Chiyambi: Chifukwa Chake Kulingana Kuli Magwero a Lamulo la Malamulo

Kulingana kuli chimodzi cha zinsinsi zosintha kwambiri m’lamulo la lamulo. Sichiri kokha lingaliro lopanda pake koma lamulo lalamulo logwira ntchito limene limasonkhezera maboma kuchitira anthu onse ulemu wofanana, ulemu, ndi chitetezo. Kwa anzeru Openyetsetsa amene anayamba kutchula zoyenera zachibadwa kwa makhoti amakono amene amamasulira mawu otetezera ofanana, lingaliro la kulingana laumba mmene magulu a anthu amasankhira amene apeza maphunziro, ntchito, chilungamo, ndi mphamvu za ndale zadziko.

Nkhaniyi ikufufuza kufunika kwa kulingana m’lamulo mwa kulondola chisinthiko chake cha m’mbiri, kupenda malamulo ake amakhalidwe abwino, ndi kupenda ziyambukiro zake zothandiza pa madongosolo a zamalamulo padziko lonse. Tikuyang’anizananso ndi mavuto osatha amene amaletsa kulingana kotheratu, kuphatikizapo tsankho la dongosolo, kusiyana kwa zachuma, ndi kusalingana pakati pa kulingana kwalamulo ndi kusalingana. Pofika nthaŵi zonse, kudzakhala koonekeratu kuti kulingana sikuli chipambano chotsimikizirika koma ntchito ya malamulo yosasintha imene ikufuna kusamala ndi kuwongolera.

Mbiri ya Kulingana kwa Malamulo a Malamulo

Maziko a Kuunika

Maziko a kulingana kwa lamulo ali m'Chitsogozo. Afilosofi onga John Locke anatsutsa kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe . moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu . kuti palibe boma limene lingachotse mwachilungamo. Jean-Jacques Rousseau ’ adapereka chiphunzitso chakuti ulamuliro wandale walamulo umadalira pa chivomerezo cha olamulidwa, amene ali olingana. Malingaliro ameneŵa anakhudza mwachindunji Chikalata cha ufulu wa dziko la United States cha Independence (17766), chimene motchuka chimavomereza kuti “ anthu onse alengedwa mofanana, ” ndi Chilengezo cha Chilengezo cha Chifulensi cha Ufulu wa Munthu (789), chimene chimalengeza kuti “men ndi oyenera kukhalabe.&quo;

Komabe zikalata zoyambirira zimenezi zinali zolakwika kwambiri. Malamulo a ku United States poyambirira anaŵerengera anthu akapolo kukhala atatu mwa anthu, ndipo akazi sanavotedwe ndi kutenga nawo mbali m’zandale. Kulingana kunali lonjezo kwa ena, osati kwa onse. Kulimbana kuti awonjezere kufanana kwakhala nkhani yaikulu ya lamulo lalamulo.

Mpumulo Wachinayi ndi Kusintha kwa Malamulo a America

Mu United States, malemba ofunika kwambiri a lamulo onena za kufanana ndi Demetrime ya 144, yovomerezedwa mu 1868 pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni. Chigwirizano Chake cha Claus chilengeza: “ Palibe Boma limene lidzakhazikitsa kapena kukhazikitsa lamulo limene lidzatsekera anthu a United States; ngakhale Boma lililonse lakuchotsa munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma, popanda njira yalamulo; kapena kukana munthu aliyense m’dziko lake kuchinjiriza malamulo ofanana. &quo; Chilamulo chimenechi ndicho maziko alamulo a ufulu wa anthu osaŵerengeka, kuphatikizapo [FLD: Brown]. Komiti ya maphunziro ya [FLP] [FLD1:5], imene inagonjetsa mtundu wa anthu m'masukulu, ndi kuwonjezera [FFFFFF: /2]

Pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi za kutsutsana, ndi kugwirizanitsa magulu a anthu, kuphatikiza pa lamulo lachivomezi lotchedwa — monga la Chivil Rights Act ya 1964 —to kuchoka pa kulingana kwalamulo ndi kukhala ndi kusungitsa. Kumvetsetsa mbiri imeneyi kuli kofunika: kulingana m’lamulo sikumakhazikika; kumasintha kupyolera m’kupikisana.

