Kuyenera kwa Msonkhano: Mbali Yake m’Demokrase Yaumoyo

Kuyenera kwa msonkhano kuli maziko a zigwirizano za demokrase, kutheketsa anthu kusonkhanitsa pamodzi, kusonyeza nkhaŵa zogawana, ndi kusindikiza kaamba ka kusintha. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mbali yofunika imene msonkhano umachita kuchirikiza demokrase yamphamvu, kuchokera ku maziko ake a mbiri ndi zitetezero zalamulo kufikira ku mavuto amakono ndi ziyambukiro za luso la zopangapanga. Mwakumvetsetsa ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi kuchepa kwa ufulu umenewu, tingayamikire bwinopo chifukwa chake kutetezera msonkhano kuli kosuliza kaamba ka thanzi la democracy.

Kufunika kwa Msonkhano

Msonkhano umagwira ntchito monga njira ya mawu ndi zochita za onse, kulimbikitsa mfundo za demokrase za kutengamo mbali, kulinganiza, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Imalola magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu a m'deralo kukafika ku magulu a dziko lonse lapansi. Mwa kusonkhana, nzika zingalankhule mwachindunji ndi anthu aulamuliro, kutsutsa nkhani zazikulu, ndi kukulitsa kugwirizana pa zifukwa zofala.

Asayansi andale kaŵirikaŵiri amagogomezera kukumana monga mtundu wa "demokrase yothandizira" imene imawonjezera mabungwe oimira. Pamene anthu asonkhana, amapanga chisonyezero cha malingaliro a anthu omwe angasonkhezere lamulo, kuchotsa nkhani yapoyera, ndi kulimbikitsa pangano la anthu. Kusonkhanitsa kumakulitsanso likulu la kakhalidwe ka anthu, kulimbikitsa ndi kugwirizana pakati pa otenga mbali zimene zingapangika pa chochitika chimodzi.

  • Kutsenderezedwa kwa Ideas: Msonkhano umapereka malo oyenera kuti anthu ochepa kapena malingaliro otsutsana amvedwe, kuletsa kuchepetsa malingaliro ofunika. Kukhoza kokha kusonkhanitsa zizindikiro zakuti chitaganya chimalekerera kusagwirizana ndi makhalidwe abwino kutseguka.
  • Chipangano Chachikulu: Misonkhano kaŵirikaŵiri imagwira ntchito monga njira yoloŵera kwambiri m'ndale. Osonkhana angadziŵe kwambiri nkhani, kugwirizana ndi mabungwe achinyengo, ndi kuchoka pa oonerera osagwira ntchito kupita ku otengamo mbali okangalika m'demokrase.
  • Kusintha kwa '''''''''''kayikitsa kuti misonkhano yosatha ndi kusonkhanitsa anthu ingachititse kusintha kwakukulu. Kuyambira pa ufulu wa ntchito mpaka kuteteza malo okhala, misonkhano yonse yathandiza kusintha malamulo a anthu ndi chikhalidwe.

Mbiri Yakale

Kuyenera kwa kusonkhanitsa kwakhala kukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri, koma kuzindikira kwake kwalamulo monga ufulu waukulu ndiko chitukuko chamakono. Kutsutsa koyambirira, monga ngati Kukonzanso kwa Peasant mu England wa 14 wapakati kapena misonkhano ya Aveler mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeruzi ya Chiŵeniŵeni, kunayala maziko a chitetezo cha pambuyo pake cha malamulo. Komabe, kunali kutseguka kwa Khele ndi kusintha kwa zaka za zana la 18 ndi la 19 kumene kunakhazikitsa kwambiri msonkhano monga kumanja.

