Chiyambi: Mphamvu ya Mawu Atatu

Mawuwo " Ife Anthu "[FLT :1] timaimira mawu atatu oyambirira a Chiyambi cha United States Constitution, ndipo abwereza kumbuyo kwa mbiri ya America kwa zaka zoposa ziŵiri. Mawu olembedwawa amachirikiza dongosolo lonse la malamulo a boma m’malamulo akuti ulamuliro wandale ukhale kuchokera kwa nzika wamba, gulu lolamulira, kapena lamulo laumulungu. Kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la mawu atatu ameneŵa kumafuna kupenda nzeru zimene zinawapanga, kulolera molakwa zimene zinawafotokoza, ndi kulimbana kopitirizabe kumene kumapanga ngati anthu. [Anthu] m'chitaganya.

Pamene okonza maulamulo anasonkhana ku Philadelphia mu 1787, iwo anayamba kukhazikitsa boma limene likakhoza kuwongolera zofooka za Nkhani za Confederation pamene analinso kulemekeza ufulu wopambana pa Nkhondo ya Revolution. Mawu akuti [[FLT: 0]] Ife Anthu" sitinali chabe ongofuna kudziŵa chifukwa chake kutanthauza kuti ulamuliro wapamwamba , lingaliro lakuti ufulu wa boma umadalira pa kuvomereza ulamuliro. Kumvetsa tanthauzo lake lonse, munthu ayenera kupenda nthaŵi ya mbiri, matanthauzo a za nzeru, ndi chisinthiko chimene chikutanthauza kuphatikizapo “i.

Nkhani Zake: Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa mu 1787

Malamulo analembedwa pakati pa May ndi September 1787 ku Philadelphia, nyengo yotentha imene inabutsa kutsutsana kwakukulu. Nthumwizo zinaimira khumi ndi aŵiri a maboma oyambirira (Rhode Island adakana kutengamo mbali). Anazindikira kuti boma latsopanolo liyenera kukhala lolimba kuposa limene linalengedwa ndi Maganizo a Confederation, koma iwo anaopanso mphamvu zazikulu. Maboma a Pregedge [[FL: 0] anali“ Anthufe" anali kutha dala kuchoka ku chinenero cha Malamulo, chimene chinayamba “Kwa onse amene awa Adzabwera, ife tidalemba la mu Chingelezi cha United States] — mawu ena, analankhula za boma, osati kaamba ka anthu onse.

Kusintha kuchoka ku “ife oikidwa kukhala Oimira Adziko a United [1] ku [FLT :1] kuti tikhale “ Anthufe] tinapereka chizindikiro cha kusintha kwakukulu m'makonzedwe a bungwe la [UNIT]. Malamulo atsopano akatenga ulamuliro wake mwachindunji kwa anthu a ku America, osati ku malamulo a boma. Kusintha kumeneku sikunali kwangozi; kunali mfundo yaikulu ya ma Federation, amene anakhulupirira kuti boma la dziko lonse lokhala ndi zogwirizana ndi nzikazo likhoza kutetezera ufulu, chilungamo, ndi lamulo. Governeur Morris, nthumwi imene inasonkhanitsa chinenero chomaliza cha Pregalamu, anazindikira kuti mawu otsegulira chikalata chonsecho.

Komabe mawuwo analembedwanso pa magawano aakulu. Olembawo sanagwirizane kuti akapolo ayenera kuŵerengera monga anthu kapena katundu, kaya boma la boma likhale ndi mphamvu yoletsa malonda a akapolo, kapena mmene angalinganizire kuimira pakati pa maiko aakulu ndi aang'ono. ] "Ife anthu [1] tinalonjeza mgwirizano, koma pa Msonkhano wa Malamulo, Aamereka ambiri anachotsedwa kuchokera ku “ife. .'' t. [FLT:] Fideralist Paprs ndi zolembedwa za Anti-Fedida] ndi zolembedwazolemba zinawo.

