Maziko a Magulu Omenyera Nkhondo: Kumvetsetsa Kugaŵikana kwa Maulamuliro

Boma la United States likugwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la boma, kakonzedwe ka malamulo kamene kamagaŵanitsa uchifumu ndi ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a boma. Kakonzedwe kameneka, koikidwa mu Lamulo la U.S., kamatsimikizira kuti palibe gulu limodzi limene limapereka mphamvu zonse. Boma la boma limasamalira nkhani za dziko ndi mayiko, pamene boma ndi maboma akumeneko akulankhulana ndi anthu a m’deralo. [[FL:0] Malamulo a boma [[FLT] Olamulira ] Opereka mphamvu zosaperekedwa ku boma ku maboma kapena anthu. Dongoli lino limachititsa kukambitsirana kogwira ntchito zolimba pakati pa nthambi za dziko ndi dziko, ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndi ntchito zapadera. Kumvetsetsa kumeneku ndiko kaamba ka kuyendetsa ntchito zaungwe la democracy ndi kuyendetsa ntchito. Mabungwe a mabungwe onse aŵiri a boma, ndi magawo audindo a boma, kachitidwe kamodzi, kayendetsende, kachitidwe kamodzi.

Kupenda Makonzedwe a Boma pa Malo Olamulidwa ndi Boma ndi Malo Akwawo

Maboma a United States amakhazikitsa nthambi zitatu za boma pamlingo wa boma: Malamulo, Olamulira, ndi Oweruza. Kulekanitsa maulamuliro kumeneku kwalinganizidwira kupereka mayeso ndi malingana, kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kukhala yamphamvu kwambiri. Maboma a kumaloko (kuphatikizapo kuŵerengera, mizinda, matauni, ndi madera apadera) , ngakhale kuti mapangidwe awo enieniwo amasiyana ndi malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a dziko. Pamlingo wa kumaloko, ntchito ya malamulo imachitidwa ndi bungwe la mzinda kapena bungwe lachigawo, nduna ya boma ndi nduna ya boma la America ndi mabwalo achiweruzo. Komabe, mphamvu za nthambi za kumaloko zimatengedwa kuchokera ku boma, osati lamulo la U.

Nthambi Yolamulira pa Maudindo Aŵiri

Nthambi ya boma ya malamulo [1] Conrer[[FLT ]] [1] Mabungwe a Nyumba ya Nyumba ya Oimira . Nyumba yakhazikitsa maulamuliro, kuphatikizapo kukhoma msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, kuyang'anira malonda a dziko, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kusungitsa magulu ankhondo. Pamlingo wa kumaloko, mabungwe a malamulo monga mabungwe a mzinda ndi mabungwe a m'chigawo a akulu a akulu a boma amapanga malamulo .

Nthambi Yotsogolera pa Zigawo Ziŵiri

Pulezidenti wa United States akutsogolera nthambi ya boma, ali ndi udindo wokhazikitsa malamulo a boma, kulamula asilikali, kuyendetsa malamulo a dziko lina, ndi kuika akuluakulu a boma. Mphamvu za boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala ndi meya, manijala wa mzinda, kapena mkulu wa boma. Akuluakulu ameneŵa amayang'anira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku za boma, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo, kuyang'anira ntchito za boma monga apolisi ndi madipatimenti ozimitsa moto, ndi kukonza bajeti. Pamene prezidentiyo ali ndi maulamuliro a dzikolo, ndipo amayang'anira mwachindunji kwa omvera a boma a m'deralo.

Nthambi Yoweruza pa Zigawo Ziŵiri

Mfundo III ya Konsichushoni imapanga khoti la boma, limene limaphatikizapo khoti lapamwamba, makhoti a chigawo, ndi makhoti a milandu. Oweruza a Federal akumva milandu yokhudza lamulo la boma, mafunso alamulo, mikangano pakati pa maboma, ndi nkhani zina zokhudza boma la United States. Makhoti a milandu a boma, makhoti a boma, makhoti a boma, makhoti a boma, makhoti a boma, monga kuswa malamulo, kuphwanya malamulo a boma, ndi milandu yapalamula yokhudzana ndi malamulo a dzikolo. Makhoti awiriwa amalola kuti mayiko onse azikhala ndi ufulu womasulira ndi kulolerana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo.

