Kusankha Koyamba m’Demokrase: Kumvetsetsa Madongosolo a Zachilengedwe

Njira imene dziko limatembenuzira mavoti pa mipando yalamulo ndi imodzi ya zosankha zazikulu kwambiri m'demokrase iliyonse. Njira imeneyi, yodziŵika monga dongosolo losankhira, imaumba khalidwe la zipani za ndale, kugwirizana pakati pa voti ndi oimira awo, ndi kukhazikika kwa boma. Mabanja aŵiri a madongosolo amalamulira dziko lonse lapansi: Kuimira kwa [PUP] (PR) ndi ATCHOR , ndi AS. [FTT - Zonke [WT] [] [ikulukulu la], kaŵirikaŵiri lotchedwa olamulira kapena aunyinji. Pamene zili zotsimikiza zonse ziŵiri kutembenuza anthu kuti alamulire, iwo amagwira ntchito pa mafilosofi osiyanasiyana a "ungwe"

Madongosolo a PR amaika patsogolo nyumba ya malamulo imene imasonyeza bwino lomwe zosankha zandale zosiyanasiyana za osankhidwa. Madongosolo a WTA amaika patsogolo zotsatirapo zotsimikizirika ndi kugwirizana kwa malo pakati pa woimira mmodzi ndi kuimira kotsimikizirika. Kusankha pakati pawo, kapena kutengera chitsanzo chosanganiza, kumaphatikizapo malonda pakati pa kusamvera, kukhazikika, kuŵerengera, ndi kumveka bwino. Kumvetsetsa malonda ameneŵa n’kofunika kwa aliyense woloŵetsedwa m'sayansi yandale zadziko, maphunziro a boma, kapena maphunziro a boma kuti asinthe.

Makina Oimira Mapulogalamu

Proportigational imaimira banja la madongosolo a pulogalamu a pulogalamu ya osankhidwa olinganizidwa kugawira mipando zipani za ndale m’magulu ovuta poyerekezera ndi mavoti amene amalandira. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti chipani chimene chiwina 30 peresenti ya mavoti a dzikolo chiyenera kukhala ndi mipando 30 peresenti ya m'nyumba ya malamulo. Njira imeneyi imasiyana kwambiri ndi madongosolo a WTA, kumene gulu la anthu 30% a votiloga lingapeze malo ochepa kwambiri — kapena ngakhale kulephera — malinga ndi mmene chichirikizo chawo chimagaŵiridwira m’madera osiyanasiyana.

Mmene Ntchito za PR Zimagwirira Ntchito

Mtundu wofala kwambiri wa PR ndi Proportonal Proportation system proportation . M'ndandanda PR, ovota amaponya pepala la wofunsira m’malo mwa munthu mmodzi. Magawo alipo mpambo wa ofunsira m'chigawo chilichonse kapena m'dziko lonse. Pambuyo pa kuŵerengedwa kwa mavoti, chipani chilichonse chimalandira chiŵerengero cha mipando yolingana ndi kuvota. Osankhidwawongoleredwa amatengedwa kuchokera pamwamba pa ndandanda ya chipani chilichonse.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya ndandanda ya PR:

  • Mndandanda wotsekeka: Voters zimasankha chipani chokha. Gululo limasankha dongosolo la ofunsira pa mpambowo, kupatsa utsogoleri wa gulu kuti asankhe ndani. Zimenezi zingalimbitse chilango cha pagulu koma zimaletsa wovota kusankha ponena za opita ku msonkhanowo.
  • Mndandanda wotseguka: Mavoter angalongosole zimene munthu aliyense amafuna pa mpambo wa paphwando. Izi zimalola ovota kusonkhezera amene amasankhidwa pagulu, kuwonjezera kuŵerengera kwaumwini ndi bungwe lovota.

Ntchito Yosalekeza Imodzi

Wosankhidwa mmodzi yekha. Kusankhidwa, osankhidwa ayenera kufika pa mavoti. Mavote kupyola pa muyezo wa wopambana, limodzi ndi mavoti a ochotsedwa, amasamutsidwa kwa otsalira ozikidwa pa zokonda zavoti. STV imatamandidwa chifukwa cha kugwirizanitsa kulinganiza kwakukulu ndi mpikisano ndi kuŵerengera.

