Lingaliro la anthu limakhala limodzi la maziko a ulamuliro wa democracy. Limaimira mawu onse a nzika, kupereka chitsogozo ndi kuyenerera kwa zosankha za ndale zadziko. M'demokrase yathanzi, chisonkhezero pakati pa zimene anthu amaganiza ndi zimene maboma amachita nchosatha. Pamene kuli kwakuti lingalirolo likuwoneka kukhala losavuta kwa anthu. Kufunsa zimene akufuna ndi kutsatira zimene zikutsogolera. Lingaliro la anthu siliri logwirizana, mphamvu ya dziko; ndi lovuta, limalongosola tanthauzo lapamwamba, la zikhulupiriro, ndi zimene amakonda zimene zingasunthe ndi zochitika, mauthenga, ndi zokumana nazo. Kumvetsetsa chilengedwe, kupima kwake, ndi ziyambukiro zake nkofunika kwa nzika zimene anthu amene amafuna kuyang'anira atsogoleri awo ndi opanga zinthu zofunika kulamulira bwino. Nkhaniyi ikulongosola tanthauzo lake, kalongosoledwe kake, kake, kalongosoledwe kake, ndi kake, kalongosoledwe kake, ndi kake, kalongosoledwe kake, kake, ndi kalongosoledwe kake, kake, kalongosole, ndi kake, kalongosole, ndi kake.

Kufotokoza Maganizo a Anthu

Pa maziko ake, malingaliro a anthu amatanthauza kusiyana kwa maganizo kapena zikhulupiriro zimene anthu amakhala nazo pankhani za anthu. Komabe, mafotokozedwe osavuta ameneŵa amabisa mfundo yolemera ndi yotsutsana. Akatswiri amasiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maganizo a anthu: malingaliro ena amakhazikika kwambiri ndi osasintha, pamene ena ali apamwamba ndiponso osintha mosavuta. Palinso kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa [[FLT: 0] maganizo omveka bwino [ [malingaliro omveka bwino] [amene sakhalapo kapena akusonyeza malingaliro oyenera, ndipo [[FLT:] ena amasintha maganizo kwambiri], kumene kumasonyezedwa poyera, ndipo n’kumene kumaperekedwa poyera. Malingaliro a anthu saphatikizaponso mphamvu za anthu ena, zimene zili zomveka bwino ndi zimene zimaoneka, ndipo zimene zimaonedwa kuti zikhale zogwirizana ndi zandale, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zachiganizo, monga ziganizo, kaŵirikaŵiri, nzeru zachiganizidwa poyera, zachiganiza kwa anthu ambiri.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Lingaliro

Pofika zaka za zana la 19, openyerera andale monga Alexis de Tocqueville anadziŵitsa mphamvu yomakulakula ya malingaliro a anthu mu United States, akumafotokoza monga mphamvu yachinsinsi yokhoza kuumba malamulo ndi miyezo ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kuyambika kwa malingaliro a sayansi mu ma 1930 ndi ena osintha maganizo a anthu kuchokera ku kuluntha la quantable. Lerolino, kusanthula ndiko mphamvu ya anthu ambiri ya maindasitale opanga zinthu zimene zimasonkhezera zonse kuchokera ku machenjera. Komabe, mbiri yakale ya kugamula kwa George Gallup imakhalanso ndi nthanthi zotchuka kwambiri. Pamene kugamula kwapo kwa anthu kutsutsa kopeka kwa kumbuyo kwa Trea.

Ntchito ya Malingaliro a Anthu m’Demokalase

Zosankha Zokakamiza

Akuluakulu ophunzitsidwa, mwa kulinganiza, amayembekezeredwa kuyankha nkhaŵa za anthu awo. Pamene malingaliro a anthu avomereza mwamphamvu njira yakutiyakuti ya kuwonjezera kusamala zaumoyo kapena kuwonjezera ndalama zodzitetezera zowonongedwa . Opanga makampani kaŵirikaŵiri amakakamizidwa kuchitapo kanthu. Kufufuza zandale nthaŵi zonse kumapeza kugwirizana pakati pa malingaliro a anthu ndi malamulo, makamaka pankhani zapamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, kuchirikiza kwa anthu onse kaamba ka kufanana kwa mademocracy ambiri ku Western Democracy kunachititsa kwambiri kusintha kwa lamulo. Mofananamo, kusintha maganizo a za kukonza chamwanje kwachititsa kusintha m'lamulo mu U.S. ndi maiko ambiri. Komabe, kugwirizanako sikuli kongochitika mwangozi; akuluakulu osankhidwa angatsutse malingaliro ngati gulu lawo, zikhulupiriro, zikhulupiriro, kapena kusagwirizana ndi anthu ena. Ngakhale zili choncho, chiganitso cha anthu ambiri chiganitso cha anthu onse chika

