Table of Contents

Unansi pakati pa boma ndi boma umatanthauza mbali imodzi yaikulu ndi yovuta kwambiri ya ulamuliro wa Amereka. Dongosolo locholoŵana limeneli, lodziŵika monga boma la boma, laumba dziko la United States chiyambire kukhazikitsidwa kwa dzikolo ndipo likupitirizabe kusonkhezera mmene malamulo amapangidwira, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi kukakamiza kuzungulira dziko lonselo. Kumvetsa unansi umenewu nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsa mmene demokrase ya America imagwirira ntchito m’maboma osiyanasiyana.

Kumvetsa Maboma: Maziko a Boma la America

Mu United States, boma liri kugaŵana kwa lamulo kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma la United States ndi boma la United States. Dongosolo limeneli linalinganizidwa mwadala ndi AFramers of the Confederation kuti akambirane zofooka za Articles of Confederation, imene inapanga boma lapakati lofooka lokhala ndi ulamuliro wochepa kulamulira bwino.

Federalism ikunena za kugaŵana ndi kugawana mphamvu pakati pa maboma a dziko ndi boma. Mmalo mwa kuika ulamuliro wonse wa boma m'gulu limodzi, dongosolo la Amereka limagaŵira mphamvu kumlingo wosiyana, kupanga kulinganiza kumene kwasintha mokulira pazaka zoposa mazana aŵiri. Kugaŵira kumeneku kumagwira ntchito zambiri, kuletsa nkhalwe kulola kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo osiyanasiyana m’madera.

Mbiri Yakale ya Federalism

United States atalengeza ufulu wake mu 1776, Continental Congress inalemba kuti Assembly of Confederation and Perpetual Union, imene inakhala maziko a boma latsopano. Chikalatacho chinapereka mphamvu zambiri ku maboma 13 ndipo chinapereka mphamvu zochepa kwambiri kwa Congress, kupangitsa bomalo kukhala losapambana ndi loyambitsa mikangano pakati pa maboma.

Nthumwi za boma pambuyo pake zinakumana mu 1787 kuti zipange Constitution ya United States. Malamulo atsopanowa anakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma lokhala ndi mphamvu za boma zolinganizika kwambiri. Komabe, zimenezi sizinathetseretu nkhaniyo. M'mbiri yonse ya dzikolo, boma ndi maboma a United States alimbana pa ulamuliro.

Chiyambire kukhazikitsidwa kwa dzikolo, ndipo makamaka pamapeto a Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni ya America, mphamvu zinachoka ku maboma ndi kutembenukira ku boma la dziko. Kusintha kumeneku sikunakhale kogwirizana kapena kosatsutsika, ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana zimene zikuwona kufutukuka ndi kupatsidwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Chifukwa Chake Mayanjano Amafunikira

Dongosolo la boma limapereka mapindu angapo ofunika amene athandiza kuchirikiza demokrase ya Amereka. Mwa kukana boma limodzi lolamulira kotheratu pa nkhaŵa zonse za moyo wa anthu, boma limatetezera ufulu wa munthu ku ulamuliro wodziimira. Kugaŵana kumeneku kwa ulamuliro kumapanga malo ambiri a ulamuliro, kukuchititsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kwa munthu mmodzi kukhala wankhanza.

Phindu lina lalikulu ndilo lingaliro la maulamuliro monga "maluso a demokrase". Zimenezi zimalola kuti malingaliro ayese paokha. Akhoza kugwira ntchito monga "mabungwe a demokrase," monga momwe Justice Court of Supreme Court Louis Brandeis ananenera. Pamene maboma ayesa malamulo osiyanasiyana, kusintha kwachipambano kungatengedwe ndi maboma ena kapena kuyesedwa kufikira ku mlingo wa boma, pamene zolephera zikhalabe.

Chipani cha Federal chimawonjezera thayo la akuluakulu osankhidwa a boma kwa nzika. Federalism imatumikira kupereka thayo la ndale zadziko, osati kulitsekereza. Nzika zingadziŵe mosavuta mlingo wa boma umene uli ndi thayo kaamba ka malamulo akutiakuti ndikuti nduna zoyenerazo zidziŵerengera mlandu kupyolera mwa kachitidwe ka voti.

Kugaŵanika kwa Maulamuliro: Federal, Boma, ndi Kugwirizana

Kumvetsetsa magulu ameneŵa nkofunika kwambiri pomvetsa mmene boma ndi boma limachitira zinthu ndipo nthaŵi zina zimakangana.

Maulamuliro Ogwirizana

Mfundo I, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo amafotokoza maulamuliro apadera amene ali a boma lolamulira. Maulamuliro ameneŵa akutchedwa kukhala mphamvu zoŵerengedwa. Maulamuliro operekedwa bwino ameneŵa amaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa kuyendetsa malonda apakati pa dziko ndi mayiko, ndalama, kukhazikitsa maofesi a positi ofesi, kulengeza nkhondo, kukweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, ndi kupanga malamulo onse ofunikira ndi oyenerera popereka maulamuliro ameneŵa.

