Kodi Mapeso ndi Kulinganizika N’zotani?

Dongosolo la macheke ndi kulinganiza ndi la maziko a demokrase ya lamulo. Imagawira ulamuliro wa boma pakati pa nthambi zosiyana . Mwachidziŵikire, malamulo, ndi chiweruzo . "kunga nthambi iliyonse ikhoza kuchepetsa mphamvu za ena. Kulekana kumeneku sikuli kokha kulinganiza kwa nyumba; kulinganizidwira kuletsa chinthu chimodzi kutsekedwa ndi kutsenderezedwa. Malamulo amakhalidwe azikidwa pa chikhulupiriro chakuti mphamvu, pamene yaikidwa patsogolo, imakhala yowopsa. Mwakufuna kugwirizana ndi kuyang'anirana, kuyang'anirana ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi kuchirikiza ulamuliro wodziŵerengera mlandu.

Mu United States, dongosolo limeneli nlopangidwa ndi Malamulo. Opanga maulansi, osonkhezeredwa ndi katswiri wandale zadziko Montesquieu ndi chitsanzo cha Briteni cha boma losanganizana, anapanga dongosolo pamene nthambi ya geod ikupanga malamulo, nthambi ya akulu imawakakamiza, ndipo nthambi yachiweruzo imawamasulira. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu ndi mathayo osiyanasiyana, komabe imagawana m’njira zimene zimalola uyang'aniro. Mwachitsanzo, pulezidenti angapereke malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress, pamene Congress angapereke malamulowo ndi aŵiri. Khoti Lapamwamba lingalengeze malamulo osakhala alamulo, koma pulezidenti wa malamulo, ndi mabwalo a boma.

Kufunika kwa Mapeketi ndi Kulinganiza Zinthu

Sikuti anthu amangoganizira zinthu zopanda pake koma kuti anthu aziona kuti ndi zofunika kwambiri:

  • Kuchotsa Kugwiritsira Ntchito Molakwa Mphamvu: Mwakufalitsa ulamuliro, dongosolo limapangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa nthambi iliyonse kuchita zinthu popanda kugawana. Pulezidenti sangakhazikitse malamulo yekha; nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo singathe kupha. Zimenezi zimayambitsa mbali zambiri za kutsutsa ochenjerera.
  • Kutetezeredwa kwa Ufulu Waumwini: [1] Nzika zimapindula ndi kakonzedwe kamene kamawalola kutsutsa zochita za boma. Oweruza angatseke malamulo amene amaphwanya ufulu walamulo, ndipo bungwe la malamulo lingafufuze za kusamvera kwa akuluakulu. Zimenezi zimapereka chitetezero chalamulo kwa anthu ochepa ndi mawu otsutsa.
  • Kusintha kwa Kutha kwa Ufulu: chifukwa chakuti nthambi zosiyanasiyana ziyenera kukambitsirana ndi kulolerana, malamulo amawoneka kukhala ogwirizana kwambiri. Malingaliro a makani a kuyang'ana maso ndi maso kuchokera ku mbali zosiyanasiyana, kuchepetsa upandu wa kuchita zinthu mopupuluma kapena mochititsa mantha.
  • University ndi Transparency:[[FLT :1] Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi zida zoululira ndi kuwongolera zolakwa za ena. Kumva kwa Congress, malipoti a nyuzi, ndi magamulo achiweruzo abweretsa ntchito za boma kuwonekera kwa anthu, kukakamiza akuluakulu a boma kulungamitsa zosankha zawo.

Mmene Mungapewere Ntchito ndi Kulinganiza Zinthu

Nthambi Yolamulira Malamulo

Congress, monga nthambi ya malamulo, imakhala ndi mphamvu yopanga malamulo. Imayesa nthambi yaikulu mwa njira zingapo: ingathe kuchotsa mavetes a pulezidenti, kutsimikizira kapena kukana mapangano a mabwana akuluakulu, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zolamulira kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma. Nyumba ya Oimira imayambitsa machitidwe a kusatsa malonda, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsogolera kuzenga mlandu. Nyumba ya Malamulo imalamuliranso bajeti ya boma, kuipatsa malo oyamba a ulamuliro. Kuwonjezera apo, makomiti angapereke umboni ndi zikalata, kuyang'anira ntchito zaudindo.