Udindo Wothandiza wa Boma

Boma laboma limakhala ndi thayo lalikulu la nkhani zimene zimafunikira kufanana m'dziko lonselo kapena zimene zimaphatikizapo unansi wa mitundu yonse. Maulamuliro ake andandalikidwa bwino m'Bungwe la Malamulo ndipo afutukulidwa m’kupita kwa nthaŵi kupyolera mwa mphamvu zotchulidwa, makamaka Zabwino ndi Zoyenera. Zotsatirazi ndizo mathayo aakulu a boma la boma.

  • National Defense and Foreign Relations: Boma la boma limasunga magulu ankhondo, kukambirana, kuyang'anira mapangano, ndi kuyendetsa nkhani zaunansi. Boma la boma lokha ndilo lingalengeze nkhondo kapena kuloŵa m'mapangano ndi mitundu yachilendo. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira mawu ogwirizana m'nkhani zapadziko lonse.
  • Kuvomereza Interstate and International Commerce: Pansi pa Commerce Claus, Congress imalamulira malonda pakati pa maboma ndi maiko akunja. Mabungwe a boma ameneŵa monga Federal Trade Commission ndi Securities ndi Exchange Commission, kutsimikizira kuti misika yaufulu ndi yosanja.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusuntha ndi Kusintha: Boma la boma limakhazikitsa malamulo kaamba ka amene angaloŵe m'dziko, utali umene iwo angakhalemo, ndi mmene angakhalire nzika. Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security ndi U.S. Community and Immig Services imasungitsa malamulo ameneŵa.
  • Sacurity and National Welfare Programs: Programu za Federal monga Social Security, Medicare, ndi Mecal Nutrition Information Program (SNAP) imapereka chitetezo kwa mamiliyoni a Amereka. Maprogramu ameneŵa amachirikizidwa kupyolera mwa misonkho ya boma ndi kuyendetsedwa m'dziko.
  • [[NT.0] Chitetezero cha Entreal Protection : The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imakhazikitsa malamulo a boma onga ngati Clean Air Act ndi Clean Water Act, kukhazikitsa miyezo imene imagwira ntchito m'maiko onse kutetezera thanzi la anthu ndi zinthu zachilengedwe.
  • Kusintha ndi Monetary Policy: Boma la boma, kupyolera mwa Treasurer ndi Federal Reserve ya United States, ndalama, ndalama, amalamulira mabanki, ndi amayendetsa malamulo a ndalama kupititsa patsogolo chuma.
  • Malo ndi Patents: Office ya U.S. Patant ndi Trademark Office, bungwe la boma, limapatsa mapangano ndi zizindikiro za kulembedwa kwa mapangano, kupereka chitetezo cha dziko kwa opanga ndi olenga.
  • Ufulu ndi Malamulo Zitsimikiziro: Boma la boma limakhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikizapo Civil Rights Act ndi Combing Rights Rights Act, ndi kutsimikizira kuti boma ndi malo ake zichirikiza chitetezo cha malamulo.

Ntchito Zothandiza Boma Lakumeneko

Maboma a m’derali amagwira ntchito zimene zimakhudza moyo wa anthu. Mathayo awo amafotokozedwa ndi lamulo la boma ndipo nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo madera amene mfundo za m'chitaganya zimagwira bwino. Maboma, mizinda, matauni, matauni, matauni, ndi madera apadera aliyense ali ndi udindo wake.

