Ufulu wa Malamulo m’Chitsanzo: Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Dziko

Malamulo a United States ndiwo lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, akukhazikitsa malamulo a boma pamene panthaŵi imodzi akuika malire amphamvu pa mphamvu zake kupyolera mwa kutetezera ufulu wa munthu. Kuzindikira zoyenera zosadziŵika zimenezi kumafuna kuphunzira mmene zigwirizanitsidwira m'mikangano yeniyeni ya dziko. Ndi kupyolera m'milandu yapadera ya Khoti Lalikulu, kutsutsa malingaliro, ndi kuchita mogwirizana ndi malamulo kuti malamulo amakhalidwe abwino a Bill of Rights apatsidwa tanthauzo lenileni. Kuchokera pa sukulu kupita ku foni, chitetezo cha malamulo chotsutsana ndi Oyambitsa chimapitirizabe kuwongolera miyoyo ya nzika iliyonse.

Kusintha Koyamba: Chinsinsi cha Kutengamo Mbali m’Chidemokrase

Note: Mpambo woyamba umapereka ufulu wogwirizana asanu: chipembedzo, mawu, nyuzi, msonkhano, ndi kuyenera kwa kupempha boma. Ufulu umenewu walinganizidwira kupititsa patsogolo msika wa malingaliro ndi kutetezera chikumbumtima cha munthu aliyense ku kukakamizidwa ndi boma.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Mawu

Ndemanga yotchuka pa kulankhula kwa ophunzira imachokera ku . Tinker v. Des Moine Independent School District [1] [1969]. Mu December 1965, gulu la ophunzira ku Des Moines, Iowa, kuphatikizapo Mary wa zaka 13 wapitayo Beth Tinker, anavala mikono yakuda kuti akatsutse nkhondo ya Vietnam. Sukulu, yoopa kugwedezeka. Khoti Lapamwamba linalamulira moyanjana ndi ophunzira. Abeta analemba malingaliro ochuluka, kupereka chithunzi chapamanja chapamanja chimene ophunzira sakufuna ufulu wawo wa kulankhula kapena kukambirana pa khomo la sukulu. Chigawo chamakonochi chingakhale choletsa kutsutsa nkhani za maphunziro. Chilungamo chimenechi chikamikizo chamakonochi chifukwa cha kutsutsa nkhani za kutsutsa mfundo za ufulu wa anthu.

Chitetezero cha First Amendment chimaposa kwambiri sukulu. [FLT] . Johnson [1] [FLT :2] (19989), Khoti linagamula kuti kutentha mbendera ya ku America monga mtundu wa chitsutso cha ndale zadziko kumatetezedwa. Chigamulochi chinayambitsa mkangano wa dziko ndi kutha kwa malamulo a boma. Posachedwapa, nyengo ya mlingo yachititsa magawo atsopano a kulankhula. Mu Plagham . North Caroline v[FLT:] [FL:] [20] [7] Khotilo linayambitsa lamulo loletsa anthu kulowa m'malo ena a anthu opalana.

Ufulu wa Chipembedzo

Kukhazikitsa Claus ndi Free Execree Claus , khoti linasankha kuti pemphero lolembedwa m'masukulu a anthu onse litetezere ufulu wachipembedzo. M' Engel v. Vitale [1] [[FLT]] [62], Khoti linagamula kuti pemphero lolembedwa ndi boma loperekedwa ndi boma linaswa Claus, ngakhale kuti pempherolo linali lodzifunira ndi losakhala laumodzi. Jaji la Black Hugo Black ananena kuti "si si mbali ya bizinesi ya boma yomapempherera mapemphero alionse a anthu a ku America. Limene linatsimikiziridwanso m'malamulowonjezero pambuyo pa kukambirana kwa sukulu za ufulu. [FLD] [FLD]

Kuŵerenga chigamulo chonse cha Tinker . Des Moines pa Oyez [1]

Lamulo Lachiŵiri Losintha Zinthu: Kuyenera kwa Munthu Aliyense Kusiyana ndi Kutetezeredwa kwa Anthu

Kwa zaka zambiri za m'ma 1900, Second Amendment inafufuzidwa kwambiri ku khoti Lapamwamba. Khotilo linagwirizanitsa ufulu wonyamula zida ndi ntchito m'gulu la asilikali olamulidwa bwino, monga momwe zikuonekera mu United States v. Miller [1] [1939]. Kumasulira kumeneku kunasintha kwambiri m’zaka za zana la 21.