Njira Zolumikiza

Maiko ambiri amafuna kuphatikiza malingana bwino kwambiri a dziko lonselo mwa kujambula mafilimu. Mixed-Member Propoionel (MMLT ,) yogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Germany, New Zealand, ndi Scotland (kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Scotland), ndi imodzi yotero. Mavoter amaponya mavoti aŵiri: mmodzi wa wofunsira m'chigawo chimodzi (mpangidwe wa stem ) ndi mmodzi wa mpambo wa gulu. Mbali ya mipando imadzazidwa ndi opambana m'chigawo. Mipando yotsalayo imaikidwa kuti indandale m'gulu lonselo. MMP imasunga mgwirizano wa gulu la ovota.

Mmene Mbalame Zimagwirira Ntchito

Warver- Atenga Madongosolo onse, otchedwanso Yoyamba-Past-The Post (FPP) kapena madongosolo a chigawo chimodzi, ndi akale kwambiri ndi olondola kwambiri. Dzikolo limagaŵidwa m'zigawo za zigawo za zigawo chimodzi. Wosankha aliyense amavota mmodzi. Wosankha aliyense ndi voti yaikulu — ngakhale ngati ali ndi gulu lalikulu (oposa lina lililonse koma lochepera pa unyinji) — amapambana malo okhala. Mavoti ena onse amatayidwa bwino chifukwa cha zolinga za kuimira.

Madongosolo a FPTP Amasonyeza Makhalidwe Awo

Kusintha kwa FPTP kumaphatikizapo kufewetsa kwake ndi chikhoterero chake cha kutulutsa maboma ambiri amodzi. Ofufuza amamvetsetsa dongosolo la wofunsira amene apambana. Kuwona kumeneku kumatchulidwa monga phindu lalikulu. Komabe, masamu a FPTP amapanga zopotozedwa modabwitsa. Gulu lingapambane malo ambiri okhala ndi mavoti ochepera pa 50% a dziko ngati chichirikizo chake chimakhala kuzungulira madera onse. Komanso, gulu lokhala ndi chichirikizo chachikulu koma cha madera ofalikira lingapeze malo ochepa.

Nkhani Yapadera ya Koleji ya Electoral

Chisankho cha pulezidenti wa United States chimagwira ntchito mpangidwe wa WTA wodziŵika monga Electoral College . Mmalo mosankha pulezidenti ndi voti yotchuka ya dzikolo, boma lililonse limagaŵira chiŵerengero cha osankha ozikidwa pa anthu ake (zochuluka ku gulu lake logwirizana). M'maboma 48 ndi chigawo cha Columbia, mavoti onse osankhidwa amaperekedwa monga gulu la munthu amene apambana chisankho cha boma — njira ya WTA ya m'kaundula pamlingo wa boma. Dongoli limapanga chisonkhezero champhamvu kwa opikisanawo kuti asumikire pafupifupi pa madera angapo opikisana, pamene akunyalanyaza kwambiri maiko otetezedwa. Limatseguliranso kuthekera kwa kupambana kwa chisankhoterero cha dziko lonse, monga chotchuka mu 2000 ndi kulephera kwa chisankhoti.

Malo Okhala Aŵiri ndi Njira Zina Zopangira Maselo

Madongosolo ena a akulu amayesa kukambirana nkhani ya opambana m’mipata ya anthu ndi chichirikizo chochepa. M'kakonzedwe ka Kawiri ka (kuthamanga]), ngati palibe wobatizidwa amene apeza anthu ambiri m'mphindi woyamba, kachiŵiri kamakhala pakati pa anthu aŵiri opambana. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti wopambana wamkulu amathandiza anthu amene amavota mu kuthamanga. Alternative Vote [ (AV]), (AV), amadziwikanso kuti adziwirirapo (IV), amakwaniritsa chiyambukiro chofananacho mwa kusanthula kopanda gulu limodzi, koma amakhalabebe kuti asunge njira ya WTAt pulot pulot chigawo chimodzi chokha.

Kufufuza Kwake Kayendedwe ka PR ndi WTA

Kuchotsapo ntchito ya madongosolo a PR ndi WTA kumafuna kupenda milingo yambiri ya mkhalidwe wa demokrase, kuyambira pa zotulukapo zolungama kufikira pa kuyendetsa bwino zinthu.