  • Public Safety and Law Inforcement: Madipatimenti a apolisi akumalo amasungitsa boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko, kuchitapo kanthu pa ngozi, ndi kusungitsa dongosolo. Madipatimenti a moto, kaŵirikaŵiri olinganizidwa pa mlingo wa m'boma, amapereka ntchito zamankhwala ndi mautumiki a zamwadzidzidzi. Ofesi a maofesi a boma a ntchito yosungitsa lamulo m'malo ndi m'mandende opanda ntchito.
  • K-12 Education :[[FLT :1] Zigawo za sukulu za kumaloko, zolamulidwa ndi mabungwe osankhidwa, kuyang'anira masukulu a boma. Amakhazikitsa sukulu zapasukulu, amalemba aphunzitsi, malo osamalira, ndi kukweza ndalama kudzera m'misonkho ya katundu (yoyang'anira boma). Maphunziro makamaka ndi thayo la kumaloko ndi boma, ndipo boma likutenga mbali yochepa.
  • Ntchito za Public ndi mabwinja: maboma amasunga misewu, milatho, njira zoperekera madzi, malo osungira zonyansa, ndi zoyendera za anthu onse. Amayang'aniranso kusonkhanitsa zotayidwa, kukonzanso, ndi kuchotsa chipale chofeŵa. Mautumiki ameneŵa ndi ofunika pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi ntchito zachuma.
  • Dziko Usecplaning ndi Zoning: Malamulo opanga zinthu amalamulira mmene angagwiritsidwire ntchito / chuma, malonda, maindasitale, ulimi. Mabungwe a kumaloko amavomereza ntchito zomanga, kusungitsa malamulo opangira nyumba, ndi kuumba chikhalidwe cha anthu. Udindo umenewu umakhudza mwachindunji kuperekedwa kwa nyumba ndi kapangidwe ka chitaganya.
  • Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m'chigawo akupereka katemera, kuyang’anira matenda, maphunziro a zaumoyo, ndi kufufuza malesitilanti ndi zipatala. Mabungwe autumiki wa anthu a m'dzikolo amatsogolera maprogramu a chithandizo cha boma ndi boma, kuphatikizapo chithandizo cha chakudya, malo osungira nyumba, ndi mautumiki otetezera ana.
  • Mapark, Zosangulutsa, ndi Malaibulale: Maboma a m'mapaki, malo oseŵera, malo a anthu, maiwe osambira, ndi malaibulale a anthu onse. Makhalidwe ameneŵa amakulitsa moyo ndi kupatsa malo osonkhanirako anthu okhalamo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uyang'aniro wa kuchuluka kwa zinthu: Mabungwe oyang'anira ngozi a kumaloko amagwirizanitsa zochita za masoka achilengedwe, miliri, ndi mavuto ena. Amagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi mabungwe a boma ndi a boma (m', FEMA) koma ndiwo njira yoyamba ya kuyankha.
  • Licens and Regns: maboma akomwe amagaŵira laisensi ya malonda, laisensi ya ukwati, zilolezo zomanga, ndi laisensi ya agalu. Amalamuliranso masankho a kumaloko, kuphatikizapo kulembetsa wovota ndi malo ofunsira.

Kupenda Koyerekezera: Kuomba Mmanja Mopambanitsa ndi Kusintha Mphamvu

Ngakhale kuti kugawikana kwa maudindo kukuoneka bwino, m’madera ambiri mumakhala maulamuliro osiyana ndi amene boma lili nawo. Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti anthu azitha kulamulira bwino komanso kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino ntchito za anthu.