Chiphunzitso cha mphamvu zotchulidwazo chimatsimikizira kuti boma la boma likugwira ntchito mkati mwa malire odziŵika. Maulamuliro operekedwa ndi Constitution ku boma la boma ndi ochepa ndi ofotokozedwa. Amene adzakhala m’maboma a Boma ndi ochuluka ndi osatha. Mfundo imeneyi, yofotokozedwa ndi James Madison mu Federalist No. 45, imasonyeza cholinga choyamba cha kukhazikitsa boma lokhala ndi malire.

Maulamuliro Otsala

Kusintha kumeneku, kovomerezedwa mu 1791 monga mbali ya Buku Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu, kumathandiza kuti boma likhale ndi ulamuliro.

Maulamuliro ena amaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa madongosolo a sukulu, kuyang’anira makhoti a boma, kupanga dongosolo la chitetezo cha anthu, kuyang’anira malonda ndi malonda m’dziko, ndi kuyang’anira boma. Maulamuliro ameneŵa amatchulidwanso kukhala maulamuliro okhazikika. Maboma alinso ndi ulamuliro waukulu pambali za malamulo a banja, lamulo la katundu, lamulo laupandu (kusiyapo milandu ya boma), ndi kugulitsa mamembala aukatswiri.

Maboma ali ndi mphamvu zilizonse zimene maboma a boma amazisunga pansi pa Bungwe la Khumi Lowonjezera.

Mphamvu Zomwe Zilipo

Maulamuliro anthaŵi ino amalozera ku maulamuliro amene onse aŵiri boma ndi maboma a boma a boma. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya msonkho, kumanga misewu, ndi kupanga makhoti aang’ono. Milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma ingathe kugwiritsira ntchito maulamuliro ameneŵa panthaŵi imodzi, ngakhale kuti lamulo la boma limakhala lofunika koposa pamene mikangano ibuka.

Maulamuliro ena a panthaŵi imodzi amaphatikizapo kukhoza kubwereka ndalama, kukhazikitsa mabanki, makampani a malamulo, kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kulanga oswa malamulo, ndi kulanda katundu kaamba ka zifuno za anthu ndi malipiro chabe.

Otsutsa Claus: Kukonza Federal-State Conflicts

Pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma akutsutsana, Konsichushoniyo imapereka njira yomvekera bwino yogamulira kupyolera mwa Supremacy Claus, yopezeka m’Chigawo VI, Ndime 2.

Chikalata cha Malamulo ndi Tanthauzo

Lamulolo lili ndi Supremacy Claus, limene limati, "Bungwe la Malamulo limeneli, ndi malamulo a United States amene adzapangidwa mowonjezereka; ndipo mapangano onse apangidwa, kapena amene adzapangidwa, pansi pa ulamuliro wa United States, adzakhala lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo; ndipo oweruza m’boma lirilonse adzamangidwa mwakutero, chirichonse m'Malamulo kapena malamulo a Boma lirilonse mosagwirizana ndi "

Ichi chimatanthauza mokhutiritsa kuti pamene malamulo a boma la boma asemphana ndi malamulo a boma, lamulo la boma lidzaloŵa mmalo lamulo la boma. Komabe, ukulu umenewu suli wotheratu . Imagwira ntchito kokha ku malamulo a boma opangidwa "kupatula" a Malamulo, kutanthauza malamulo a boma iwo eni ayenera kukhala alamulo kuti adzinenere kukhala apamwamba.

Mbiri Yakale ya Claus Wotchuka

Mtundu wa Supremacke unali kuyankha mavuto ndi Nkhani za Confederation, zimene zinalamulira United States kuyambira 1781 mpaka 1789. Nkhanizo zinawonekeratu kuti zinalibe lamulo la boma loposa lamulo la boma. Monga chotulukapo, mkati mwa nyengo ya Kuvomereza, malamulo a boma sanamange makhoti a boma popanda malamulo a boma kuwagwiritsa ntchito.

Supremacke ndi imodzi ya makonzedwe ofunika kwambiri a malamulo. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 19, Bwalo Lalikulu linadalira Claus kukhazikitsa ntchito yaikulu ya boma la boma kuyang’anira nkhani za mtundu. Milandu yoyambirira ya Bwalo Lapamwamba inakhazikitsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kopindulitsa kwa ulamuliro wa boma m'madera osiyanasiyana kuyambira ku lamulo la pangano mpaka ku lamulo la kusunga ndalama.

Mmene Claus Wotchuka Amagwirira Ntchito

Khoti Lapamwamba lafotokoza kuti Supreme Claus ndi lamulo la kugamulapo kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa lamulo la boma ndi la boma. Silimapatsa mphamvu zowonjezereka ku boma koma mmalo mwake limakhazikitsa lamulo limene likukhalapo pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma akutsutsana.

Chigamulo cha Supremacke ndi lamulo la malamulo losonyeza kuti machitidwe ena a dziko amayamba pa ntchito iliyonse imene imatsutsana ndi machitidwe a dziko. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti oweruza a boma ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma ngakhale pamene likutsutsana ndi malamulo a boma kapena malamulo, malinga ngati lamulo la boma lili lovomerezeka ndi lokhala m’manja mwa maulamuliro a Congress.