Nthambi Yotsogolera

Pulezidenti, monga mkulu wa nthambi ya akuluakulu, angapereke lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress, ngakhale kuti chigamulo chimenechi chingakhale chosaonekera. Pulezidentiyo alinso ndi mphamvu yopereka malamulo apamwamba amene amatsogolera malamulo, koma malamulo ameneŵa angatsutsidwe m’khoti kapena kuikidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Nthambi yaikulu imaika oweruza a boma, kuphatikizapo Supreme Courts, ndi kutsimikizira. Mphamvu imeneyi imaumba Judicariary kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Pulezidentiyo amatumikiranso monga Mkulu wa asilikali, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo yokha ndiyo ingalengeze nkhondo, kupanga mayeso pa kachitidwe kankhondo.

Nthambi Yoweruza

Makhoti a Federal, makamaka Khoti Lalikulu, amapendanso komiti yachiweruzo . Mphamvu yolengeza malamulo kapena zochita za akuluakulu popanda malamulo. Ulamuliro umenewu unakhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison [1] (103] (183) ndipo amayang'anirabe mosamalitsa nthambi zonse ziŵiri za malamulo ndi za akuluakulu. Makhoti amamasulira malamulo ndi kuphwanya malamulo a boma. Oweruza amaikidwa kuti akhale ndi moyo, kuwateteza ku chitsenderezo cha ndale, koma malamulo awo angaswedwe ndi malamulo alamulo kapena, m'nkhani zocheperapo, ndi kutsutsa ulamuliro wa makhoti.

Kugwirizana kumeneku kumachititsa dongosolo logwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhazikitsa lamulo limene limaletsa kulankhula mwaufulu, nthambi yaikulu ingasankhe kusaikakamiza mwamphamvu, kapena makhoti angailamulire mosemphana ndi lamulo. Ngati pulezidentiyo agwiritsira ntchito malamulo apamwamba kunyalanyaza Congress, opanga malamulo angachotse maprogramu ena kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano amene amachepetsa malamulowo. Masitepe a judicaria a kukhazikitsa nkhondo pakati pa nthambi, kukhazikitsa malamulo alamulo amasungidwa.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Lingaliro la maulamuliro akulekanitsa ndi lakale, likuwonekera m'maboma osanganizidwa a Roma ndi zolemba za Aristotle. Komabe, kupangidwa kwamakono kumaikidwa mwachindunji ndi Montesquieu, amene ntchito yake 1748 Mzimu wa Malamulo [ adatsutsa kuti ufulu umatetezeredwa bwino koposa pamene lamulo, mkulu, ndi ntchito zachiweruzo zaikidwa m'matupiti osiyanasiyana. Oyambitsawo, kutsutsana nawo m'ma 1780, adatsimikiza kuletsa ulamuliro wankhanza wa Briteni. Iwo anapanga malamulo amene mwadala amatsutsana ndi mphamvu. James Magconfdine, mu [FL:2] Factist. No. [FLD: 3], analemba kuti: “Mfumu yapamwamba, inayenera kutsutsa ulamuliro wa Briti.