  • Kusintha: Maboma a boma ndi akwawoko a Levy. Boma la boma limadalira kwambiri pa misonkho ya ndalama ndi misonkho ya makampani. Maboma amadalira kwambiri pa misonkho ya katundu, misonkho ya malonda, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito. Mtengo wa msonkho ndi nyumba zimasiyana kwambiri, ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kusiyana kwakukulu m’magawo onse.
  • LMBLESLAT: malamulo a Federal (ophunzitsa) amagwira ntchito mofanana m'dziko lonse ndi kutha kwa dziko kapena malamulo a kumaloko. Malamulo a m'malo amagwira ntchito kokha pakati pa ulamuliro ndipo sayenera kutsutsa lamulo la boma. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda sungalembetse lamulo la boma loletsa mankhwala.
  • Makhoti a Courts : [[FULT:1] Khoti la Federal likumva milandu yokhudza lamulo la boma, nkhani za lamulo, ndi ulamuliro wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Makhoti akwanuko (boma ndi m'boma) amasamalira milandu yambiri ya upandu ndi yachiŵeniŵeni. Nthaŵi zina milandu ingachoke kuchokera ku boma kupita ku khoti la boma ngati funso la boma libuka.
  • Mautumiki a Chiputuksi: [[FLT :1] Mitengo yonse iŵiri imapereka mautumiki ofunika, koma boma limasumika maganizo pa maprogramu adziko (m’chitsanzo, Social Security, Medicare, project), pamene maboma akugama pa mautumiki a anthu monga ukhondo, misewu, ndi mapaki. Kaŵirikaŵiri, boma limapereka ndalama ku maboma ndi madera a dziko kaamba ka zolinga zenizeni (maganizi).
  • [[FLT : 0] Uyang'aniro wa kulephera: Maboma a kumaloko ndiwo oyamba kuyankha m'tsoka lililonse. Ngati tsokalo liposa mphamvu ya dziko, boma limapereka chichirikizo, ndi boma la boma (kuthandiza pa FEMA). Boma limakhazikitsanso miyezo ya dziko ndi kugwirizanitsa mayankhidwe aakulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa chibadwa: EPA imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko, koma maboma ndi madera kaŵirikaŵiri amaigwiritsira ntchito ndi kuisungitsa. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda ungakhale ndi malamulo apamwamba kwambiri a mpweya kuposa malamulo a boma. Njira imeneyi yoyanga imalola kusintha kwa kumaloko pamene akusunga zitetezero za dziko.

Kuloŵerana: Mmene Maboma Olamulira ndi Olamulira Akugwirira Ntchito Pamodzi

Federalism si njira yolimba ya kuyendetsa , ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri. Malamulo a Federal kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna boma ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kumaloko. Mwachitsanzo, Coonal Water Act imalamula kuti apereke malamulo a kukhazikitsa miyezo ya madzi abwino, pamene kuli kwakuti makampani akumeneko akugwira ntchito mafakitale othandizira. Mofananamo, ndalama zoyendetsera za boma zimagawiridwa ku maboma ndi malo, zimene zimayang'anira ntchito yomanga misewu ndi ntchito zotumiza anthu. Chigwirizano chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti zolinga za dziko zimafikiridwa ndi kulolera kwa kumaloko. Komabe, mikangano ingabuke pamene malamulo a boma akukhazikitsa boma popanda ndalama zokwanira zothandizira (zifunsiro zoyendetsera) kapena pamene malamulo a boma akulimbana ndi zofunika za boma, monga kuyendetsa ntchito za kusamuka kwa anthu kapena kuyendetsa chamba mwalamulo.

Kufunika Kokulira kwa Ulamuliro wa Malo

Boma lakumaloko limatchedwa "ntchito ya demokrase" chifukwa chakuti limalola kuyesa ndi kukonza zinthu zatsopano. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma limakhazikitsa maziko aakulu, akuluakulu a boma apafupi ndi anthu ndipo angagwirizane ndi zosoŵa zapadera za anthu. Kufunika kwa ulamuliro wa kumaloko kumasiyanasiyana.