Kusintha Zotsatirapo

Kusankha kuli njira yachindunji kwambiri imene lingaliro la anthu limatembenuzira ku ulamuliro wandale. Amatenga mauthenga awo, mapulatifomu, ndi njira za mkupiti zozikidwa pa kufufuza ndi kuyang'anira magulu ofufuza zimene zimavumbula za zinthu zofunika. Wosankha amene amanyalanyaza malingaliro a anthu pa nkhani yapadera ya nkhani ya zachuma kapena kusamuka . Nthaŵi zambiri amalipira mtengo pa bokosi la zandale. Ndiponso, malingaliro a anthu pa nthaŵi ya kampeni angasinthe kwambiri poyankha makambitsirano, zophonya, kapena zochitika zazikulu, kupanga chida chofunika kwambiri kwa manejala a polisi. Chisankho cha pulezidenti U. Mwachitsanzo, chisankho chinaona masinthidwe aakulu ogwirizana ndi m'maganizo ndi m'maganitsiridwe a anthu.

Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Malingaliro a anthu amagwira ntchito monga kuyang'anira ulamuliro wa boma. Pamene atsogoleri asiya zimene anthu amafuna, amataya ufulu wawo ndipo, potsirizira pake, malo awo. Kuŵerengera kumeneku kumachitika osati pa tsiku la chisankho komanso pambali zonse za mtsogoleri, mwa kuvomereza, kutsutsa, ndi kuyang'ana wailesi. Zigamulo zapamwamba zotsutsa zikhoza kuchititsa magulu otsutsa, kuyambitsa zitokoso za atsogoleri, kapena kusokoneza mwamsanga. M'malamulo, kuchepa kwa malingaliro a anthu onse kungayambitse ngakhale kuvota kwa kusadalirana. Mwachitsanzo, A American Pentacity, apangidwa ndi kuchepetsa ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu kwamphamvu kwa anthu, ngakhale kuti olephera kuchirikiza zolinga zawo zapamwamba, pamene ogwirizana ndi kuchirikiza kugawana.

Kusintha kwa Makhalidwe ndi Ndale

Pambuyo pa masankho ndi malamulo, malingaliro a anthu amasonkhezera mayanjano ambiri. Pamene anthu ambiri otsutsa ayamba kuona nkhani ngati yopanda chilungamo kapena yofulumira, ntchito yaunyinji ingayambike kufuna kusintha. Gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuukira kwa akazi, kuukira malo okhala, ndi kutsutsa kwaposachedwapa za chilungamo cha fuko, onsewo anapeza nyonga kuchokera ku kusintha kwa malingaliro a anthu. Nthaŵi zambiri kumbuyo kwa kusintha kwa malamulo. Magulu onse aŵiriwo amasonyeza ndi kusintha kwa kachitidwe kabwino ka anthu, kugwiritsira ntchito zikwangwani, maawirikiti, ndi kuvomereza kuti asinthe chikhulupiriro. Pamene malingaliro a anthu afika pa mfundo yomveka bwino, zimavuta kuti maboma asunge mkhalidwe wokhudza mkhalidwewo. Zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene lingaliro la anthu siliri chabe kuonetsa kwa anthu ndi kukonza kwa democracy.