Zitsanzo Zapambuyo Pake

  • [FLT] Marbury v. Madison (103): Mlandu Wamilandu Waukulu uwu unakhazikitsa kupenda kwa mlandu. Pamene Pulezidenti Thomas Jefferson anakana kupereka ntchito ya William Marbury monga woweruza wa mtendere, Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analengeza kuti lamulo lofuna kuperekedwa koteroko silinali loimira. Chigamulo cha Khotilo chinatsimikizira ulamuliro wa kumasulira malamulo, kupanga mayeso pa nthambi zina.
  • [[FLT :] Watergate Scampal (1972.1974): Pulezidenti Richard Nixon akugwiritsira ntchito molakwa ulamuliro [1] kuphatikizapo kuswa naa kuswa pa likulu la Komiti ya Democratic National ndi chikuto chotsatira PNG adavumbulidwa kupyolera m'mayeso a msonkhano ndi milandu ya khoti. Khoti Lapamwamba linalamula Nixon kumasula matepi a Nyumba Yachiyera, ndi kuyang'anizana ndi chitsutso china, iye anasiya. Nkhaniyi inasonyeza mmene malamulo ndi nthambi zachiweruzo zingaonere ngakhale mkulu wamphamvu.
  • Kuvomereza kwa Pulezidenti: Nyumbayo inalemba mapresidenti atatu: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (1998), ndi Donald Trump (209 ndi 2021). Nyumba ya Malamulo inamasula onse atatu, koma njirayo inakakamiza kufufuza ndi kuyang'anira kwapoyera. Kusagwirizana kwa Johnson ndi Congress pa mfundo za Reconstanton; Clinton adaloŵetsamo perjury ndi brite; Trump’s’s adaitengapo ntchito ya kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu ndi kusonkhezera kupandukira boma. Nkhani iliyonse inayesa malire a ulamuliro ndi oyang’anira.
  • New Deact Era Judicial Conflict : Mu ma 1930, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal programu zoyang'anizana ndi zigamulo zobwerezabwereza za Bwalo Lapamwamba lomwe linagonjetsa malamulo aakulu. Roosevelt inalingalira “kufutukula chiŵerengero cha oweruza, kachitidwe koonedwa mofala kukhala kuyesa kufooketsa ufulu wa komiti. Ngakhale kuti kalingali kake, kanasonkhezera Khotilo kukhala lolemekezeka kwambiri ku malamulo a zachuma, kuonetsa mphamvu yamphamvu pakati pa nthambi.

Zomwe Akupanga Masiku Ano pa Machesi ndi Pamiyeso

Zaka zaposachedwapa, nthambi za m’nthambi zakhala zikuyendera limodzi pa nthawi imene zilipo:

  • Outective Orders and Judicial Review: Maonga mobwerezabwereza amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu kupititsa patsogolo malamulo popanda Congress. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2017, Pulezidenti Trump anatulutsa Lamulo Lolamulira 13769 (“chiletso chopatukira”), limene linaletsa kuloŵa m'maiko ambiri. Makhoti a Boma anapereka malamulo, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba potsirizira pake linachirikiza matembenuzidwe. Zimenezi zinasonyeza kukhoza kwa jasidiary kupendanso machitidwe a akuluakulu a malamulo ndi kugonjera lamulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Nthambi ya boma yawonjezera kugwiritsira ntchito kwake ntchito kwa mapease ndi makutu kuyang'anira ntchito za nthambi zapampando. Nyumba youlutsa ya Pulezidenti Trump mu 2019 inadalira kwambiri pa umboni ndi zikalata. Posachedwapa, Komiti Yosankha Nyumba Yofufuza Nyumba Yofufuza pa January 6, 201 Capitol inapereka mayeso a anthu amene anatulukira umboni wothekera wa kulakwa, kutsogolera ku zigawenga za apandu. Zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene Nyumba ya Malamulo angaonerere nduna ngakhale pamene gulu liyang'anira Nyumba ya White.
  • Avetoes ndi Osasamala: Pakati pa Mapresidenti George W. Bush ndi Joe Biden, mavetoes agwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsekereza malamulo, koma si kaŵirikaŵiri kuti Congress yasonkhanitsa kulimba kwakukulu kofunikira kugonjetsa. Komabe, chiwopsezo cha chivomerezo cha voto chimakhudza zimene ndalama zimafikira desiki la pulezidenti. Kumbuyoku .
  • .A Totail Battles: Kachitidwe kotsimikizira kwa oweruza a boma kakhala kotsutsana mowonjezereka. Mphamvu ya Nyumba ya Malamulo kulangiza ndi kuvomereza pa chiweruzo imagwira ntchito monga kupenda kukhoza kwa mkulu kuumba judiary. Mwachitsanzo, kukana kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo kulingalira Pulezidenti Obama Merrick Garland mu 2016, ndi chitsimikizo chotsatira cha Pulezidentiyu Russe Amy Coney Barrett mu 2020, chisonyeze mmene mphamvu za kasupe zingayambukirire kulinganizika kwa mphamvu.