Kumasulidwa: Pamene Lamulo la Mafuko Lichotsa Chilamulo cha Boma

Chiphunzitso cha kumasulidwa kwa boma, chotengedwa ku Supremacy Claus, chimasankha pamene lamulo la boma limaletsa kulamulira m’mbali zina. Kumvetsetsa kumasulidwa nkofunika pomvetsetsa unansi wogwira ntchito pakati pa maboma ndi malamulo a boma.

Kuyesedwa Mwamtundu Umene

Milandu ya Khotilo imatchula mitundu ingapo ya kupulumulidwa. Pa mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa kuchuluka, lamulo la boma lingachotse lamulo la boma mwachindunji kapena mwalingaliro. Mtundu uliwonse wa chiwombolero umagwira ntchito mosiyana ndipo umafunikira kusanthula kosiyana.

Chipulumutso chingasonyezedwe kapena kusonyezedwa. Chimasonyezedwa pamene chilongosoledwa bwino m'chinenero cha lamulo la boma. Chisonyezeni kumasulidwa kuchitika pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo itchula bwino lomwe lamulo la boma limene limaloŵa mmalo mwa lamulo la boma m'malo mwa mbali ina. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo ambiri a boma amaphatikizapo ziganizo zolunjika zofotokoza ukulu umene iwo amapotoza malamulo a boma.

Congress angasonyeze cholinga chake cha kuchotsa lamulo la boma m’njira ziŵiri: mwa kunena motero "mopondereza" (monga mwachindunji) m'lamulo la boma (lodziŵika monga "kutsendereza") kapena mwa kunena kuti "mogwiritsidwa ntchito" (motsimikizirika) kudzera m'makonzedwe kapena cholinga cha lamulo la boma (lodziŵika monga "kupulumulidwa"). Kumasulidwa kwenikweniko kumakhala ndi mitundu iŵiri: Ngati kapangidwe kapena cholinga cha lamulo la boma chikachipangitsa kukhala chosatheka kugwirizana ndi lamulo lalamulo la boma ndi lamulo la boma panthaŵi imodzi, kenaka Msonkhano umalingaliridwa kukhala ukulinganiza kuchotsa lamulolo. Ukukukukukudziŵika kukhala kutha kwa nkhondo.

Kuwomboledwa kwa munda kuimira mtundu wina wa kupulumulidwa kotanthauza. Pamene malamulo a boma ali okhutiritsa kwambiri kwakuti ali ndi mbali yonse ya lamulo, makhoti angagamule kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ifuna kuchotsa kotheratu lamulo la boma, ngakhale ngati malamulo a boma satsutsana mwachindunji ndi malamulo a boma. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitika m'mbali za nkhaŵa yamwambo, monga ngati kusamukira, nkhani zachilendo, ndi mbali zina za malonda a mayiko akunja.

Kuganiza Kuti Simungayesedwe

Kuletsa maulamuliro atsopano a boma kutsekereza ulamuliro wa boma, khotilo linachepetsa nthaŵi imodzi mikhalidwe imene lamulo la boma linathamangitsa. Kuphatikiza pa kuthawa kwa malo okha kopulumutsirako zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri, Khoti linatchulanso lingaliro lotsutsa kumasulidwa, kumene lamulo la boma silimachotsa lamulo la boma pokhapo ngati chimenecho chinali chifuno chowonekera bwino ndi chowonekera cha Congress.

Lingaliro limeneli limavomereza kuti maulamuliro a apolisi agwiritsira ntchito mwamwambo kutetezera thanzi, chisungiko, ndi ubwino wa nzika zawo. Makhoti amayamba ndi lingaliro lakuti Congress sanafune kuchotsa lamulo la boma pokhapo ngati pali umboni wowonekera wa cholinga chimenecho. Lamulo la kumasulira limeneli limathandiza kusungitsa kulinganizika kwa boma ndi kuletsa kugwetsedwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma.

Mitundu ya Mafuko: Chisinthiko M’kupita kwa Nthaŵi

Unansi pakati pa maboma ndi malamulo a boma wasintha kwambiri m’mbiri yonse ya Amereka, ndipo akatswiri apeza nyengo zosiyanasiyana zodziŵika ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira zinthu m’chigwirizano cha boma.

Dual Federalism (1788 - 1937)

Dual unistism (1788-1937): akutchedwanso "layer-cake" ya boma, kumene ulamuliro wa boma umagawidwa pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma, kugaŵikanako kumawonekera bwino ndi kufotokozedwa, ndipo maulamulirowo ngosiyana, ondandalitsidwa m'nyengo ino, maboma a boma ndi a boma ochitidwa m'mabwalo osiyanasiyana, ndi kugawana pang'ono m'malo awo a ulamuliro.

