang'ono zaka zaposachedwapa. Kubwerera kumatanthauza kuti kusanthula sikumaimira anthu onse monga gulu. Osakhala ndi mavoti amawoneka kukhala achichepere, osauka, ndi osaphunzira kwambiri — chotero zikondwerero zawo sizingaimidwe. Chikhulupiriro chakuti kuvota sikuli kodetsa nkhaŵa, ndi zopitira kulembetsa. Zoyesayesa zowonjezereka za kutembenuza, monga ngati wovota wodzitsa ndi wokakamiza (monga mu Australia), zingathandize, koma zikufuna kuti zikhale zothekera, koma zikhale zothekera.

Gerrymandering

Gerrymandering — kujambula dala malire a chigawo cha sankho kuti ayanjane ndi chiŵalo chimodzi — kumapotoza. Mwakulonga ochirikiza chipani chotsutsanacho m'zigawo zoŵerengeka kapena kuŵawanya m’madera ambiri, opanga mapu angatsimikizire kuti gulu lawo lipeze mipando yambiri kuposa mbali yake ya chisankho chilungamo. Ku United States, magulu aŵiri onsewo agwiritsira ntchito njira zosonkhezera kugwirizanitsa mphamvu. Brennan Center ya Justice atsimikizira mmene kupambanitsa kwa opanga masankho ndi kuchepetsa kubwezera mlandu. Zoyesayesa za kusintha zinthu, monga makampani odziimira paokha ndi malamulo a malamulo, amapereka mankhwala othekera koma oyang'anizana ndi zopinga zalamulo ndi zoletsa za lamulo.

Kutsendereza ndi Kugwiritsidwa Mwala

M'mademokrase ambiri, magulu ena amayang'anizana ndi zopinga zoikika za kuvota. Malamulo ofuna kudziŵikitsa mosamalitsa mafoto, kuchotsa mavoti, kuchepetsa maola ovota, ndi kuchotsa zigaŵenga modabwitsa zonse zokhudza anthu ochepa, anthu ochepa olandira ndalama, ndi achinyamata. Komiti ya United Nations Yoona za U. Malamulo asonyeza mobwerezabwereza nkhaŵa ya kutsendereza wovota mu United States. Disenfranchisective si ku U.S; maiko okhala ndi malamulo ovuta kwambiri, njira zovomerezera zolembedwa zoŵerengetsera, kapena malamulo amodzi apamwamba a kuchotsa mbali zazikulu za anthu. Zimenezi zachititsa democracy yomwe imalankhula ndi mawu opanda pake.

Kuperekedwa Kwa Magulu Owoloka M’mphepete

Ngakhale pamene nzika zonse zikhoza kuvota, makhoma kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera kusonyeza kusiyanasiyana kwa anthu. Akazi amapanga pafupifupi theka la anthu a dziko lonse koma amakhala ndi mipando yochepera 30% ya nyumba ya malamulo padziko lonse, mogwirizana ndi Inter-Parliamentary Union. Anthu a mafuko aang'ono ndi a mafuko amaikidwa mofanana m’maiko ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Palamende ya UK ndi woyera kwambiri ndi yachimuna yogwirizana ndi anthu. Kusoŵa kwake kwa matanthauzo chifukwa cha zimene zimayambukira nkhanizo ndi mmene malamulo amalinganizidwira. Mayeso ofanana ndi amuna, mipando yosungidwa, ndi zigamu za gulu la anthu zatengedwa m'maiko ambiri kuti zipite patsogolo. Mwachitsanzo, Rwanda, tsopano, imakhala ndi nyumba yapakati pa 60% ya akazi, chifukwa cha malamulo a boma.

Njira Zolozera Bwino

Kuti tithetse mavuto a kuimira ena pamafunika kukonzanso zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kukonzanso maphunziro a boma, ndiponso kusintha chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Kusintha Koyenera

Kuchoka ku makampani aakulu kupita ku ma pulogalamu a osankhidwa ogwirizana kapena a mizinda yogwirizana, kungawongolere kwambiri kuimira. Mayiko onga New Zealand anatengera njira ya kagwirizanidwe ka mbali zosiyanasiyana mu 1996 ndipo anaona kuchuluka kwa makhonsati ndi chikhutiro cha ovota. Kuvota kochitidwa ndi akuluakulu, kogwiritsidwa ntchito m’mayiko ena a Australia ndi mizinda ya U.S., kulola ovota kufotokoza moyenerera ndi kuchepetsa zotsatira zake. Kusintha kulikonse kuyenera kugwiritsiriridwa kulingana ndi nkhani za ndale, koma lamulo lamakhalidwe likukhalabe: dongosolo la osankhidwa ayenera kutembenuzira mavoti m'nkhani m'nkhani molondola ndi mothekera.