Zinthu Zimene Zimasonkhezera Maganizo a Anthu

Malo Oulutsira Nkhani ndi Odziŵitsa

Oulutsa nkhani adakali chimodzi cha zisonkhezero zamphamvu kwambiri pa malingaliro a anthu. Mwamakonzedwe, kujambula, ndi kufalitsa nkhani, manyuzipepala angakweze nkhani zina ndi kusintha mmene anthu amamvera. Mwachitsanzo, kufalitsa kwa upandu kungakhudze anthu ambiri kuti kuchuluka kwake, pamene kuli kwakuti kusanena za kusintha kwa nyengo kungaletse nkhaŵa. Panyengo ya makompyuta, mapulogalamu a za manyuzipepala, mapulogalamu a za chikhalidwe cha anthu amakulitsa zimenezi, kulola kuti mavairasi afalishoni afalikire mofulumira / komanso kukhazikitsanso zipinda zimene ogwiritsa ntchito ntchito zinthuzo amavomereza kuti azikhala ndi mfundo zawo zokha. Malamulo amene amapanga zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi kusokoneza anthu. Ngakhale kuti akuda nkhaŵa za “ake nkhani, manyuzipepala ndi ma TV adakali akugwirabe ntchito ntchito yaikulu, makamaka pakati pa anthu achikulire.

Kusintha ndale

Banja, maphunziro, ndi magulu ausinkhu wawo ndiwo otsogolera kwambiri pa za ndale zadziko. Ana kaŵirikaŵiri amaloŵa zikhoterero za kukondera ndi makhalidwe abwino kuchokera kwa makolo awo, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zingasinthe ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana kusukulu kapena kupyolera mwa zokumana nazo za moyo. Mkhalidwe wa maphunziro umagwirizanitsa ndi mikhalidwe ina yamaganizo . Maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri amayanjana ndi malingaliro a anthu omasuka kwambiri ndi ogwirizana kwambiri ndi ndale zadziko. Chisonkhezero cha ausinkhu wawo, makamaka pamene ali achichepere, angasinthenso malingaliro pa nkhani zonga fuko, ntchito za akazi, ndi zachuma. Ndiponso, miyambo ya chitaganya ndi chikhalidwe cha kumaloko imapanga kusiyana maganizo pakati pa anthu a m’madera akumidzi ndi akumidzi.

Zochitika Zofunika Kwambiri

Zinthu zazikulu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kugaŵanika kwa Makhalidwe

Zaka, ukazi, fuko, kuchuluka kwa anthu, chikhalidwe, ndi chipembedzo zonse zimagwirizana ndi malingaliro osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ana aang'ono amasinthasintha kwambiri pankhani za chikhalidwe ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, pamene ovota achikulire amaika patsogolo kukhazikika kwa chuma ndi makhalidwe a mwambo. Kusiyana kwa amuna ndi akazi m'maboma kwaonedwa m'mademokrase ambiri, ndi akazi odalira kwambiri magulu akunja a pakati pa zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Anthu a mafuko ndi mafuko ambiri kaŵirikaŵiri amasunga malingaliro osiyana pa kusamuka, kusamuka, ndi tsankho poyerekezera ndi anthu ambiri. Makinawa sasintha monga chikhalidwe, amapanga kukhala ofunika kwa ofufuza ndi andale kuti achotsepo malingaliro a anthu onse m’malo mwa kusiyanitsa malingaliro a anthu onse.

Kuganizira Mokulirapo: Njira ndi Mavuto

Kuipitsa kwa Sayansi

Kufufuza kwamakono kumadalira pa zitsanzo za anthu zachisawawa kutsimikizira kuti kagulu kakang'ono ka anthu amene anafunsidwa kangapereke umboni wa anthu ambiri. Mayeso a telefoni, mapulogalamu a pa Intaneti, ndi kufufuza makalata kulikonse kumene kumachitika ndi malonda. Kufufuza kwatsika kwambiri, kumachititsa ofufuza kuti apeze mayeso ndi kuti asinthe zinthu zina zopanda umboni. Magawo a zolakwa, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amasimbidwa pa zotsatirapo, amasonyeza kuti mtengo weniweni wa anthu utsika. Kufufuza kochitidwa bwino kukhoza kutsimikizira zotsatira za masankho ndi malingaliro a anthu olondola kwambiri, monga momwe mabungwe ambiri onga Pew Research Center ndi Gallup akuonera.