Mmene Kumwa Moŵa Kumayambira

Pamene Konsichushoni inaperekedwa ku maiko kaamba ka kutembenuza mu 17871788, mawu oyamba a Pregedge anakhala mawu osonkhezera kwa onse aŵiri ochirikiza ndi adani. Federal lists adatsutsa kuti [[FLT: 0] “Ife Anthu] tinapanga Malamulo kukhala gulu la dziko lonse, osati pangano lamphamvu chabe pakati pa maiko achifumu. Iwo analoza ku kukhazikitsa monga umboni wakuti boma latsopano lidzakhala ndi mlandu kwa anthu, kutsimikizira mphamvu mwa masankhoti ndi kuimira. Komabe, anachenjeza kuti mawu amodzimodziwo angagwiritsiridwe ntchito kulungamitsa ulamuliro wamphamvu kwambiri. Popanda ufulu wa boma, iwo anatsutsa [FLT:] [InF: FF]

Chipwirikiti chimenechi [1] pakati pa cholinga chomasula cha ulamuliro wotchuka ndi kufunika kothandiza kuchepetsa boma . Ziyeso zoyambirira za kuyenera kwa munthu, zowonjezeredwa mu 1791, zinakhala yankho ku mantha akuti “ Ife Anthu” tingapotozedwe kutumikira zikondwerero za amphamvu. Zokambirana khumi zoyambirira zimateteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense pa kuloŵerera kwa boma, zikumatsimikizira kuti anthufe tisunga ulamuliro ngakhale pa boma limene akupanga.

Maziko Anzeru: Maziko a Chidziŵitso ndi Mayanjano Amakhalidwe A anthu

Lingaliro lakuti boma liyenera kuzikidwa pa chivomerezo cha olamulidwawo silinatuluke kuchokera ku mphepo yochepa. Opangawo anamwerekera m'nthano ya Chidziŵitso, makamaka ntchito za John Locke, Jeanācques Rousseau, ndi Montesquie. Locke’s [[FLT: 0]] Spected of Boma [[FLT:] [1689]) anatsutsa kuti anthu a m’dziko akuvomereza kupanga ufumu wadziko, kupatsa ulamuliro wa boma monga choikizindikiridwa. Ngati boma litaya chikhulupiriro, anthu ali ndi ufulu wochisintha kapena kuchithetsa. Maganizo amenewo pansi pa [FL:] AFLT]

Montesquieu’s Mzimu wa Malamulo (1748) unagogomezera kufunika kwa kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, amene pambuyo pake Konsichushoni inakhazikitsa. Lingaliro la Rousseau la general [Mzimu wa anthu] [1] Chidwi cha anthu onse chakuya [(mantha] [1] adawonjezera mfundo ya filosofi ku lingaliro lakuti lamulo lovomerezeka limachokera ku kugwirizana kwa chitaganya. Mawu a Pregeing adagwira mzimu wa Kuunikiridwa: anthu iwo eniwo ndiwo magwero a ulamuliro wandale zadziko, ndi boma limene iwo amakhazikitsa mphamvu zawo zolungama kuchokera ku chivomerezo chawo.

Chiphunzitso chimenechi chinapatsa Malamulo maziko apadera a makhalidwe. Mosiyana ndi dongosolo la Britain, kumene uchifumu unakhala mu Chimalo cha Parliament, dongosolo la America linapanga anthu kukhala olamulira aakulu. Mawu oyamba a Pregedge anaimira kuswa kwakukulu kwa m'mbuyo wa Ulaya. Ngakhale Thomas Jefferson, amene anali ku Paris mkati mwa Msonkhano wa Malamulo, pambuyo pake anatamanda chikalatacho kaamba ka kukhazikitsa kwake ulamuliro wotchuka [

Kodi “Anthu a ku Greece ” anali ayani mu 1787?

Imodzi ya mikangano yofunika kwambiri yokhudza nkhani za kuyambitsa imene inaphatikizidwa mu “Ife anthufe [1] pamene Malamulo anatengedwa. Okonza maulake analingalira anthu kukhala aufulu, oyera, odziimira amuna. Akazi, Onanda Aamereka, ogwidwa ukapolo ku African America, omasuka ku mayiko ambiri, ndi anthu a azungu opanda katundu wokwanira anachotsedwa kwenikweni kusatenga nawo mbali m’dongosolo la ndale. Malamulowo anaŵerengera anthu akapolo kukhala atatu [1] munthu wotchuka pazifuno za kuimira (Aricle I, Chigawo 2, Claus 3) ndi kuletsa kuletsa kugulitsa anthu ogwidwa ukapolo mpaka 1808 (Artle, chigawo 9, Claus, Claus) zimenezi zinatsutsa mawu otchuka.