Heller ndi McDonald Revolution

Dicurent of Columbia v. Helter . [FLT :2] [FLT , Khoti Lapamwamba linalemba ngati Second Conformation imateteza munthu kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi mfuti ya munthu mwini, yopanda ntchito ya asilikali. M'chigamulo 5-4 cholembedwa ndi Woweruza Antonin Scalia, Khoti linayankha inde, kuletsa Washington D.C.. Khoti linakhulupirira kuti kudziimira lokha ndi "alamu ya kumanja" ya kumanja. Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake, [FL:] [5] [5] [5]

Chizoloŵezi Chankhanza ndi Zotsatira Zake

Chiyambi chapadera kwambiri m'Chikalata chachiŵiri cha Kusintha chinabwera [[FLT: 0] [[FLT ]] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [1] . Khoti linakantha "chofunika kwambiri" chonyamula mfuti m’gulu la anthu. Kulemba zachulu, Jasi Thomas anakhazikitsa mayeso atsopano: malamulo a mfuti amakono ayenera kukhala "ogwirizana ndi mwambo wa mbiri yakale ya mfuti.]. [2] Malemba, mbiri, ndi kuyesa mwambo kwa makhoti a New York adagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi makhoti aang’ono kutsutsa malamulo a mfuti, kuphatikizapo kuletsa anthu ambiri kuti aletsende nkhondo. [FT]

Kuŵerenga chigamulo cha Bruen (PDF) pa webusaiti ya Khoti Lapamwamba

Kusintha kwa Kachinayi: Kukhala Wekha m’Nyengo ya Umisiri

Chikalata chachinayi Chowonjezera malamulo chimateteza "kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezeka mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, ndi kufunafuna kosayenera ndi khunyu. Chimene chimapanga kufunafuna kosayenera" chasintha kwambiri pamene tekinoloji yasintha.

Kuyembekezera Kukhala Nokha Moyenerera

Mayeso amakono a kukhazikitsa chitetezo cha General Confter adakhazikitsidwa . Khoti linagwetsa chigamulo chake . United States[FLT :2] [FLT ] (1967]). Charles Katz adapezedwa ndi mlandu wa kutchova juga yopanda lamulo pambuyo pa kuikidwa pa FBI yomangirira foni. Khoti linagwetsa chigamu chake, kupeza kuti ntchito ya boma inali "seasesa" pansi pa Demende. Woweruza John Harlan II anakhazikitsa mfundo zogwirizana tsopano ndi mbali ziŵiri zomveka: munthu ayenera kukhala "atsimikiza kwenikweni (kuyang'anitsitsa) kuti afunika kukhala ndi "kuyembekezera kwaumwini" ndipo ayenera kukhala "anzane kuti aonedwe bwino kuti aonedwe monga ngati njira yachikale yachikulu.

Mafoni a M’manja

M’zaka za zana la 21, Khoti lakhala likulimbana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Lamulo Lachinayi pa chidziŵitso cha manambala. Riley v. California [1] [[2014, Khoti linachita chivomerezo chimodzi chakuti apolisi afunikira chilolezo chofufuza zinthu za foni ya m'manja imene yagwidwa kuti igwire. Jaji wamkulu John Roberts analemba kuti mafoni a cell phone ndi "osakhala chabe njira ina yamakono yothandiza kuteteza anthu" ndi kuti chidziŵitso chaumwini chochuluka chimene ali nacho chingafunikire chilo chapamwamba.