Magulu Osumika Maganizo ndi Njira Zothandizira Kupeza Chiyeso

Pamene kuli kwakuti kufufuzako kumapereka, magulu ogogomezera. Magulu aang'ono a anthu amatsogozedwa ndi makambitsirano apakati pa mutu, kuvumbula osati kokha zimene anthu amaganiza komanso chifukwa chake amalingalira. Nzeru zonga zimenezi zimathandiza andale zadziko ndi amalonda kumvetsa malingaliro ndi malingaliro. Magulu apamwamba ndiwo othandiza kwambiri kuyesa chinenero, kujambula, ndi kutumiza mauthenga kutsogolo kwa ndawala. Komabe, iwo sayenera kuimira mfundo za tsatanetsatane ndipo ayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito pamodzi ndi mawu a statimenti ya qualitis.

Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo a pa Intaneti

Kuchuluka kwa makompyuta kwapanga njira zatsopano zopimira anthu maganizo panthaŵi yeniyeni. Kupenda ma shopu, ndemanga, ndi magawo kungasonyeze kachitidwe ka mwamsanga ka zochitika. Komabe, ogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta saimira anthu onse. Iwo amakhala achinyamata, okangalika kwambiri pandale, ndi opatuka kwambiri. Ndiponso, maboti ongoyendera makompyuta ndi mapulogalamu ogwirizana angawonjezere kapena kusokoneza malingaliro.

Mavuto

Mosasamala kanthu za kupita patsogolo kwa njira za kulinganiza, kuŵerengera kwa anthu kumadzaza ndi mavuto. [[FLT:] Kusintha maganizo kumakhalapo pamene magulu ena aimiridwa kapena kuperekedwa, zotulukapo zake. Mawu olakwika [[FLT:]] kungachititse anthu kuyankha modabwitsa, osati moona mtima, makamaka pofunsa za “ingwe”. “kuthandiza osauka” kutulutsa zotsatira zosiyanasiyana. [[FLT:]] Kusankha kwa anthu [[FLT:] [FLT:]] kumapangitsa anthu kuyankha mafunso omwe amayankha mafunso awo kuti ndi ovomerezeka, osati oona mtima, makamaka pankhani za fuko kapena zomveka ngati kusamuka. [FTT]

Kusintha kwa Maganizo a Anthu pa Nkhani Yokhudza Kukhazikitsa Malamulo

Opanga apolisi kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula malingaliro a anthu monga chifukwa chachikulu choperekera kapena kutsekereza lamulo. M'mademokrase ambiri, njira yoimira imalinganizidwira kugwirizanitsa ntchito ya boma ndi zikonda za nzika. Komabe, kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti mphamvu za kulinganiza kumeneku zimasiyana. Nkhani zimene zimakopa chisamaliro chofala . Zonga ngati kuletsa mfuti pambuyo pa kuwombera anthu kapena kuchotsa mimba kotsatira lamulo la khoti. Malingaliro a anthu onse angasonkhetse mwamsanga kuvomereza malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, poukira kuphulitsa mfuti mu 2018, nyumba yosungiramo malamulo ya Florida inapereka m’kaumboni wapo ndi kuyang'anira kwa anthu. Pankhani zochepa zokhudza anthu, lamulo lingasokoneze kapena kutsutsa malingaliro a anthu ambiri, makamaka pamene anthu okondwerera kapena opereka chiwongolala champhamvu akutsutsa.

Malingaliro a anthu amakhudzanso lamulo mwa kutumiza ndalama ndi kuchitapo kanthu, kumene nzika zimavotera mwachindunji pa malamulo ena. Dongosolo la demokrase la Switzerland nthaŵi zonse limaika nkhani pa voti ya onse, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo ndi cholinga chotchuka n’zogwirizana. M’mayiko a ku United States, njira zolembera za lamulo za kukhazikitsa chamba, kuwonjezeka kwa malipiro ochepa, ndi kusamala zaumoyo kwachitika ngakhale kuti anthu sakuchitapo kanthu, kusonyeza mmene malingaliro awo angaletsere zipani zoimira. Ndiponso, makutu ndi nyengo zonena za anthu amalola nzika za anthu kufotokoza malingaliro operekedwa, kupereka njira yachindunji pa malamulo otsalira maganizo.