Pansi pa malamulo aŵiri a boma, Bwalo Lapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri linatsutsa lamulo la boma lakuti linawona kukhala loloŵerera pa maulamuliro a boma. Khotilo linasunga malire aakulu pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma, likugawa mphamvu za boma makamaka kumadera otchulidwa mwachindunji m’Malamulo. Zimenezi zinasonyeza lingaliro lochepa kwambiri la ulamuliro wa boma, makamaka ponena za malamulo a zachuma ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Bungwe Logwirizana (Mmene Mapilo Anayamba Kuchitika mu 1919)

Cooperative universisism (kuyambira 1937): inatchedwanso "kusintha kwa kape" ka boma, kunawonekera mkati mwa New Deal, kumene maboma a boma ndi boma anapanga unansi wosintha ndi wogwirizana ndi kugwirizana kukambitsirana nkhani zina kapena maprogramu. Kusintha kumeneku kunachitika pamene boma la boma linakulitsa mbali yake pochitapo kanthu ndi mavuto a dzikolo.

Magaŵano osiyana a mathayo pakati pa boma ndi boma adalongosoledwa kukhala "keke yophimba," koma, ndi mizera ya ntchito yobisika, yogwirizana anafanizidwa ndi "keke yosalimba" kapena "mpanda wa tchire". Maboma a Federal ndi boma anagwira ntchito pamodzi mowonjezereka, ndi maprogramu a boma ofunikira kupangidwa ndi maprogramu a boma kaŵirikaŵiri kulandira ndalama za boma.

Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo: kupereka ndalama zoperekedwa, kumene boma la boma limagaŵira ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito kaamba ka chifuno chinachake kapena lamulo lowonjezereka; ndi kukhazikitsa boma, kumene boma la boma limakhazikitsa malamulo ndi malamulo oikidwiratu kuti maboma atsatire, ndi ndalama kapena popanda boma. Njira zimenezi zimalola boma kusonkhezera malamulo a boma ngakhale m’madera amene amasungidwa ku mayiko.

New Federalism (Papita Malipoti a 70)

Chigwirizano chatsopano cha boma (chiyambire m’ma 1970): nthanthi ya ndale zadziko ya kuchotsa chisinthiko, kubwezera kapena kusamutsira mphamvu ya boma ku mabomawo, kumene maboma amasungitsa malamulo ndi kusunga ufulu wowonjezereka. Chitsanzo chimodzi chimatsekereza, ndalama zochokera ku boma logaŵiridwa ku mabomawo, zokhala ndi uyang’aniro wochepera ndi ulamuliro pa mmene mabomawo amagwiritsirira ntchito ndalamazo kusamalira malamulo kapena maprogramu ogwiritsira ntchito.

New Federalism imaimira kuyesayesa kwa kubwezeretsa kulinganizika kwa dongosolo la boma mwakubwezera mphamvu zina ndi mathayo ku maboma. Njira imeneyi imagogomezera kulolera ndi kukonza zinthu pamene akupitirizabe kuloŵerera kwa boma m’mbali za dziko.

Makina Othandiza pa Mfundo za Boma

Ngakhale m’madera kumene maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu, boma la boma lapanga njira zosiyanasiyana zosonkhezera lamulo la boma popanda kuchotsapo lamulo la boma mwachindunji.

Opereka ndi Opereka Zinthu Oyenerera

Boma la bomalo lingaletse mwachindunji mbali zimenezi, koma likhoza kupereka zisonkhezero kaamba ka maboma kuchita zimene akufuna mwa kupereka ndi kulamula. Opereka kuchokera ku boma la boma kunka ku maboma angabwere ndi malangizo okhwima a mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito ndalamazo.

Mphamvu ya boma yowononga ndalama imailola kugwirizanitsa mikhalidwe ku ndalama za boma, zolimbikitsa kapena zofunikira mokhutiritsa kutengera malamulo akutiakuti. Dziko lili ndi chosankha cha kukana ndalama za boma ndi kusunga malamulo awo, koma zisonkhezero za ndalama kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala zofunika kwambiri kuti zikhale zosafunikira. Zimenezi zimapanga mtundu wa ulamuliro wosadziŵika wa boma pa madera osungidwa ku maboma.

Malamulo Oyenderana

Nyumba za malamulo zakhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera ntchito za boma, omwe mwina sagwirizana ndi mmene ndalamazo zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo yagwirizanitsa ndalama zapamsewu ndi kukhazikitsa zaka zochepera zogulira moŵa pa zaka 21.

Malamulo a boma angayambitse mkangano chifukwa chakuti amakakamiza boma kugonjera popanda kupereka ndalama zokwanira zogwirira ntchito. Maboma angaone zimenezi kukhala kuswa ulamuliro wawo, pamene boma limawaona kukhala ofunika kuti akwaniritse zolinga za dziko. Kusagwirizana pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi ufulu wa boma kukupitirizabe kukhala mbali ya ulamuliro wa Amereka.

Madera Othandizana ndi Ogwirizana

Ngakhale kuti pangakhale nkhondo, mabungwe a boma ndi a boma nthawi zambiri amathandizana kuthetsa mavuto amene amathetsa malire a mayiko.

Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala

Lamulo la malo okhala limapereka chitsanzo cha kugwirizana pakati pa boma ndi malumbiro a boma. Malamulo a Federal onga Cease Air Act ndi Clean Water Act amakhazikitsa miyezo yadziko pamene akulola maboma kutengera malamulo owonjezereka okhwima. Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira monga malaboratori a kukonzanso malo okhala, kuyambitsa malamulo amene pambuyo pake angasonkhezere malamulo a boma.