Kuimira ndi Kuchita Zabwino

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mabanja aŵiri a madongosolo ndi kuchuluka kwa zotsatira. Madongosolo a PR amapanga modalirika nyumba zogamula malamulo zimene zimasonyeza bwino lomwe zokondera. M'chosankha cha boma cha 2021 ku Germany, Social Democratic Party inawina 25.7% ya chivoti cha chipani ndi kulandira 25.7% ya mipando. Kusiyana kwake ndi PR. Madongosolo a WTA amapanga nthaŵi zonse zopotozetsa zazikulu. M'chisankho cha UK, UK Communiferation Par Par Tration inapambana 12.6% ya chivoti cha dziko lonselo koma inalandira mpando umodzi wokha.2% wa Nyumba ya Commocts . Panthaŵi ino, National Partition inapambana 4.7% ya kuvota ndi madepando 56. (86%) madongosolo owonekedwe olondola a UK anaonetsa bwino kwambiri a gulu landale zadziko ndi ogwirizana ndi odalirika.

Kudziloŵetsamo ndi Kubwereranso

Pali umboni wokwanira wakuti madongosolo a PR amagwirizanitsidwa ndi wovota wamkulu. Chifukwa chimodzi nchakuti ovota m'madongosolo a PR sangakhale othekera kumva kuti iwo "alakwa. Pansi pa FPTP, ovota akuchirikiza woloŵa wosankhidwa wachitatu m'chigawo chotetezeka safuna kuvota, monga ngati wosankhayo alibe mpata wopambana. M'madongosolo a PR, ngakhale magulu aang'ono angapambane ngati apitirira malire (mwachiyambi 3% ku 5% ya ku 5% ya kuvota kwa dziko), kupatsa ochirikiza awo chifukwa chomveka chochitira nawo mbali. Malinga ndi chidziŵitso cha International Institute for Democlation and Elmector Convital (EA), kugwiritsa ntchito njira za PR nthaŵi zambiri kuzungulira njira zina za WTA, pamene akulamulira malamulo ena otsendeka, ngakhale malamulo otsendeka, monga PR, ngakhale a PV, angawonjeze ndi kutsegula ndi kuwonjezera mtolo — Chikhoterero.

Gulu Limamanga Zinthu Zolimba Ndiponso Zosafunika

WTA imapanga mphamvu yamphamvu yolimbana ndi gulu la magawo aŵiri, monga momwe yalongosoledwera ndi Law la Duverger . Makampani ndi makampani amazindikira kuti chivoti cha gulu laling'ono chingagaŵanitse chitsutso ndi kusankhira chitsutso chachikulu. "kuvota kochititsa kusanthula ndi mphamvu yamphamvu ndi mphamvu za magulu aang'ono kuti asunge kapena aleke. Chotulukapo chake ndicho njira yokhazikika ya kaŵiri kaŵiri kamene kamodzi kamene kangapange boma lalikulu pa lokha. Madongosolo a PR, mwa kusiyana, nthaŵi zambiri amapanga mbali zambiri. Maboma amapangidwa mwa kugwirizanitsa kogwirizana pakati pa magulu aŵiri kapena magulu ena. Zimenezi zimafuna kulolera, ndi kuvomerezana, ndi kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kochepa.

Kukhazikika kwa Boma ndi Kukhutiritsa Malamulo

Unansi pakati pa madongosolo a votala ndi kukhazikika kwa boma ukudziŵika. Madongosolo a WTA amapanga maboma ambiri omwe angapereke malamulo mofulumira ndi mosabisa popanda kukambirana ndi anzawo a mgwirizano. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimaonedwa kukhala nyonga, makamaka panthaŵi ya mavuto. Komabe, mbali yosiyana njakuti munthu wopambana mipando yambiri yokhala ndi mbali imodzi ya mavoti ingapangitse malamulo amene amatsutsidwa ndi anthu ambiri. M'madongosolo a PR, maboma a mgwirizano ndiwo mwambo. Pamene kuli kwakuti mapangano amagwirizana angakhale nthaŵi ndi maboma ang'onoang'onoang'ono angagwe, umboni wowopsa umasonyeza kuti madongosolo a nyumba za malamulo ndi PR sangakhale osakhazikika kwenikweni. Maboma ambiri okhazikika — kuphatikizapo Germany, Netherlands, ndi maiko omwe sagwirizana agwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kukhazikika kwa maboma kwa zaka makumi ambiri okha. Maboma a PR, amadalira pa kukhazikika kwa dongosolo la zandale, ndi kukonza kwa pulogalamu, kuchuluka kwa gulu la zandale, ndi kupangidwa kwa chikhalidwe cha .