Mu Karpeent v. United States [1] [FLT :2] (2017]), Khoti linapitirirapo, kugamula kuti boma likufuna chilolezo chopezera chidziŵitso cha mbiri yakale cha malo a maselo (CSLI) onyamula mafoni. Khoti linazindikira kuti anthu ali ndi chiyembekezo choyenera cha kukhala okha pambali pa zonse za magulu awo, ngakhale ngati mfundozo zigawiridwa ndi gulu lachitatu (kampani ya foni). Mfundo imeneyi "yaumboni yachinsinsi" ya chinsinsi, yokhala ndi chidziŵitso cha nthaŵi yaitali ingavumbule tsatanetsatane wa moyo wa munthu, kuteteza kwachisanu.

Phunzirani zambiri za chinsinsi cha manambala pa webusaiti ya Electronic Frontinent Foundation (EFF)[[FL:1]

Kusintha kwachisanu: Ntchito, Chitetezo, ndi Kudzipatula

Mpando wachisanu wa Mpatsi umapereka ufulu wotsutsa: ufulu wotsutsa kudzipatula, kutsimikizira kuti zinthu zidzakhala bwino, kuteteza munthu ku ngozi ziŵiri, ndi kulipira katundu wa munthu payekha.

Ufulu Wongokhala Chete

Mbali yotchuka kwambiri ya Kusintha kwa Kuyamba kwa Kusintha kwa Malamulo imakhala ndi . Mainda v. Arizona [1] (196]. Ernesto Miranda anagwidwa chifukwa cha kuba ndi kugwirira. Pambuyo pa maola aŵiri a kufunsa, adasaina chikalata chovomereza kuti iye amadziŵa zoyenera. Khoti Lapamwamba linasintha chitsimikizo chake, likumasunga kuti kufunsa kwa mlandu ndiko kwachibadwa. Chilungamo cha Genero chinayala padera kuti tsopano "Mayiko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira ina yovomerezeka kuti ikhale yoyenerera. [F] "F]

Njira Yofunika Kwambiri Yochitira Zinthu ndi Ufulu

Chikalata cha First Claus (ndi mnzake wake mu 14th Amendment) chimateteza osati chabe kulungamo komanso ufulu waung’ono. Chiphunzitso cha Substantive Development chagwiritsidwa ntchito kutetezera ufulu wapamwamba wosandandandal' m'malemba. Ngakhale kuti chinali chotsutsana kwambiri, chinali maziko a ufulu wa kukhala chinsinsi mu Griswold v. Connecticut [1] [FL:] [195] [195] ndi kuyenera kwa ukwati wofanana ndi [FLT:].[FLT]

Kutenga Claus

Demetrisement Yachisanu imatha ndi Kutenga Claus : "Kupanda chuma chamseri chidzatengedwa kaamba ka kugwiritsira ntchito kwa anthu onse, popanda malipiro. Chiganizo chimenechi chimafuna boma kulipirira mtengo wa malonda woyenera pamene lalanda katundu kumbali yotchuka. Ukulu wa "kugwiritsira ntchito kwa onse" unamasuliridwa mokulira mu . KLO v. City of New London .[FLT] [2005], kumene Khoti linalola mzinda kutenga katundu wachinsinsi kaamba ka chitukuko chaumwini, kutsutsa kuti mapindu a zachuma ku chitaganya cha anthu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito poyera.

Kusintha Zinthu Kwachisanu ndi chimodzi: Ufulu Woweruzidwa Bwino

Lamulo la Chisanu ndi Chimodzi la Lamulo la Mpando Wakuti anthu azikhala ndi ufulu woonetsetsa kuti mlandu wa mlandu wa apolisi wachitika mwachilungamo, kuphatikizapo ufulu wozenga mlandu mofulumira ndiponso wa anthu onse, woweruza milandu yopanda tsankho, wouzidwa milanduyo, wokalankhula ndi mboni, ndiponso wopatsidwa uphungu.