Bungwe loona za malo okhala loona za malo okhala limagwira ntchito ndi mabungwe a boma kuti akonze zoti dziko lizipanga mapulogalamu a boma, ndipo mayiko amene amatsogolera ntchito yolola kuti dziko lizitetezedwa, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino, ndiponso kuti lisamawonongeke.

Lamulo la Zaumoyo

Malo a zaumoyo amaimira mbali ina ya mainshuwalansi a boma a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma lolinganizidwa mwamwambo, kuchiritsa, ndi thanzi la anthu, kuloŵerera kwa boma kwawonjezeka kwambiri mwa maprogramu onga Medicare, Mediid, ndi Affordal Care Act. Medicaid, makamaka, imagwira ntchito monga mgwirizano wa boma, ndi boma lopereka ndalama ndi kukhazikitsa zofunika zazikulu pamene maboma akupereka maprogramu ndi kupanga zosankha zambiri.

Mayiko akupitirizabe kukonza njira zaumoyo, kuyesa njira zosiyanasiyana zofutukulira, kuchepetsa mtengo, ndi kuwongolera. Zinthu zina za boma, monga kusintha kwa zaumoyo wa Massachusetts, zasonkhezera lamulo la boma, pamene maprogramu a boma asonkhezera mayiko kufutukula mautumiki ndi kutengera zitsanzo zatsopano zoperekera katundu.

Maphunziro

Maphunziro akhala udindo wa boma ndi wa kumaloko, pokhala ndi maboma okhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, zofunikira za mphunzitsi, ndi njira zoperekera ndalama kusukulu. Komabe, kuloŵetsedwamo kwa boma kwawonjezereka kupyolera mwa maprogramu onga ngati Theodut I amapereka ndalama kwa ophunzira osoŵa, malamulo apadera, ndi zoyesayesa zonga No Child Lend Behind ndi The Search Sed Act.

Boma la boma limalimbikitsa kwambiri za maphunziro mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pazochitikazo, kupereka ndalama kuti zikwaniritse zofunika za boma.

Chilungamo Chaupandu

Chiweruzo cha apandu chimasonyeza kuphatikizidwa kocholoŵana kwa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Maupandu ambiri amazengedwa mlandu pansi pa lamulo la boma m’makhoti a boma, kusonyeza mbali ya mwambo m’kusungitsa chisungiko ndi dongosolo la anthu. Komabe, boma limaweruza milandu imene imadutsa m’miyambo ya boma, imaphatikizapo katundu kapena nduna za boma, kapena kulephera m’zigawo za boma monga kusamuka, uchigaŵenga, ndi milandu ina ya mankhwala ogodomalitsa.

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo ndi boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizana pa kufufuza ndi kuzenga mlandu, kugawana zinthu ndi chidziŵitso cha kuthetsa upandu mogwira mtima kwambiri.Federal amapereka maprogramu ochirikiza boma ndi kusungitsa malamulo akumaloko, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma onga Violence Against Women Act ndi ngongole zosiyanasiyana za milandu ya boma zasonkhezera malamulo aupandu.

Mikangano Pakati pa Boma ndi Lamulo la Maboma

Mosasamala kanthu za njira zogwirizanitsira, mikangano pakati pa boma ndi lamulo la boma ikupitirizabe kubuka, ikumafunikira chigamulo cha chiweruzo ndi kukambitsirana kwa ndale zadziko.

Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina

Kusamutsidwa kwatulukira monga mbali yaikulu ya nkhondo ya boma m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la kusamuka liri thayo la boma, maboma ayesa kusamalira nkhani zokhudza kusamuka kupyolera m'lamulo lawo. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuti abwana awo atsimikizire kuti antchitowo ali otsimikiza, kukhazikitsa lamulo lokhazikitsa kuyendera malo a anthu osamukirako, kapena kupereka mapindu kwa osamukiramo osalemba.

Makhoti agwetsa malamulo ena a boma monga opotozedwa ndi lamulo la boma kapena monga ododometsa kusungitsa anthu oloŵa m’dziko. Komabe, maboma amakhala ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani zina, monga ngati laisensi ya kuyendetsa galimoto ndi kukhoza kupindula ndi boma, kupanga malamulo aunyinji m’dziko lonselo.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Ngakhale kuti mayiko ambiri alola kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito chamba pochita masewera osokoneza bongo, kusuta chamba kumakhalabe kosaloleka pansi pa malamulo a boma monga Segel Ine.

Boma la boma lasankha kusakakamiza malamulo a boma kuti aigwiritse ntchito mwankhanza m’zigawo zimene zalola kuti anthu ailembe mwalamulo, koma kusamvanako sikunathetsedwe.

Mizinda Yosanja ndi Kusamuka

Malamulo a m’mizinda yosadziŵika bwino, amene amachepetsa kugwirizana kwa kumaloko ndi kusungitsa anthu oloŵa m’dziko, abutsa mkangano waukulu ndi zitokoso za lamulo. Boma la boma lanena kuti malamulo ameneŵa amasokoneza kusungitsa anthu ndi kuswa lamulo la boma, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ndi madera amatsimikiza kuyenera kwawo kwa kuika malamulo awo pamalo oyamba ndi kutetezera chidaliro cha anthu.