Zotsatirapo za Kachitidwe ndi Mkhalidwe wa Kulamulira

Chiyambukiro cha madongosolo a osankhira ndi ziyambukiro za malamulo apamwamba ndi mbali yaikulu ya kufufuza. Madongosolo a PR amapanga mlingo wokulira wa ndalama zowonongedwa za anthu, maboma aumoyo wamphamvu, ndi misonkho yopita patsogolo. Izi nchifukwa chakuti PR imapatsa mawu kuti ayambe kulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makampani a gulu la opanga, ndipo mbali ina chifukwa chakuti kulamulira limodzi kumafuna kulolera zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo kusungitsa ndalama za anthu. Madongosolo a PR amakhoma kukhala ndi ndalama zochepa kwambiri zopezera ndalama zambiri ndiponso zotsatirapo zabwino za malo okhala. Mtengo wa WTA, ndi cholinga chawo cha kuzungulira ndi kumanga malamulo ovuta kukonza zinthu monga kukonzanso zinthu zachuma. Chisonkhetso cha FPPPP chimalimbikitsa kuti chuma chakupimirane m’malo mwa anthu ambiri. Komabe, njira za WTA , ndizo sizingayambitse mavuto a gulu la gulu la pulogalamu yosapanga njira yothandiza kukonzanso zinthu.

Zojambula Zenizeni ndi Maphunziro a Case

Kupenda mmene madongosolo ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito m’maiko osiyanasiyana kungakumbukireni malonda ongoyerekezera ofotokozedwa pamwambapa.

Kuimira kwa Maufumu ku Sweden ndi Netherlands

Sweden ndi Netherlands ndi zitsanzo zodalirika za madongosolo a PR okhazikika, oyendetsa kwambiri. Sweden Riksdag amasankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wosinthidwa wa PR wokhala ndi 4% ya dzikolo. Zisankho mu 2022 zinapanga mipando 8 ya mipatuko, kuyambira pa Chipani cha Mabwinja (6.7%) mpaka ku Sweden Democrats (5.5.50%). Boma linakhazikitsidwa likhale likulu logwirizana loyenererana ndi lopanda chisungiko cha dziko la Suwedi Democrats. Ngakhale kuti Sweden inapangidwa ndi mipatuko yolimba, Sweden imakhala ndi mayiko ambiri otetezeka ndi otchuka kwambiri. Netherlands imagwiritsa ntchitonso ntchito dziko lonse monga chigawo chimodzi cha 150 chimodzi popanda chigawo chogwira ntchito bwino (chigawo cha Sweden). Ngakhale kuti imakhala ndi anthu ambiri otchuka kwambiri, koma a ku Netherlands akufunika kukhazikitsanso mphamvu kwambiri.

Opambana Atenga Zonse mu United Kingdom ndi Canada

United Kingdom ndi Canada onse aŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito FPP pa nyumba zawo zapansi za nyumba ya malamulo. M'chisankho cha UK's 2019 cha chisankho chachikulu, Conservative Party inapambana 43.6% ya voti koma inasunga 56.2% ya mipandoyo — phindu limene linalola gululo kulamulira lokha. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, bungwe la Liberal Democrates linapambana 11.5% ya mavoti koma 1.7% a mipando. "Manuccoveractive" ndi mbali inanso ya FPTP. Ku Canada, 201 yosankhidwa inaona Liberal Party ikupambana 32.6% ya ovota ndi mahotela, pamene Convvrates 33% anapambana zigawa za zigawo za zing'onozing'onozing'ono za anthu.

Ku Germany ndi New Zealand

Germany ndi New Zealand amapereka maphunziro ofunika kwambiri pa mmene madongosolo a MMP amaphatikiza kuimira chigawo ndi zotsatirapo zolingana. Bundestag ya ku Germany imasankhidwa kudzera m'dongosolo lochola MMP lovuta kumene ovota anaponya mavoti aŵiri. Chisankho cha 2021 chinafuna kuti magulu 5% afike pa sitepe yofanana. Kugwirizana kwa magawo anayi (SPD, Greens, FDP) kunali koyamba pa mtundu wake ndipo chagwira ntchito bwino. MMP yovomerezedwa mu 1993 pambuyo pa kusakhutira ndi FTPP. Kuyambira pamenepo, New Zealand yakumana ndi mgwirizano wa mgwirizano ndi maboma ochepa amene apanga ntchito yamphamvu ya zachuma, njira za kakhalidwe, ndi kukhutiritsa kwa anthu. Nkhani ya New Zealand imagwira ntchito bwino monga chitsanzo chotchuka cha kusintha kwa FTP.