Kusintha kwa America ndi Dziko Loyamba

Colonical America anagwiritsira ntchito misonkhano ya m'tauni, zitsutso zapoyera, ndi misonkhano monga Stamp Act Congress kutsutsa malamulo a Britain. Misonkhano imeneyi sinali yophiphiritsira chabe; inagwirizanitsa amuna opeka, kulembetsa, ndi kumanga gulu losintha. Commission of First to the U.S. Confment, yovomerezedwa mu 1791, imateteza mwachindunji "kuyenera kwa anthu kusonkhana pamodzi," kusonyeza kuti msonkhano uli wofunika kuti ukhale wodzilamulira. Zosankha za Khoti Lalikulu, monga [FLT: 0] United States v. Cruikshbank [1] [18:1] , anavomereza kuti pali chipinda chakumanja koma cha kumanze kwa chida chake.

Kuyenda Monyansitsa kwa Akazi

M’zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za 20, mabungwe olembetsa analinganiza misonkhano yaunyinji, misonkhano, ndi masiteshoni kuti afune ufulu wosankha. Msonkhano wa 1848 Seneca Falls kaŵirikaŵiri umatchulidwa kukhala malo oyamba a gululo, koma akazi zikwi makumi ambiri anaphatikizidwa m'misonkhano ku United States ndi Yuropu. Zochitika zimenezi zinayang'anizana ndi kuvutitsidwa, kumangidwa, ndipo nthaŵi zina zachiwawa, komabe kulimbikirako kunatsogolera ku ku Kusintha kwa 19. Gulu la Senecan linali linasonyeza kuti msonkhano wamtendere ukhoza kutsutsa kusankhidwa kwa amuna.

Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Pakati pa zaka za zana la 20 ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe anagwiritsira ntchito msonkhano monga njira yaikulu. Malo a Site-move, magudumu, ndi misonkhano ya anthu onse m’matchalitchi anapereka malo okonzera ndi kumanga chisonkhezero cha makhalidwe abwino. March 1963 ku Washington, kumene Martin Luther King Jr. anapereka "Ine Dream" mawu ake, adakali chitsanzo champhamvu. Zipambano zalamulo monga [[FLD:0] ACP v. Alabama[[FLT: 1] (1988) anatetezera kuyenera kwa magulu kusonkhana popanda kusokonezedwa ndi boma, pamene Chikalata cha Chisungiko cha ufulu wa ufulu wa 1964 ndi Chosankha za ufulu wa 1965 chinali zotsatira za kuchitika kwa msonkhano.

Magulu a Padziko Lonse

Pa dziko lonse, msonkhano wachita mbali m'kusintha kwa democracy . Gulu la ufulu la India linadalira pa misonkhano ya anthu ambirimbiri ndi zitsutso zopanda chiwawa zotsogozedwa ndi Mahatma Gandhi. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, misonkhano ku Eastern Europe [1] monga ngati Kusintha kwa Velvet ku Czechoslovakia ndi kugwa kwa Berlin Wall . Inasonyeza mmene misonkhano ya anthu ingakhalire kugwetsa maboma a a a a andale. Chigaŵenga cha texani mu 1989, ngakhale kuti chinatsendedwa ndi chiwawa, chikupitirizabe kusonkhezera ufulu wa anthu.

Ntchito Yopanga Malamulo

M'mademokrase ambiri, kuyenera kwa kusonkhana kumatetezeredwa ndi malamulo kapena mapangano a mitundu yonse. Lamulo Loyamba Lowonjezera la U.S. limatsimikiziranso kuti pali kuyenera "kugwirizana kwamtendere". Mofananamo, Mfundo 20 ya Universal Declaration of Human Rights ikunena kuti, "Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wa kumasuka ku msonkhano wamtendere ndi kugwirizana. Zida zonga European Convention on Human Rights zimalimbitsanso chitetezo chimenechi.