Makhoti achirikiza lamulo lakuti boma la boma ndi akuluakulu a boma sangalamulire kuti lamulo la boma lisungidwe, koma mikangano ikupitiriza ponena za ukulu umene maboma angadodometse mwamphamvu zoyesayesa za boma.

Ntchito ya Makhoti m’Maboma Ofalitsa Maboma a Foderal State Relations

Oweruza, makamaka Khoti Lalikulu, amathandiza kwambiri kumasulira mfundo za m’Bungwe la Malamulo ndi kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa boma ndi boma.

Kupenda Mphamvu ya Maboma

Pali maziko olongosola bwino a m'malemba a kupenda malamulo a boma onenedwa kuti amaposa mphamvu zotchulidwa za Congress. Supremacy Claus akhazikitsa lamulo la makhoti loletsa ufulu ndi ntchito za zigamulo pansi pa malamulo onse a boma ndi a boma. Makhoti ayenera kugamula kaya ngati malamulo a boma apangidwa "kupansiwa" a Konsichushoni asanawapatse ulamuliro pa lamulo la boma.

Gawo lachiweruzo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti mphamvu ya boma imakhala m'mipambo yalamulo. Makhoti akapeza kuti lamulo la boma liposa mphamvu za Congress zotchulidwa, angawononge lamulo, kusungitsa ulamuliro wa boma m’chigawo chimenecho. Kupenda kumeneku pa mphamvu ya boma nkofunika kusungitsa kulinganizika kwa boma.

Kupenda Malamulo a Boma

Makhoti amapendanso malamulo a boma kutsimikizira kuti iwo saswa Malamulo kapena kutsutsana ndi lamulo lovomerezeka la boma. Nkovomerezedwa mofala kuti Konsichushoni imavomereza makhoti kupenda ndi kupeputsa malamulo a boma amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma. Uyang'aniro wachiweruzo umenewu umaletsa maboma kululuza lamulo la boma kapena kuswa zoyenera za lamulo.

Mabwalo amilandu a boma amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m’dongosolo limeneli, popeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri ndiwo oyamba kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa boma ndi lamulo la boma. Oweruza a Supremace Claus omanga a boma agwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma pamene likutsutsana ndi lamulo la boma, kupanga makhoti a boma kukhala othandiza m’kusungitsa dongosolo la boma.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti

Mu McCulloch v. Maryland, Khoti Lalikulu la United States linakhazikitsa lamulo lapamwamba monga ulamuliro wolamulira lamulo la malamulo. McCulloch anakhazikitsa muyezo umene tikudziŵa lerolino wa mikangano pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi Boma: Konsichura nthaŵi zonse limapambana. Lamulo la Federal limaloŵa mmalo mwa malamulo a boma otsutsana. Chigamulo chimenechi cha 1819 chinakhazikitsa malamulo ofunika kwambiri a ulamuliro wa boma ndi mphamvu za boma zimene zikupitirizabe kukhazikitsa mfundo za boma lerolino.

Milandu ina yosonyeza zinthu yalongosola malire a mphamvu ya boma ndi boma m'madera kuyambira pa malamulo a zamalonda mpaka ku ufulu wa anthu. Malamulo onga Gebons v. Ogden, United States v. Lopez , ndi [FLT] National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius aumba kumvetsetsa kwathu ulamuliro wa boma ndi malire ake.

Makonzedwe a Malamulo: Kusiyana kwa Boma ndi Maboma

Kumvetsa mmene malamulo a boma ndi a boma amagwirira ntchito kumathandiza kufotokoza bwino mmene amachitira zinthu ndiponso udindo wawo wolamulira dziko la America.

Malamulo a Federal

Nyumba ya malamulo ya boma, Congress, ili ndi zipinda ziŵiri: Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Nyumbayo ili ndi anthu 435 ogawidwa ndi anthu, pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi mamembala 100, aŵiri ochokera m'boma lililonse. Nyumba ya bimeral imasonyeza kulolerana kwa mayiko akuluakulu ndi aang’ono pa Msonkhano wa Malamulo.

Malamulo a boma ayenera kudutsa zipinda zonse ziŵiri m’njira zofanana ndi kulandira chivomerezo cha pulezidenti (kapena kupambana pa kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti . Njirayo imaphatikizapo kupenda makomiti, kutsutsana, ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana a m'nthambi olinganizidwa kutsimikizira kuti pali kugwirizana. Malamulo a Federal amagwira ntchito mofanana m’maiko onse, ngakhale kuti kukwaniritsa kukhoza kusiyanasiyana.

Malamulo a Boma

Malamulo a boma amasiyana m'makonzedwe, kukula, ndi ntchito, ngakhale kuti ambiri amatsatira chitsanzo cha bidameral wa boma. Nebraska ndi boma lokha lokhala ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya munthu mmodzi. Malamulo a boma amasiyana kuyambira pa makhonsati anthaŵi yochepa a nzika zimene zimakumana kwa miyezi ingapo chaka chilichonse mpaka kumabungwe aluso anthaŵi zonse amene amakumana chaka chimodzi.