Kuchepetsa Ubwino ndi Zopinga

PR ndi WTA sakufuna kupeza njira yabwino, koma ndi kusankha njira yochitira malonda imene ikufuna chitaganya. Palibe dongosolo la chisankho limene lingakhale labwino kuzungulira dziko lonse, ndipo chosankha chabwino kwambiri chimadalira pa chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko, mayanjano, ndi nyumba za makampani.

Mphamvu Zoimira Nkhani

  • Fair failor : PR imatsimikizira kuti chigawo cha mipando ya gulu lalandira chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi mbali yake ya voti, kugaŵira matembenuzidwe olondola kwambiri a malingaliro a anthu.
  • Kudziwitsa kwa Unyinji: Magulu aang'ono, kuphatikizapo awo oimira fuko, chinenero, kapena malingaliro aang'ono, angamveke m'khoma. Zimenezi zingachepetse chisonkhezero cha magulu opatutsidwa kuti ayambe kuchita zinthu zina zosafunikira.
  • Mtsogoleri Voter Turnout: [[FT:1] Mavoti m'madongosolo a PR ali othekera kwambiri kulingalira kuti nkhani zawo za voti, zimene zimalimbikitsa mlingo wapamwamba wa kutengamo mbali, makamaka pakati pa achichepere ndi osankha otsika.
  • Mitundu Yokulirapo m'Malamulo: Madongosolo a PR amapanga nyumba zoikizira ndi akazi ambiri, mitundu yaing’ono, ndi mitundu yambiri ya anthu olembedwa ntchito poyerekeza ndi madongosolo a WTA.
  • Kusintha: [[FT:1] Kulamulira kwa ndalama m'madongosolo a PR kumangitsa magulu kuvomerezana, kumene kungapange malo opambanitsa ndi kupanga malamulo okhalitsa, ochirikizidwa kwambiri.

Zofooka za Kuimira Malo

  • Kulephera kwa Chikalata: M'mawu ena, magulu ambiri angasanduke, kuchititsa masankho anthaŵi ndi nthaŵi ndi maboma anthaŵi yochepa. Italy ndi Israyeli akumana ndi vuto limeneli, ngakhale kuti si losapeŵeka pansi pa PR.
  • Kusintha m'Malamulo: Pamene magawo ambiri aang'ono aloŵa m'nyumba ya malamulo, kupanga malamulo ambiri kungafune kukambitsirana kocholoŵana, kuchedwetsa njira ya malamulo ndi kutheketsa zipani zazing'ono kukhala ndi chisonkhezero chosalekeza.
  • Umboni wa Geographic: M'madongosolo a dziko la PR, ovota angakhale opanda woimira mmodzi woimira malo awo, kufooketsa kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa oimira a kampani ndi nduna yosankhidwa.
  • Mphamvu ya Chipani : M'madongosolo a PR otsekedwa, utsogoleri wa chipani umasankha amene amasankhidwa, zimene zingachepetse kuŵerengera kwa woimira aliyense payekha kwa oimira awo.

Mphamvu za Wopambana- Atenga Njira Zonse

  • Moyera ndi Mopepuka: FPP N’kosavuta kwa ovota kumvetsa. Amavotera wobatizidwa mmodzi, ndipo wosankha amene wapambana mavoti ambiri.
  • chigawo chilichonse chili ndi woimira mmodzi amene ali ndi mlandu kwa anthu a m'deralo. Zimenezi zimapanga muyezo woonekeratu wa nkhani za m'dzikolo.
  • Boma logwirizana: FPP imapanga maboma ambiri a gawo limodzi amene angakhazikitse makonzedwe a malamulo mofulumira popanda kufunika kwa kukambitsirana kwa mgwirizano. Zimenezi zingakhale zofunika kwambiri m’nthaŵi za mavuto.
  • Kutseguka kwa Extremist : Khomo lalikulu la kuloŵa pansi pa FPTP limapangitsa zigawenga kapena zigawenga kuvuta kupeza chizindikiro, chimene ena amachilingalira kukhala chitetezero ku kusinthasinthasintha.
  • Mpikisano wa Zigawo ziŵiri: Dongosolo limalimbikitsa magulu aŵiri opapatiza, achrist amene amapikisana ndi wovota woulutsa nkhani, amene angatulutse malamulo okhazikika ndi otsimikizirika.