  • Kusankha kwachigamulo: mapulatifomu a kumaloko, misonkhano ya m’holo, ndi mabungwe a chitaganya amapereka mapulatifomu ofikirika kwa nzika kuti zisonkhezere. Kaŵirikaŵiri kutembenuka kwa zisankho za kumaloko kumachepa, koma awo amene ali ndi mbali atha kukhala ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji pa nkhani zonga ngati ndalama za sukulu, malo omanga nyumba, ndi malamulo a a polisi.
  • Mautumiki ozoloŵereka ndi Responsiveness: Dera lakumidzi lili ndi malo oyamba osiyana ndi malo apakati a tauni. Maboma a m'maderawo angapereke chuma kuti athetse mavuto ena, monga mautumiki owonjezera a ulimi m'mafamu kapena kutumiza anthu ambiri m'madera a m'mizinda. Kusintha kumeneku ndiko mphamvu yaikulu ya chigwirizano.
  • Kusintha ndi Kuyesa kwa Policy: Malamulo ambiri achipambano a dziko anayamba pamlingo wa kumaloko. Mwachitsanzo, maprogramu a maphunziro a ubwana, njira za ntchito zapolisi za chitaganya, ndi zisonkhezero za mphamvu zokhalanso zoyesedwa choyamba m’mizinda ndi m'mabwinja. Zolephera zingasungidwe, ndipo chipambano chingapititsidwe.
  • Umboni ndi Transparency: Akuluakulu a kumaloko ali okhoza kuyankha mwachindunji kwa ogwirizana awo, kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi chisankho zaka ziŵiri kapena zinayi zirizonse. Zosankha zawo zimafufuzidwa ndi magulu a nyuzi ndi a m'chitaganya. Zimenezi zimakulitsa lingaliro la kudalirana ndi kuŵerengerana limene liri lovuta kukwaniritsa pamlingo wa dzikolo.
  • Kuphunzitsa mu Democracy : Kugawana mu boma lakwanuko . "Kungakhale kupezekapo pa msonkhano wa bungwe la sukulu, kutumikira pa komiti yolinganiza, kapena kusanthula m'chosankha cha kampasi / "malekezero a demokrase a ntchito. Ndi malo ophunzitsira atsogoleri ndi nzika zokangalika zamtsogolo.

Mavuto ndi Kutsutsana kwa Pambuyo Pake

Kugawanika kwa maulamuliro sikuli kopanda mavuto. Federalism imayang'anizana ndi mavuto osatha, kuphatikizapo nkhondo zowomboledwa, kutha kwa mayanjano, ndi kulephera kwa mgwirizano. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVID-19, boma linapereka zitsogozo koma linasiya zigamulo zambiri zaumoyo ku maboma ndi malo, zimene zimatsogolera ku mayankho olakwika. Mofananamo, kulimbana m’mizinda yopatulika ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma oletsa anthu kulowa m'dzikolo ndi kupambana kwa boma. Vuto lina ndilo kudalirana kwa boma pa ndalama za mautumiki a kumaloko, kumene kungachepetse mphamvu ya dziko ndi kudalirana. Kumvetsa mikangano imeneyi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti ithandize kuyang'anizira ntchito ya boma yathu.

Mapeto: Chifukwa Chake Nkhaniyi Ili ya Ophunzira ndi Nzika

Kuzindikira ntchito ndi mathayo a boma lakumaloko. Mantha a boma si ntchito yamaphunziro chabe kuti munthu akhale ndi chidziŵitso. N’kofunika kuti boma likhale ndi nkhani zaunziko: chitetezo, kusamuka, malonda a dziko, ndi ufulu walamulo. Maboma ayang'anira ntchito zimene zimapanga moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku: sukulu, apolisi, misewu, mapaki, ndi malo ochitira zinthu. Mantha awiriwa akugwira ntchito bwino popanda wina. Mwa kuphunzira mmene mphamvu imagaŵidwira, ndi mmene nthambi iliyonse imagwirira ntchito, ndi mmene ophunzira angagwirire bwino ntchito ndi anthu awo, kuchirikiza kusintha, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu kukhala ndi mlandu. Kukulitsa chidziŵitso chanu, kufufuza [[FLT: 0]. U. maofesi a boma aumboni a U. [FF: [F:], ndi kuwonjezera mfundo zachidziŵitso chapamwamba, ndi kufalikira kwa anthu a boma: [F.F.NU.]