Mavuto Amene Anthu Amakumana Nawo

Kusadziŵa Ndiponso Kusakhoza Kusintha

Nthanthi ya democratic imalingalira kuti nzika ziri zophunzitsidwa bwino ndi kumamatira malingaliro ogwirizana. Zowona, osankha ambiri ali ndi chidziŵitso chochepa ponena za tsatanetsatane wa malamulo ndipo angasunge malingaliro otsutsana kapena osakhazikika. Chiyambire 1960, asayansi andale alemba “zopanda pake,” kumene anthu amayankha mafunso popanda malingaliro enieni. Malingaliro osatsimikizirika oterowo angasokonezedwe ndi nkhani zokayikitsa kapena zochitika zaposachedwapa, kuwapangitsa kukhala atsogoleri osadalirika pa mfundo zalamulo. Zimenezi zikudzutsa funso lakuti: Atsogoleri ayenera kutsatira malingaliro a anthu ngakhale pamene azikidwa pa mfundo zabodza kapena malingaliro achidule?

Kunyenga ndi Mabodza

Malingaliro a anthu sapangidwa popanda kanthu. Olamulira andale, eni manyuzipepala, ndi magulu achidwi amayesetsa kuuumba mwa kusatsa malonda, kuzungulira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zosafunikira. Kufalikira kwa maalgoritimenti a zachikhalidwe cha anthu kwathandiza kuti anthu asiye kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosonyezera maganizo a anthu. Maboma a authoritarianism adadziŵika kuti amapanga mizu yachinyengo yochirikiza (“kukopa”) kapena kutsendereza kuti apange chinyengo cha kuvomereza. M'ma democracy, kugwiritsa ntchito kumeneku kungafooketsa kulondola kwa maganizo a anthu monga mawu enieni a chifuniro chotchuka. Anthu ayenera kukhala ogalamuka ponena za magwero a chidziŵitso ndi zolinga zosonkhezera mauthenga okopa.

Kupopola ndi Kukonza Mafuta

Magulu a opopulist kaŵirikaŵiri amanena kuti amaimira “ochuluka obisika” motsutsana ndi anthu apamwamba ongowagwira. Pamene akugogomezera malingaliro a anthu, populgist ingachotsenso malingaliro otsutsana ndi kuchotsa malamulo a demokrase. Kugawana kwakukulu kumatanthauza kuti anthu azikhala ndi malingaliro a mitundu yambiri, ndi kutengera malo odalirana ozikidwa pa kudziŵika kwa gulu mmalo mwa nkhani zongonena. Kugaŵanidwa kumeneku kumakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kupeza maziko ofanana ndipo kungatsogolere ku ku kukhazikitsa malamulo otsata. Mkhalidwe wotero, andale zadziko angapendere kuti achilikize malo awo pamene akunyalanyaza umboni wotsutsana ndi lamulo.

Kumaliza

Lingaliro la anthu siliri langwiro la demokrase, koma lidakali lofunika kwambiri. Limapereka mawu kwa olamulidwa, amaŵerengera atsogoleri, ndipo limagaŵira zinthu zapadera kaamba ka kusintha kwa mayanjano. Kumvetsetsa mkhalidwe wake . Kukhoza kupangidwa, mmene kungapimidwe, ndi mmene kumakhudzira boma ndi mmene limakhudzira aliyense amene akufuna kukhala ndi phande m’moyo wa demokrase. Umoyo wa demokrase uliwonse umadalira pa kukambitsirana kopitirizabe pakati pa nzika ndi oimira awo, kukambitsirana kochirikizidwa ndi makambitsirano aponse odziŵika bwino ndi kulinganiza molondola kwa zimene anthu akuganiza ndi kufuna.

Kufufuza zambiri ponena za chiphunzitso ndi kachitidwe ka malingaliro a anthu, lingalirani kuŵerenga [[FLT: 0] Center yofufuza ya anthu kupenda , Malingaliro a Chiphunzitso Kulemba zolembedwa , ndi [[FLT] Encyclopedia ya] STANford ya maganizo a anthu [. Zipangizo zimenezi zimapereka chidziŵitso chozama cha chidziŵitso, mbiri, ndi mikangano ya filosofi imene imaumba kuzindikira kwathu mphamvu yofunika kwambiri imeneyi ya democracy.