Kuyenera Kofunika kwa Uphungu

Nkhani yosonyeza zinthu ndi yakuti [[FLT: 0]. Iye anapempha kuti loya aike winayo. Wainwright v. Want [1] [[FLT] [1963]. Clarence Earl Gideon anali wopatukira wosauka wozembedwa kulowa m'chipinda cha Florida. Sanampempha khoti kuti amuikire wina. Khotilo linakana, ndipo Gideoni anakakamizidwa kudziteteza ndipo analakwa. Kundende yake, analemba pempho lolembedwa ndi manja aŵiri lopita ku Bwalo Lapamwamba. Khoti inatenga mlanduwo ndi kugamula limodzi kuti ufulu wa Asanu ndi Sixtedlvement kuti ndi uphungu wake ndiwo wofunika kwambiri kuti ayesedwe bwino, ndipo kuti afunikira kumbuyo kwa woweruza milandu kuti aperekedwe kwa munthu wolakwa. Mpatu wa m’dzikolo. [F4]

Kutsutsana kwa Claus

Chisinthiko chachisanu ndi chimodzi chimatsimikiziranso kuyenera "kuyang'anizana ndi mboni zotsutsana naye. [FLT][FLT]ford v. Washington , Bwalo linasintha lamulo ponena za makutu ndi umboni. Woimbidwa mlandu, Michael Crawford, anaimbidwa mlandu wa kuukira ndi kuyesa kupha. Mlandu woyambitsa tepi ya pepala yochokera kwa mkazi wake, Sylvia, amene anaona upanduwo koma sanachitire umboni pa mlandu (kupereka mwaŵi wa ukwati). Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti Syvia adatsutsa kutsutsa Clauslaus. Khotilo linatsutsa kuti "' kuphera "kuimira" silinavomerezedwe ndi kuimbidwa kwa mlanduwo. Mpatuko. Mpando wapamwamba wapamwamba wa kumbuyo kwa mlanduwu. [F.4]

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Nkhanza ndi Chilango Chachilendo

Mpando wa Kusintha wa 8 ukuletsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zolipiriridwa, kulipira ndalama zopambanitsa, ndi "zilango zankhanza ndi zachilendo". Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zonse lamasulira mawu ameneŵa mwa “miyezo yosonyeza ulemu wochuluka imene imasonyeza kupita patsogolo kwa chitaganya chomakula.

Kuwawa kwa Imfa

Chikalata cha kukonzanso zinthu chakhala choyambirira pa mkangano wa dziko lonse wokhudza chilango cha imfa. [FLT]man v. Georgia , Khoti linalamulira pa chigamulo cha 5-4 chakuti kugwiritsa ntchito chilango cha imfa mwalamulo, makamaka kusiyanitsa kwake kwa mafuko, kunachotsa lamulolo monga momwe linagwirira ntchito. Chigamulocho chinathetsadi kuphedwa konse ku United States. Zaka zinayi pambuyo pake, [FLT: 4.] v Georgia . [6] [6], chigamu cha khoti latsopano lopereka chigamu cha kulangizo ndi kuperekedwa kwa mlandu, koyenera kuperekedwanso.

Chiyambire [[FLT:] [2001], Bwalo laika malamulo oletsa kuti munthu aphedwe. Attins v. Virginia [1] [[FLT:] [2002] [Makhotiwo] [2002], anagamula kuti munthu wochita zopunduka zaluntha amaswa Lemondmend. ] AT. [FLT] v. Simmond [[FLT:][5:] [2005], Khoti linawonjezera lamulo limeneli, lokhudza anthu amene anali opalamula (patula pa nthaŵi ya kulakwa.]

Kundende Ndiponso Kumwa Mopitirira Muyeso

Mpando wa Kusintha kwa Malamulo wa 88 umagwiranso ntchito pa mikhalidwe ya kutsekeredwa ndi ziletso zachuma. [[FLT:] [FLT] Timbs v. Indiana , Khoti linagamula kuti Kuletsa kwa Eighth Reconfments Reconfs Claus kumagwira ntchito ku maiko (kugwirizana). M’nkhani imeneyi, boma la Indiana linafuna kulanda Dziko la Rover SuV, mtengo woposa $40,000, pambuyo pake anaimbidwa mlandu wa kugulitsa heroin yochepa. Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti chuma cha anthu chamtengo wapatali chochokera pa ku mlingo waung'ono wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo chingakhale chongotsutsidwa ndi kusagwirizana.