Njira Zodzitetezera Zokha ndi Zoletsa Kudya Nsalu

Kulimbana ndi gerrymanidering, maboma ambiri mu United States akhazikitsa mabungwe odziimira okha. Zoyesayesa zonga zija za ku California ndi Michigan zapanga mapu omwe ali opikisana kwambiri ndi osonyeza bwino makhalidwe a ovota. Makhoti aloŵererapo, ndi malamulo ena olengeza kuti kuletsa kulinganiza. Kusintha kwa mtsogolo kungaphatikizepo kumamatira ku ku kulinganiza ndi kuwonekera kwa njira yojambula mapu.

Ntchito ya Maphunziro a Zopangapanga ndi Mphamvu

Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro angathetse ponse paŵiri mphwayi ndi kusagwirizana. Sukulu zimene zimaphunzitsa mmene boma limagwirira ntchito, chifukwa chake nkhani zovota, ndi mmene angalembetsere pangano la ukwati kwa moyo wonse. Magulu onga Chigwirizano cha Akazi ndi The Guardian (ndi kusimba kwake kwa demokrase ya United States) amapereka chidziŵitso chosasintha. Ziŵiya zimene zimathandiza ofufuza kupeza malo awo osankhira, kumvetsetsa njira zochitira chisankho, ndi ofufuza atsimikiziranso kukhala othandiza kuwonjezereka kwa kugalamuka.

Agulugufe Olimbikitsa ndi Odzipatsira Mitengo

Magulu andale angachite zambiri kusonkhanitsa, kuyendetsa sitima, ndi kuchirikiza odzipereka kuchokera ku magulu operekedwa. Ndalama zoperekedwa, maprogramu auphungu, ndi zigamulo zosiyanasiyana zagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachipambano m'maiko onga Canada ndi United Kingdom. Nyumba zomanga nyumba za malamulo, zogwiritsira ntchito zochepera ndi zogwiritsa ntchito akazi zingapereke mawu ndi kutsimikizira kuti malingaliro osiyanasiyana akumvedwa popanga malamulo. Magulu ameneŵa amapanga mapangano otsagana pa nkhani zimene zimakhudza madera awo.

Kulimbikitsa Ufulu Wosankha ndi Kupeza

Kusintha kumene kumapangitsa kuvota kukhala kosavuta — monga kulembetsa kodzifunira kwa wovota, kulembetsa kwa tsiku limodzi, kuvota koyamba, ndi maposi olembedwa — kwasonyezedwa kukhala kukuwonjezereka m'magulu a anthu. Mabungwe auphunzitsi onga Brennan Center ndi American Civil Liberesties Union akupitirizabe kusonkhezera kusintha kumeneku. Komabe, kusintha kumeneku kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsutsidwa ndi ndale zadziko; kutetezera ufulu wa kuvota kumafuna kuvomereza ndi kuyang’anira lamulo.

Zipangizo Zothandiza Kudziloŵetsamo

Zipangizo zamakono zingathandize ndi kulepheretsa anthu kuimira. Makinawa amathandiza kuti anthu azitha kulankhulana mwachindunji pakati pa oimira tauni ndi anthu ena, kutheketsa maholo a tauni amene salephera kugwiritsa ntchito malo ozungulira. Mayiko ena ayesapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolankhulirana komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, kumene anthu amasankha mmene angaperekere ndalama za boma. Komabe, luso la zopangapanga limawonjezeranso nkhawa za nkhani zabodza, zachinsinsi, ndi zopezeka mopereŵera. Makampani amafunika kuonetsetsa kuti zipangizo zamakono zikhale zoyenerera, osati kulowa m’malo mwake, njira zamakono zoimira anthu.

Kumaliza

Chithunzi sindicho mbali ya demokrase yachikhalire — ndiunansi wamoyo umene uyenera kusungidwa, kukonzedwanso, ndi kutetezeredwa.

Zitokoso za wosalabadira, kunyalanyaza, kugwetsa, kugwetsa, ndi kuimira nzofunika, koma sizili zosagonjetseka. Mwa kusintha kwabwino kwa masankho, maphunziro a boma, kuyesayesa kuchulukitsa utsogoleri wa ndale zadziko, ndi kutetezera kwa ufulu wa osankha, mademokrase angalimbitse maunansi a anthu. Ntchitoyo siimalizidwa, chifukwa mbadwo uliwonse suyenera kuwongolera bwino tanthauzo lake la kuimiridwa. Mbadwo wa kukwera kwa ulamuliro wa authorist ndi kusakhulupirira, kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera ndi mophatikizapo ndi mwapadera ndiyo imodzi ya njira zamphamvu kwambiri zotetezera demokrase.