Mawuwo "Ife Anthu” [[FLT: 1] chotero tili ndi kusagwirizana kwachibadwa pakati pa chonulirapo cha chilengedwe chonse ndi chenicheni chochepa. Okonza maulansi sanafune kuphatikiza aliyense; anagwiritsira ntchito mawuwo ku boma latsopano la boma pamene likusunga ulamuliro wa anthu amene alipo. M’zaka mazana aŵiri otsatira, kukonzanso malamulo a malamulo a boma, kukonzanso [[FL:] Bill ya ufulu (171) [17:3], Completeanments (maprief), kuphatikizapo akazi 13th, 14th, 15th), Demendment (1920), kukonzanso zoyenera za mu 1965, ndi 26 dementimentieting (66) yowonjezedwa ndi yoposa tanthauzo la [5] [5] [5] anthu: "5] kuphatikizapo akazi, ku Americana ndi kukumbutsa kwachiyambika kwa zaka za zana loyamba.

Ana Atatu Akufa Analolera Molakwa ndi Kutsutsa kwa Woyambayo

Matatu Fefith Ololerana kuli chitsanzo chowopsa cha mmene lemba la Malamulo lingaperekere ulamuliro wotchuka ndi kukakamiza kupondereza fuko. Kulolera molakwa kunaŵerengera anthu akapolo kukhala atatu "atatu" a munthu kaamba ka kuimira kwa onse aŵiri m'Nyumba ya Oimira ndi msonkho wolunjika. Zimenezi zinapatsa maboma a ku Southern mphamvu zandale zosasiyana pamene akukana mawu alionse alamulo. Madalitso a anthu [Anthu] Sanagwire ntchito kwa amene anasungidwa mu ukapolo. Kulimbana kumaonekanso m'mawu [[FLT:]“ Kudzisungira Madalitso a Ufulu ndi Malo a Mapindu athu, , [1] [FLT] OF: 3. [2] Akatswiri ambiri analemba zaudindo lachidindo lachiyera.

Demendment ya 145, yovomerezedwa mu 1868, inafuna kuchiritsa zimenezi mwa kulengeza kuti anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States ndi nzika ndipo ali ndi ufulu wotetezereka mofanana pansi pa lamulo. Iko kunafutukula mwalamulo mafotokozedwe a "Anthu" kuphatikiza anthu akale ogwidwa ukapolo. Komabe kulimbana kuti akulonjeza kuti [“kupyolera mwa Chilungamo cha Chilungamo, kumenyera ufulu wosankha, ndi mikangano yokhudza kusamuka ndi kubadwa kwachibadwa. [-] Mbadwo uliwonse suyenera kumasulira [[FLT:]

Kumasulira Kwamakono ndi Tanthauzo Lalamulo

Lerolino, mawu oyambawo saali chiyambi cha ufulu walamulo; makhoti ambiri amanena kuti sangagwiritsidwe ntchito kuswa malamulo. Komabe, mawu “ “Ife Anthu” timafalitsa lamulo ndi chikhalidwe cha America. Khoti Lapamwamba latchula mawu oyambira monga chitsogozo ku zifuno za Malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLT:] [FLT]] MClulloch v. Maryland [1] [1819], Jasiti John Marshall analoza ku chinenero cha Pregget . [[FLT: 4)]

M’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri, ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe kaŵirikaŵiri anapempha [[FLT: 0] kuti“ Ife Anthu” kutsutsa kuti malonjezo a Malamulo a m'Chilamulo amagwira ntchito kwa Aamereka onse, mosasamala kanthu za fuko kapena kuti ndi mwamuna. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. adatchula za kuyambitsidwa kwa [FLT:] I I I I I I I I I I iri ndi Dreah [[FLT: 3] kulankhula, kuitanira mtunduwo kukhala ndi moyo mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lenileni la chikhulupiriro chake. Mawuwo akuwonekanso m'lumbiro lachilengedwe, limene nzika zatsopano zimalumbira kuchirikiza ndi kutetezera malamulo apamwamba [FL:]. Ife]

Asilikali a chipani cha tiyi akulimbikitsa kuti boma likhale lochepa ndipo magulu ongofuna kuti anthu aziwaimira mofanana, ndipo mawuwa adakali osonyeza chikopa choyambirira cholembedwa ndi mawu akuti “Ife Anthu”. Chaka chilichonse ana a sukulu mamiliyoni ambiri amaphunzira kutchula mawu a m’bukuli.