Mpumulo Wachinayi: Chikole cha Ufulu ndi Kulingana

Note : Palibe kukambitsirana kwa ufulu wa lamulo umene ukuchitidwa popanda Kusintha kwa Zaufulu kwa 14, kovomerezedwa mu 1868. Pamene kuli kwakuti Bill of Rights poyambirira inachepetsa boma la boma, Demendment ya 144th inasintha kwambiri kakonzedwe kameneka. Chipangizo cha Claus chimakhala choyambirira kuyendetsa "kugwirizanitsa" Bill of Rights potsutsana ndi maboma, ndi Chitetezero chake chofanana Claus wakhala maziko a zipambano za ufulu wachibadwidwe m'mbiri ya American.

Kuvomereza: Kupangitsa Ufulu Wanu Kugwira Ntchito ku United States

Ntchito yokhazikitsa lamulo inayamba pang’onopang’ono. Khoti loyamba linagwiritsira ntchito mawu aulere a ufulu wa kulankhula ku maboma mu . Izi zikutanthauza kuti apolisi ku California kapena komiti ya sukulu ku Texas amagwirizanitsidwa ndi lamulo limodzi monga boma la boma. Kuphatikiza kwa Second Demendment mu . Chikalata cha Chimapangano chinasintha kwambiri. [FLD] [FLD:5] (20]) ndi kuwonjezera kwa mapepala a sukulu ku Texaniks [Foct:]

Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Chitetezo cha Kutetezera Claus cha 144 Demendment chimalamula kuti palibe boma limene lidzakhala "logwirizana kwa munthu aliyense m'dziko lakelo kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo . Mawu ameneŵa anali chida chalamulo chogwiritsa ntchito kuchotsa tsankho la fuko. ] Brown v. Board of Education [FLD] [1954] [1954] [], Khoti Lapamwambalo linakhazikitsa malamulo okhazikitsa zikole za anthu akuda ndi oyera omwe anali osalongosoka, kugwedetsedwa kwa "masukulu a anthu akuda ndi a pulogawa] chiphunzitso cha [FLT:]. Ferguble v[FLD] [FLD5] [18].

Chitetezero cha mlingo wofanana ndi cha Claus chakhalanso maziko a zosankha za kusiyanitsa akazi ndi akazi. Monga ngati [[FLT:] United States v. Virginia [1969], imene inawononga lamulo la amuna okha pa Virginia Military Institute. M’zaka za zana la 21, inali maziko a [[FLT:] . "OFFF:fell v. Hodges[FL:[FL:] [12] [12] [20], zimene zinavomerezedwa ndi maukwati m'dziko lonse, ndi [FLT:]

Kuŵerenga kwambiri za Chiphunzitso cha Kugwirizanitsa kuchokera ku Cornell Law School

Kumaliza: Konsichushoni Yamoyo Yochitidwa

Ziyeneretso zosungidwa m'malamulo a United States siziri mwaŵi wachikhalire wotsekeredwa m'zaka za zana la 18. Izo ziri zitetezero zazikulu zimene zimafuna kumasulira kosalekeza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ku zenizeni zosintha za moyo wa Amereka. Kuchokera ku ziboliboli zakuda za Des Moines ku mafoni a m'manja athu, malamulo a Bill of Rights a kulamulira mbali zapafupi ndi zapoyera za moyo wathu. Nkhani zofufuzidwa pano ndi chitsanzo cha kukambitsirana kopitirizabe kwa mabwalo amilandu, boma, ndi anthu. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwe, kuloŵetsamo zitsanzo zenizeni zimenezi nkofunika kumvetsetsa kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufulu umene umalongosola dongosolo lalamulo la Amereka. Osunga ufuluwo sali chabe achilungamo m’dziko la Washington, koma ozindikira ndi odziŵa kutetezera kwawo.