Kulingana kwa Malamulo Adziko Lonse Kumatsimikizira

Malamulo a kulingana afala tsopano m'malamulo padziko lonse. Malamulo a Indiya, ovomerezedwa mu 1950, amaphatikizapo Mfundo 14 (kulingana pamaso pa lamulo) ndi Mfundo 15 (kuletsedwa kwa tsankho pazifukwa za chipembedzo, fuko, kusiyana kwa chiwerewere, kapena malo obadwira). South Africa ’ Spost-parated Constitution ya 1996 imatsimikizira kulingana ndi kulingana kwa makhalidwe a munthu ndi ulemu monga maziko a lamulo. German ’ Malamulo Otchuka amapereka kuti “ anthu onse adzakhala olingana pamaso pa lamulo, ” ndi Charti ya Canada ya zoyenera ndi ufulu imatsimikizira kulingana popanda tsankho. Lingalira mawu oyenera kutsimikizira kuti ufulu uliwonse, kulingana kwa ufulu wapadziko lonse ndi kuyenerera kwa onse.

Mfundo Zazikulu za Kulingana m’Chilamulo cha Malamulo

Kulingana kwa malamulo kuli pa mfundo zingapo zimene makhoti ndi mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo akhala akuzipanga m’kupita kwa nthaŵi.

Kulingana Chilamulo Chisanadze

Kulingana pamaso pa lamulo kumatanthauza kuti munthu aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za chuma, malo, kapena mphamvu, amagonjera ku miyezo yalamulo imodzimodzi ndi njira. Kumaletsa kupereka mwaŵi wapadera kapena katemera ku magulu ena ndi kutsimikizira kuti palibe aliyense amene ali pamwamba pa dongosolo la malamulo. Lamulo limeneli ndi maziko a malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, [kulingana kwa lamulo] [FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison (1803), Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S linakhazikitsa kupenda kwa milandu, kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale nthambi zapamwamba ndi zovomerezeka malamulo zimamangidwa ndi malamulo.

Kusasintha

Opanda kusemphana maganizo ndi mbali yofala ya kufanana. Lamulo la Malamulo limaletsa maboma kusanthula anthu onyumwiridwa ndi madeti — monga ngati fuko, fuko, chipembedzo, kugonana, ndi dziko lina kumene kumakhala — popanda kulungamitsa. Makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito milingo yosiyanasiyana yofufuza kusankhako. Ku United States, kusankhana kwa mafuko kumapendedwa mosamalitsa, tanthauzo lake limalingaliridwa kukhala losagwirizana ngati boma lingatsimikizire kuti iwo akutumikira chikondwerero chokakamiza ndi kuti ali okonzeka. Malamulo a Gender amayang'aniridwa mopendedwa mokulira, ndi maziko ena ambiri ogwirizana.

Kupyola pa U.S., lamulo losakhala la kudana lakula kukhala lakuphatikizapo mkhalidwe wa kugonana, kuimira mwamuna, kupunduka, ndi msinkhu. Khoti la European Court of Human Rights, kumasulira Chigawo 14 cha European Convention on Human Rights , lavomereza kuti tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kugonana limafuna kulungamitsa kwakukulu. Non-dicrict ndi [FLT: 0] kagulu ka anthu [magawa], chiphunzitso choyambitsidwa ndi katswiri wa zamalamulo Kimberlé Crenshaw, chimene chimavomereza kuti anthu amayang'anizana ndi mitundu yopatukana — chitsanzo, mkazi wakuda angavutike ndi tsankho limene silikugwidwa ndi fuko kapena kugonana kokha.

Ntchito Yotsimikizira ndi Yofanana

Unyinji wa kulingana kwa pa — kuyang'anira aliyense mofanana ndi — sikuli nthaŵi zonse kokwanira kuthetsa chisalungamo cha m'mbiri kapena kusalingana kopitirizabe. Kuzindikira kumeneku kunadzutsa kuvomereza malamulo a ntchito (otchedwanso kuwona kapena kuchitiridwa bwino). Majereti a Yunivesite ya California. Bakke[FLD :] [19971] , Khoti lalikulu la U.S. Linavomereza kuti magawo a mafuko ndi osakhala a maphunziro osiyanasiyana.