Kusuliza ndi Kulephera

Ngakhale kuti mphamvu zake n’zolimba, njira yoyendera ndi kulinganiza zinthu si yopanda mphamvu.

  • Gridlock : [[FLT :1] Pamene nthambi zosiyanasiyana zikulamuliridwa ndi zipani zotsutsana, kupanga malamulo kumafuna kulolera, koma kugaŵikana kwa dziko kumachepetsa kufunitsitsa kukambitsirana. Kusintha kwa malo kungachititse mavuto aakulu. Kunga ngati kusintha kwa anthu osamuka kapena ngongole kumakwera [1]
  • Kufikira kopambanitsa kwa judicial : Ena amatsutsa kuti makhoti akhala amphamvu kwambiri, kupanga zigamulo za malamulo zimene ziyenera kusiyidwa kwa oimira osankhidwa. Zigamulo za Landmark pa kuchotsa mimba, ukwati wofanana ndi , ndi kusamala zaumoyo zatsutsidwa monga kuweruza. Pamene kuli kwakuti kupenda kwachiweruzo kumatetezera zoyenera, kungawonedwenso kukhala mapeto a ntchito za democracy.
  • Mochita Kupitira Mopambanitsa: Mapresidenti nthaŵi zina amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu ndi zochita za munthu mmodzi kufutukula ulamuliro wawo kuposa zimene malamulo afuna. Kukula kwa boma kwapatsa nthambi yaikulu mphamvu yopanga projekiti, imene yayesayesa kulamulira. Mzera pakati pa kusungitsa lamulo ndi kachitidwe ka lamulo ungasokonezeke.
  • Kupondereza: Magulu andale zadziko aphunzira kupanga zida za malamulo kaamba ka phindu la opatulidwa. Njira ya kuvomereza, yosungidwira kuchitiridwa nkhanza zazikulu, yagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka zigamulo zapadera. Mofananamo, kutsimikizira kwa oweruza kwakhala nkhondo, ndi kuchedwetsa ndi zopinga zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsekereza mineiyo kokha chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa malingaliro.

Kulephera kumeneku kumachokera m'njira yosathandiza. Oyambitsa amaika ufulu wapamwamba kwambiri. Vuto la anthu amakono ndi kulinganiza kufunika kwa boma logwira bwino ndi zitetezero zimene zimapereka. Kusintha kumene kukuchitika monga kuwongolera malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, kuchotsa malamulo a zachiweruzo, ndi kuwongolera malamulo a bungwe monga njira zothetsera mavutowa popanda kusiya mfundo yaikulu.

Mbali ya Nzika m’Kusunga Macheke ndi Kulinganizika

Malamulo amathandiza kokha pamene nzika zatomerana. Machenjezo ndi zipilala sizimagwira ntchito modzifunira; zimadalira pa voti yodziŵa bwino imene imaŵerengera nthambi iliyonse. Nzika zikhoza kutengamo mbali m’njira zingapo:

Kujambula Mawonekedwe m’Chisankho Chilichonse

Kulankhula ndiyo njira yachindunji kwambiri yothandizira kulinganiza ulamuliro. Pulezidenti, communion, scononion, chigawo, ndi masankho a kumaloko amagamula kuti ndani ali ndi udindo. Mwa kuvota, nzika zingafunsire kapena kulanga akuluakulu osankhidwa chifukwa cha kuchirikiza malamulo alamulo. Wosankhidwa wa pansi pa chivoti, makamaka m'masankho apakati, sapereka chisonkhezero chochepa cha kulemekeza ndi kulinganiza. Pamene nzika zivoti mosasintha, iwo amachitira chizindikiro nkhani zoyang’anira.