Mawu Oyambirira Monga Onse: Oposa Chiyambi

Mawu onse a mawu oyambiriro aŵerengedwa motere:

Ife People of the United States, m’Chigwirizano changwiro chokulirapo, kukhazikitsa Chilungamo, kutsimikizira kutetezeredwa kwa mabanja, kupereka chitetezo chofala, kuchirikiza Chitukuko cha onse, ndi kusungitsa Madalitso a Ufulu kwa ife eni ndi kwa Udindo wathu, kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa Lamulo limeneli la United States of America.

Chigawo chilichonse chotsatira ndi "Anthufe [1] timaloza zifuno za boma latsopano: chilungamo, mtendere, kudzitetezera, ubwino, ndi ufulu. Olemba maulake sanaika pambali zonsezi m'madenti okhwima; mmalo mwake, anaziona kuti n’zogwirizana. "Mbali ya , [[FLT:] ['kapena "'''''''''''''''''''''kukhazikitsa gulu lankhondo ndi chilolezo cha nkhondo. Zifuno zonsezi zina zinasintha anthu omwe amadziika pa mfundo zawo.

Mawu “ kuika ndi kukhazikitsa [1] alinso odziŵika. Mosiyana ndi ufumu umene ulamuliro umabadwa, kapena lamulo loikidwa ndi olamulira apamwamba, kuika kumatanthauza chigamulo chimodzi. Anthu sakungovomereza dongosolo lapasadakhale; akulenga limodzi. Chinenero chimenechi, chogwirizana ndi chibadwa chimachirikiza mfundo yakuti malamulo a m’dziko ndi ogwirizana pakati pa nzika zaufulu.

M’maphunziro Abwino Lerolino

Kuphunzitsa tanthauzo la “ Ife Anthu [1] Tidakali mbali yaikulu ya maphunziro a boma ku United States. Mawuwo amadziŵikitsa ophunzira za uchifumu wotchuka ndi maudindo amene amagwirizana ndi unzika. Programu zonga National Constitution Center [Anthu] Ogwirizana [[FLT:]] Malamulo ovomerezeka [] ndi iCicos kuthandiza ophunzira kusanthula tanthauzo la Pregailge kupyolera m’maphunziro ndi maseŵera. Kuzindikira kuti iwo ali mbali ya [[FLT: 4.] Anthu a "Anthu [1] [[FLT:] Amalimbikitsa achinyamata kuti atengemo mbali m’midzi yawo, ovota, ogwira ntchito, ndi ku juji, ndi kuloŵa m'nkhani yapo.

Komabe, maphunziro a boma ayeneranso kulimbana ndi kusiyana pakati pa chinthu chabwino ndi chenicheni. Aphunzitsi kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito mawu oyamba kukambitsirana mbiri ya kupatukana ndi nkhondo yaitali kufutukula ufulu kwa onse. Mwa kufufuza amene anasiyidwa mu 1787 ndi mmene kukonza ndi malamulo zinakulitsira frankse, ophunzira amaphunzira kuti kuyesa kwa ku America kukupitirizabe. “Umbano wokwanira kwambiri [1] [[ si chinthu chomaliza; umafuna kuyesayesa kopitirizabe kwa mbadwo uliwonse.

Mapeto ake: Mawu amoyo

Tanthauzo la “ Ife Anthu [1] sitinakonzeke. Pa Convention ya Malamulo, inali mfundo yogwirizana kukhazikitsa kuyenera kwa boma kwa anthu, kunyalanyaza ulamuliro wa boma. Chinalinso kulolera kumene kunalola ukapolo kupitiriza ndi kuchotsa akazi ndi anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ku unzika. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, mwa malamulo a malamulo, zosankha za Khoti Lapamwamba, ndi mabungwe a anthu, mafotokozedwe a a anthu. [Anthu] "''.] Awonjezeranso ukapolowo pang'onopang', nthaŵi zina, kusintha kwa zinthu.

Lerolino, mawuwo adakali mbali yodziŵika kwambiri ya Malamulo. Amapezeka m'nkhani, zitsutso, zitsutso zalamulo, ndi makalasi. Amasunga lingaliro lachimereka lakuti boma lilipo kutumikira nzika wamba, osati njira ina. Mosasamala kanthu za kutsutsana kwa nyengo ya ndale zadziko, "Anthufe [1] tikukumbutsa mtunduwo kuti ulamuliro wotheratu suli ndi anthu apamwamba kapena zipani, koma ndi bungwe la nzika zaufulu. Kumvetsetsa mawuwo, ndi lonjezo lake lonse ndi kutsutsana kwake, nkofunika kumvetsetsa chimene chimatanthauza kukhala Amereka.