M’mayiko ambiri, lingaliro la kulingana kwa ndalama ndi . Silimangofuna kupatsidwa chilango chofanana komanso zotsatira zake. Ku South Africa ’ Courtal Constitution, ku Minister of Mankince . Van Heerden [2004]), analamula kuti njira zolinganizidwa zobwezera kulakwa kwapapitapo sizingololedwa komanso nthaŵi zina zofunika mwalamulo. Mofananamo, India ’ as system imagawira zigawo za magulu apamwamba a zachuma ndi mafuko a maphunziro, ntchito za boma, ndi mabungwe. Kufikira kulingana kuyenera kungafunikire kupatsidwa chithandizo kosiyana.

Chiyambukiro cha Kulingana pa Madongosolo Alamulo Amakono

Makhoti tsopano nthaŵi zonse amafuna kuti anthu azichita zinthu mofanana popenda malamulo, ndipo malamulo a zopangapanga akuteteza mofanana.

Maphunziro

Chigamulo chapadera Brown v. Board of Education [FLT :1] inakhazikitsa chigamulo chakuti kudalira misonkho ya dzikolo sikuli kwachibadwa. Chigamulo chimenechi chinayambitsa kuchuluka kwa zoyesayesa zochotsa ufulu, ngakhale kuti kulolerana ndi kusagwirizana kwa chuma kudakalipo. Mavuto a maphunziro apamwamba tsopano akuwonjezera ndalama za sukulu, kumene makhoti m’mayiko onga California ndi New Jersey apeza kuti kudalira misonkhoma ya katundu ya kumaloko kumachititsa kusagwirizana kwa zigawo pakati pa zigawo zachuma ndi osauka. Sandific School School School of African . Rodriguez [1] , U. Khoti yotchuka ya U.

Ukwati ndi Ufulu wa Banja

Kulingana kwa ukwati ndi chimodzi cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo a m'zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba. Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015, Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. khoti Lalikulu lapamwamba linagamula kuti okwatirana amodzimodzi ali ndi ufulu waukulu wokwatira, wozikidwa pa zonse ziŵiri Claus ndi Kuteteza Claus . Chigamulo cha pa malamulo a boma ndi kukonzanso malamulo a boma omwe amalongosola kuti mwamuna ndi mkazi ali ndi mkazi. Zipambano zofananazo zachitika ku Taiwan (207), South Africa (2005, ndi kuzungulira Ulaya. Kulingana kwa malamulo a m'banja kuphatikizanso malamulo osagwirizana m'kutenga ana, ndi kusungidwa kwa ana.

Chilungamo Chaupandu

Malamulo a kulingana ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pa ntchito ya upolisi, kuweruza, ndi kutsekera. Malamulo aufuko, ziŵerengero zosayerekezereka, ndi ziweruzo zaukali kwa oimbidwa mlandu ochepa akusonyeza kusalingana kwa dongosolo. Khoti Lapamwamba la U. lakhala likufotokoza zina za nkhani zimenezi. Batson. Kentucky . (1986]), Khoti linaletsa ozengezera mlandu wa mafuko powazenga mlandu wa kutsendereza zigalo za fuko. Mcleskey v. [FLT:] (1987), ngakhale ndi tero, Khoti linakana umboni wosonyeza kuti kukondera, kukhazikitsa chikalata chosonyeza chitetezero chachikulu cha dziko.

Ntchito ndi Malo Okhalamo Anthu Onse

Ulingana wa malamulo umagwira ntchito za boma ndi malo ogona a anthu onse. Akanema a boma sangapatula polemba ntchito, kupititsa patsogolo, kapena popereka mautumiki. Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964, ngakhale kuti ndi lamulo la lamulo mmalo mwa kukonzanso koikidwiratu, chimafutukula lamulo limeneli ku ntchito yaumwini ndi malo ogona a anthu onse pansi pa Congress ’ mphamvu za malonda. Makhoti azindikiranso kuti malamulo auchete wa pankhope angapange [[[FLT:]] kuponderezana ngati iwo awononga kwambiri magulu otetezeredwa, monga momwe anayambitsira . Mabungwe apamwamba a Coct3.[FLT]

Mavuto Okhudza Kulingana m’Chilamulo cha Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti pali zinthu zambiri zimene zingalepheretse anthu kuti azichita zinthu mogwirizana, mavuto ambiri amabwera chifukwa cha mmene anthu a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana akukhalira, chifukwa chakuti akuyesetsa kuthana ndi mavuto andale, ndiponso chifukwa cha malamulo amene anthufe timatengera.