Kuloŵa M’gulu la Umbombo ndi Kugonana

Nzika zingagwirizane ndi magulu a oweruza amene amayang'anira ntchito za boma ndi kukakamiza kuonekera. Magulu onga American Civil Liberties Union ([[FLT: 0]] ACLU) ndi Brennan Center ya Chilungamo ( Brennan Center []) amagwira ntchito kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ndi kuchirikiza ulamuliro wa anthu. Kulemba kwa oimira, kupezeka m'mabwalo a tauni, ndi kutengamo mbali m'masewera mwamtendere ndi mitundu yonse ya kukakamiza akuluakulu kuti asunge malamulo.

Kukhalabe Wodziŵa Zinthu Kudzera mwa Maziko Odalirika

Kuzindikira mmene macheke ndi kulinganiza ntchito kumafunikiritsa kupezeka ku chidziŵitso cholongosoka. Nzika ziyenera kufunafuna zinthu zosaphunzitsa. National Constitution Center (] Constitution Center ya National Constitution ) imapereka ziŵiya zothandizira ndi nkhani zofotokoza kapangidwe ka Konsichurako. Laibulale ya Congress ( LIBRABRAC of Congress[]) imapereka zikalata zazikulu ndi kupenda mbiri yakale. Kutsatira nkhani zotchuka zimene zimabisa Congress, Header, ndi makhoti amathandiza nzika kuti zizindikire njira zimene nthambi ziyang'anirana.

Kuchita Nawo Ntchito ya Boma

Mayeso ndi malingana aliponso pa boma ndi malo a komweko. Mabungwe a mizinda, mabungwe achigawo, ndi malumbiro a boma ali ndi magaŵano ofanana a ulamuliro. Kupezeka pa misonkhano ya boma, kutumikira pa mabungwe a boma, kapena kungoŵerenga bajeti ya menijala kupatsa nzika lingaliro lapamwamba la mmene uyang'aniro umagwirira ntchito. Utomere wa kumaloko umakulitsanso zizoloŵezi za kutengamo mbali kwa demokrase zimene zimatembenuza chidziŵitso cha dziko.

Kuchirikiza Maphunziro a Mitengo

Anthu ophunzira ndiwo kuyang'anira kotheratu za nkhalwe. Nzika zingachirikize magulu amene amaphunzitsa anthu m’masukulu ndi m’midzi.

Kumaliza

Mayeso ndi malinganizo si nthanthi yalamulo yopanda maziko; izo ndizo zenizeni zatsiku ndi tsiku zimene zimatetezera nzika ku ulamuliro wodzisankhira. Mwa kugaŵa ulamuliro pakati pa malamulo, mabwana, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo, ndi mwa kupatsa aliyense mphamvu kuchepetsa ena, dongosolo limapanga maziko olimba a kulamulira. Zitsanzo za mbiri kuyambira kuyambika kwa nthaŵi zamakono zimasonyeza mmene njira zimenezi zatetezera kuchitiridwa nkhanza, kuchirikiza zoyenera, ndi kukakamiza kugonjera. Komabe, dongosololi si langwiro. Griplock, decristration, ndi limakhalabe zovuta zosatha.

Nzika zonse ziŵiri ndizo opindula kwambiri ndi otetezera a dongosolo lino. Mwa kuvota, kugwiritsa ntchito mapangano, maphunziro, ndi kutengamo mbali kwa kumaloko, anthu angatsimikizire kuti kuyendera ndi kulinganiza zikhalebe kogwira ntchito. Kulimba kwa malamulo kumadalira osati pa mawu a pa chikopa chokha, koma pa pangano la anthu. Kuzindikira ndi kuteteza nyumba imeneyi ndi udindo umene umagwera pa mbadwo uliwonse. M’dziko limene miyezo ya democracy ingafooke, kachitidwe ka mayeso ndi kulinganiza kakeka kamakhala kochuluka [[FLT:]] POFLT . Mwakukhalabe ndi anthu odziwirirapo ndi oloŵetsedwamo, anthu amalimbitsa maziko a demokrase ndi ufulu wawo.