Malamulo a boma amagwirizana ndi njira ya boma, ndi mafaindi ofunikira zonse ziŵiri kudutsa ndi zipinda ndi chivomerezo cha jini. Komabe, kaŵirikaŵiri maboma ali ndi malamulo a procedwate, malire, ndi malamulo alamulo. Malamulo a boma amagwira ntchito mkati mwa malire a boma, kupanga ziyeneretso zalamulo zosiyanasiyana m'dziko lonselo.

Kuyamba ndi Kubwezera

Maboma ambiri amapereka demokrase yachindunji kupyolera m'zochitika za kuyambirira ndi zolozera, akumalola nzika kulinganiza ndi kuvota pa malamulo mwachindunji. Njira imeneyi, yosapezeka pa mlingo wa boma, imapatsa nzika chiyambukiro chowonjezereka pa malamulo ndipo ikhoza kutulukapo m’malamulo amene amasiyana kwambiri ndi njira za boma.

Kuyamba ndi ma aersendum zagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuthetsa nkhani zotsutsana za malamulo a msonkho ndi nkhani za anthu, nthaŵi zina kuyambitsa mikangano ndi lamulo la boma kapena malamulo.

Kudya: Mphamvu ya Chuma

Unansi wa zandalama pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma umakhudza kwambiri unansi wawo wa malamulo ndi malamulo awo.

Kumene Zipatso za Ndalama Zinachokera

The federal government relies primarily on income taxes, payroll taxes, and corporate taxes for revenue. The federal government's superior revenue-raising capacity gives it significant leverage over state policy through conditional spending programs. Federal grants constitute a substantial portion of state budgets, creating financial interdependence.

Kuchokera Katundu wa Boma

Mayiko amadalira ndalama zosiyanasiyana, monga misonkho ya ndalama, misonkho ya malonda, misonkho ya katundu, ndi misonkho.

Kuloŵetsedwa m’Maboma

Federal amapereka ndalama ku maiko osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ndalama zonse kaamba ka zifuno zakutizakuti, zopereka za kuwonjezera malamulo, ndi kugawana ndalama. Kusintha kumeneku kumalola boma la boma kusonkhezera zinthu zofunika za boma ndi kutsimikizira miyezo yochepera m'madera onga ngati chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi ziwiya zapamwamba. Komabe, kukhazikitsanso kudalirana ndi kuchepetsa lamulo la boma la kudzilamulira.

Kusintha kwa Ndale Zadziko

Unansi pakati pa maboma ndi malamulo a boma umaumbidwa osati ndi dongosolo la malamulo chabe komanso ndi ndale zamphamvu ndi kulingalira kwa ogaŵanitsa.

Ndale za Pachipani ndi Chipani cha Maboma

Magulu andale amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri kukhazikitsa maunansi a boma. Pamene chipani chimodzimodzicho chilamulira maboma onse a boma ndi a boma, kugwirizana kumawonjezereka. Pamene magulu osiyanasiyana alamulira milingo yosiyanasiyana, mkangano ungakulire pamene mlingo uliwonse ulondola malamulo osiyanasiyana.

Malingaliro a kagulu pa unistism asintha mkupita kwa nthaŵi, ndi magulu nthaŵi zina ochirikiza ulamuliro wa boma ndipo nthaŵi zina kaamba ka mphamvu ya boma kudalira pa mlingo umene iwo amalamulira ndi malamulo amene iwo amafuna kupititsa patsogolo. Kufikira kopambana kumeneku kwa unistism kumasonyeza mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko wa mkangano pa ulamuliro wa boma.

Magulu Ofuna Kusangalatsa Ena ndi Kungowamana Masuku pamutu

Magulu achiwongola dzanja amagwira ntchito ponse paŵiri m'maboma ndi m'boma, nthaŵi zina kuchirikiza miyezo yadziko yofanana ndipo nthaŵi zina kaamba ka kusinthika kwa boma. Magulu abizinesi angafune chiwombo cha boma kuti apeŵe kutsata malamulo a boma osiyanasiyana, pamene kuli kwakuti magulu ena angasankhe kukhala apamwamba m'dziko kumene ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu.

Magulu amafunika kukonza njira zosiyanasiyana zothandizira boma ndi kuti zinthu zikhale bwino pa nthawi ina.

Mavuto ndi Mikhalidwe Yamtsogolo

Unansi pakati pa boma ndi malamulo a boma ukupitirizabe kusintha chifukwa cha mavuto atsopano ndi kusintha kwa zochitika m’ndale.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Malonda a M’maiko Ogwirizana

Makampani a zachuma ndiponso a pa Intaneti amachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kukayikira boma.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Lamulo la Kumalo Okhala

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumabweretsa mavuto amene amakhudza mayiko osiyanasiyana koma kwakhudza malo osiyanasiyana.

Zofuna Zaumoyo wa Onse

Mliri wa Covid-19 unagogomezera ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi kufooka kwa boma pochitapo kanthu pa zaumoyo wa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limalola kuyankha mogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko, nthaŵi zina kusagwirizana kwa kagwiridwe ntchito. Mavuto a zaumoyo a m’tsogolo adzafuna kuti boma likhale ndi mphamvu zoyendetsera ndi kusintha.