Kusankhana Mafuko ndi Mahatchi Okwanira

Makhoti ayesetsa kuthetsa tsankho chifukwa chakuti lamulo la malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri limafuna umboni wa tsankho ladala pansi pa cholinga . Akatswiriwa achititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi malamulo monga kuimitsa ndi kutumiza pulogalamu ya boma. Pamene malamulo ali osaloŵerera pa anthu ochepa koma amatulutsa zotsatira zake, mapostpansi ayenera kusonyeza kuti boma limachitapo kanthu ndi cholinga chopatulapo mlandu .

Kusalingana Makhalidwe ndi Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Pamene kuli kwakuti tsankho lachimuna lachepetsedwa kwambiri, kusalingana kukupitirizabe pa malipiro, kuimira, ndi kusamalira thanzi. Chikalata cha Chisungiko cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 Udindo wa Dipoti VII umaletsa tsankho la ntchito pamaziko a kugonana, ndi Khoti Lapamwamba ku Bostock v. Clayton County [2020]) Chitetezerocho ku mkhalidwe ndi dzina la kugonana. Komabe, anthu otsagana ndi kulemberana mlandu walamulo amayang'anizana ndi ziletso zopitirizabe zamankhwala ndi kuloŵa m’nyumba. Kulimbana pakati pa ufulu wa chipembedzo ndi kuteteza anthu a LBTQk+ anthu kuli nkhondo yaikulu ya boma.

Kusiyana kwa Zachuma ndi Kupeza Chilungamo

Kusiyana kwa zachuma kaŵirikaŵiri kumachepetsa kulingana kwalamulo. Anthu achuma ndi mabungwe angapereke maloya abwino, kutsutsana kwanthaŵi yaitali, ndi zotsatira zabwino. Otetezera anthu m'madera ambiri amapondedwa, kuchititsa kusalingana chilungamo m'dongosolo la upandu. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. mu [FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainwr [[FLD:1] [1963]) uphungu wotsimikiziridwa kaamba ka oimbidwa mlandu m'nkhani zopanda pake, koma wogwira ntchito udakali wosafikirika. M'nkhani zachiŵeruzo, palibe lamulo lokwanira kwa lolondola anthu oyenda m'malamulo okha. Kufikira anthu ogwirizana kuli kulingana kwa lamulo, ikali kopambana.

Kutsutsana kwa Kulingana kwa Makhalidwe

Osuliza ena amatsutsa kuti lamulo lamakono lakulingana lasintha kwambiri kuchokera ku “ kulingana kwa kuchitiridwa ndi ” ku “ ku chilungamo chachitsiriziri chozikidwa . Malamulo otsimikizira, mwachitsanzo, amatsutsidwa kukhala kutsutsa. [[FLT:] Mapangano a Fair Adgicts v. Harvard [2023], Khoti Lalikulu linagonjetsa fuko ndi losadziŵa kanthu, likumatsutsa kuti iwo amatsutsa Chitetezo cha Agogo. Chigamulochi chabutsa cha anthu monga ngati kuti akuchitira anthu mosalingalira fuko kapena kaya alola njira za fuko kuchiritsa. Chigamulo cha malamulo cha U. Chigamulo cha U. Chigamulo cha U.

Kumaliza

Kulingana kwa lamulo ndi kokulira ndipo kumatsutsidwa. Kuyambira pa zikalata zoyambirira za ufulu wapadziko lonse mpaka pankhondo zamakono za m'makhoti, kufanana kudakali maziko a chilungamo. Imapereka lamulo la chilankhulo kwa magulu a anthu otsika kuti afune kuphatikizidwa, ndipo imakhazikitsa ntchito pa maboma kulungamitsa kusankha kwawo ndi malamulo awo. Komabe, kulingana sikunafikire konse. Zopinga za zachuma, ndi kusagwirizana kwa ndale zadziko kumatsutsabe kufikira kwake. Monga maloyansi, oweruza, ndi nzika, tiyenera kupitiriza kuyeretsa tanthauzo la kulingana kwa — kutsutsa kuti sikuli chabe kulingana ndi chikopa chapale chopangika koma kutsimikizira munthu aliyense kukhala ndi ulemu wolingana.

Kuti muŵerenge, fufuzaninso mawu a First Amendment , United Nations [[FLT :2] Declaration of Human Rights , ndi kufufuza koyerekezera kwa deti la Kulinganiza kwa Kayendedwe ka anthu, ndi kuyerekezera kwa kulingana kwa kuchuluka ndi kusalingana kwa malamulo padziko lonse.