Zofooka za Kulimbana ndi Njira Zonse

  • Zotsatirapo zomveka: FTP nthaŵi zonse imatulutsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mavoti ndi mipando yapampando. Gulu lingapambane mipando yambiri ndi voti zochepa, ndipo chipani chochirikizidwa kwambiri chikhoza kupata mipando yochepa kapena kusalandira.
  • Wasted Votes: Votes for losing candidates in each district are discarded with no effect on representation. Thisdiscourages turnout and disenfranchises supporters of smaller parties.
  • Strategic Votion: Nthaŵi zambiri ofufuza amakakamizika kuvota munthu wamkulu wosasankhidwa kwambiri kuti atetezere kusankhidwiratu kwa njira ina yosafunika kwambiri, imene imapotoza kuwona mtima kwa zokonda.
  • Germaning: Chifukwa chakuti malire a chigawo ali ndi kanthu kwambiri mu FPP, dongosolo nlosavuta kutsendereza anthu mwa kusanthula, kumene kungasokoneze ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuvota ya madera otsutsa.
  • [[FLT :0] Dera lochititsa kulira : FPTP , ikhoza kuwonjezera madera akunja, pamene magulu akusumika maganizo awo pa kusonkhanitsa zigawo zotetezeka ndi kunyalanyaza kupempha kuti aphedwe, kuthandizira kugaŵana ndi kuyambitsa mkhalidwe wa ndale.

Kutsutsana Kopitirizabe pa Kusintha Kokulira

In recent decades, several established democracies have debated or enacted reforms to move away from pure FPTP toward more proportional or mixed systems. New Zealand's adoption of MMP in 1993 stands as a landmark reform. In Canada, the Liberal Party under Justin Trudeau promised electoral reform in the 2015 election but ultimately abandoned the effort after a parliamentary committee failed to reach consensus. In the United Kingdom, the 2011 referendum on the Alternative Vote resulted in a resounding rejection of change. In the United States, calls for proportional representation have gained traction among reform advocates, particularly at the local level. Cities like Cambridge, Massachusetts (using STV for city council), and states considering ranked-choice voting for federal elections represent incremental steps toward more inclusive systems.

Komabe, chikhoterero cha padziko lonse nchowonekeratu: chiŵerengero cha mademokrase ogwiritsira ntchito madongosolo olinganiza kapena ophatikizana chakula pang'onopang'ono m'zaka za zana lapita. Malinga ndi ACE Project: Electoral Knote , pamene FPTP inali njira yaikulu yoyendetsera zinthu za m'zaka za zana la 20, PR ndi madongosolo osanganikirana tsopano akuŵerengera madongosolo ambiri a opanga madesikizo. Kusinthaku kumasonyeza kuzindikira kowonjezereka kwakuti kuimira kolungama ndi ulamuliro wophatikizapo kumafunikira madongosolo amene samasiya mawu a anthu ochepa.

Kumaliza

Chisankho pakati pa Proportigational Imadition ndi Won - Tokes si tsatanetsatane waluso wosiyidwira asayansi andale zadziko; ndicho chosankha chachikulu cha lamulo chimene chimaumba mkhalidwe wa demokrase. Madongosolo a PR amapereka kuimira kolondola kokulira, kulimba, ndi pangano lapamwamba la wovota, koma amafuna chikhalidwe chandale chomasuka ndi kugonjera. Madongosolo a WTA amapereka kupepuka, kutsimikiza, ndi kuyang'anira kwamphamvu, koma amapotoza kutembenuza ovota pakati pa anthu ochepa, ndipo angatulutse maboma amene alibe chichirikizo chachikulu. Njira ya upo yovomerezeka njokwanira, ndipo anthu onse ayenera kuyesa kuyang'anizana ndi kuzoloŵera kwawo kwa mbiri yawo, mayanja a za kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakhalidwe, ndi miyambo ya anthu. Ophunzira, ndi anthu a m’dziko, amathandiza kumasulira ndi kumasulira kwa anthu ena kuti apange mphamvu yofunika kuwongolera njira ya kuwongolera zinthu m'tsogolo.