Kusintha Malo ndi Kulimbana

Kuwonjezereka kwa kugaŵikana kwa ndale zadziko kumayambukira kugwirizanitsa utundu mwakukulitsa mikangano pakati pa maboma ndi boma la boma pamene likulamuliridwa ndi zipani zosiyana. Maboma mowonjezerekawonjezereka amagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wawo kutsutsa malamulo a boma amene amatsutsa, pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma limayesayesa kuletsa maboma kululuza zinthu zofunika za dziko. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kutsendereza kowonjezereka ndi kugwirizana kochepera.

Mafunso Othandiza a Nzika ndi Mabizinesi

Unansi wocholoŵana pakati pa mabwalo a malamulo a boma ndi boma uli ndi tanthauzo lenileni la dziko kwa munthu aliyense payekha ndi magulu otsata malamulo a America.

Mavuto Amene Amakumana Nawo

Mabizinesi amene akugwira ntchito m’mayiko ambiri ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma ndiponso malamulo osiyanasiyana, kuyambitsa kuvuta ndi mtengo. Kumvetsa kuti ndi boma liti limene limalamulira ntchito inayake ndiponso kuti pali zinthu zosiyanasiyana zofunika kuti munthu agwirizane ndi lamulo. Kumasulidwa kungachititse kuti agwirizane mosavuta mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo a dziko limodzi, komanso kungathetsenso chitetezo chopindulitsa cha maboma.

Ufulu ndi Zitetezero

Nzika zimasangalala ndi ufulu ndi chitetezo pansi pa malamulo a boma ndi a boma nthaŵi zina zimapereka chitetezo chachikulu kuposa lamulo la boma, pamene lamulo la boma limakhazikitsa miyezo yochepera imene singatsike. Kumvetsetsa kugwirizana kwa ufulu wa boma ndi boma nkofunika potetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi kufunafuna njira zalamulo zothetsera vutolo.

Kutengamo Mbali m’Zandale

Bungwe la boma limakhazikitsa malo ambiri oloŵeramo ndale zadziko ndi kulanda. Nzika zingaloŵetsemo ndi akuluakulu a boma a kumaloko, boma, ndi a boma kuti asonkhezere lamulo. Kuzindikira kuti ndi mtundu uti wa boma umene uli ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani zina kumathandiza nzika kutsogolera bwino lomwe ulamuliro wawo ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma kukhala ndi mlandu.

Kumaliza: Chisinthiko Chomapitirizabe cha Federalism

Unansi pakati pa maboma ndi malumbiro a boma udakali wamphamvu ndipo unatsutsa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri pambuyo pa kugaŵanitsidwa kwa Malamulo. Dongosolo la ulamuliro wogawikana limeneli latsimikizira kukhala losinthika modabwitsa, lokhala ndi masinthidwe aakulu m'chitaganya cha America, chuma, ndi ndale zadziko pamene likusunga malamulo okhazikika a lamulo.

Chipani cha Federal chikupitiriza kuchita ntchito zofunika kwambiri m’boma la demokrase la ku America, kuphatikizapo kuteteza ufulu kudzera mwa ulamuliro wogawanika, kutheketsa kuyesa ndi kukonza zinthu zatsopano, kukonza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zigawo, ndi kupereka mfundo zambiri zopezerapo mwayi woloŵa nawo m’ndale.

Kumvetsetsa unansi pakati pa mabwalo a boma ndi a boma nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kuzindikira boma la America ndi lamulo. Unansi umenewu umaumba chirichonse kuchokera ku misonkho imene timalipira ku zoyenera zimene tiri nazo, kuyambira pa maphunziro amene ana athu amalandira ku mpweya umene timapuma. Pamene mavuto atsopano ndi mphamvu za ndale zadziko zikubuka, kulinganizika pakati pa boma ndi boma kudzapitirizabe kupitirizabe, kufunikira chisamaliro ndi pangano la nzika, opanga malamulo, ndi akatswiri.

Nzeru ya ulamuliro wa boma la America si m’kufikira kulinganiza kwangwiro, kosalekeza pakati pa boma ndi mphamvu ya boma, koma m’kupanga dongosolo lokhoza kusintha ndi kusintha kwa mikhalidwe pamene tikusunga malamulo ofunika a boma lokhala ndi malire ofala. Pamene tikuyang’anizana ndi mavuto a m’zaka za zana la 21, unansi pakati pa boma ndi malamulo a boma udzakhalabe wamaziko a kudzilamulira ndi kuthetsa mavuto a gulu limodzi.

Kwa awo ofuna kuphunzira zambiri ponena za maulamuliro ndi dongosolo la malamulo a America, Constitution Anchoge kuchokera ku laibulale ya Congress imapereka kusanthula kokwanira kwa malamulo alamulo, pamene Legistral Information Institute ku Cornell Law School imapereka mafotokozedwe ofikirika a mfundo zalamulo. [[FLT:] Local Center ya National Center imapereka zothandizira ndi malamulo a boma kulongosola bwino mayanja ndi kuyendetsa bwino mayanjana.