Kuchepa kwa Malo ndi Zolephera

Ngakhale kuti kusonkhana kuli ndi ufulu waukulu, sikuli koyenera. Maboma angaike ziletso kutetezera chisungiko cha anthu, kutetezera chisokonezo, kapena kutetezera chisungiko cha dziko lapansi (kokha ziletso zoterozo ziyenera kukonzedwa ndi kuperekedwa ndi chikondwerero chokakamiza. Ku United States, makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito mosamalitsa kuyang'anitsitsa malamulo amene amasonkhana. Malamulo apamwamba amaphatikizapo:

  • [[NTHAŴI:0] Nthaŵi, Malo, ndi Malamulo a Maner: Maulamuliro angafunikire chilolezo cha mapwando aakulu m'malo apoyera, kuika malire a phokoso, ndi kutchula madera otsutsa. Komabe, malamulo ameneŵa ayenera kukhala okwanira ndi osaloŵerera ndi kusiya njira zina zolankhulira.
  • Public Safety Conquers: Ngati msonkhano uchititsa chiwopsezo cha chiwawa kapena kuvulazidwa kwa anthu, lamulo losungitsa malamulo lingaloŵererepo. Muyezo wa kuloŵerera koteroko ngwaukulu; kusagwirizana ndi uthenga sikumalungamitsa chiletso.
  • Chuma: Kuyenera kwa kusonkhana sikumafikira ku malo aumwini popanda chilolezo cha mwiniwake. Masitolo ndi makampani angachepetse macheza, ngakhale kuti malamulo ena a boma amapereka chitetezo chochepa.

Miyezo ya Padziko Lonse

United Nations Special Rapportir pa ufulu wa kusonkhana mwamtendere ndi wa bungwe lapereka zitsogozo zogogomezera kuti ziletso zirizonse ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi lamulo, zofunika, ndi zogwirizana. Malipoti agogomezera machitachita ovuta monga ngati chiletso chotsekereza pa zitsutso kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yopambanitsa. Mabungwe a maiko ambiri amaumiriza maiko amene amaswa zoyenera za msonkhano kupyolera mwa njira za makampani kapena ziletso.

Mavuto a Kusonkhana

Ngakhale kuti boma limateteza anthu, ufulu wosonkhana umakhala woopsa kwambiri m’dziko la demokalase ndiponso la authoritarianism.

Ziletso za Boma ndi Zololedwa

Maboma ena amakhazikitsa malamulo otsatizana olola zifuno, ndalama zowonjezereka, kapena kukana zilolezo za mapwando andale zadziko. M'mizinda yambiri ya U.S., mapangano apatsidwa chilolezo chifukwa cha kusoŵa kuwonekera kapena kupatsidwa zida zoletsera zitsutso. ACLU lipooti yolembedwa kumene madipatimenti a apolisi anafuna mipingo yolemetsa kapena njira zotsekereza zotsa kuchepetsa otengamo mbali.

Kuthamanga ndi Kuopa

Kuchuluka kwa otengamo mbali pa msonkhano kwakhala kwaluso kwambiri. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo agwiritsira ntchito kuyang'anira za mayanjano, oŵerenga mapepala a laisensi, ndi kuzindikira nkhope kuzindikiritsa otsutsa. Nthaŵi zina, zimenezi zachititsa kubwezera kwa abwana kapena mabungwe a boma. . [Expronic Foundation Foundation [1] Wachenjeza kuti machitidwe otero amadetsa nkhaŵa, pamene anthu angapeŵe kusonkhana chifukwa cha kuopa kubwezera.

Zochita Zotsutsa ndi Chiwawa

Misonkhano ingakope misonkhano yolimbana ndi mapulogalamu, nthaŵi zina ikumatsogolera ku mikangano. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuukirana kwamtendere kumatetezeredwa, chiwawa chimasokoneza kuyenera kwa kusonkhana. Maulamuliro ayenera kulinganiza bwino magulu onse aŵiri, kaŵirikaŵiri kufuna kulinganiza bwino. Komiti ya 2017 Yogwirizana ya Mapangano Yabwino ku Charlottesville, Virginia, inabuka ndi chiwawa ndipo inayambitsa imfa, kusonyeza ngozi imene ingabuke pamene misonkhano yachigawo ipikisana.

Zopinga Zazachuma ndi Zamakhalidwe

Si aliyense amene angatenge nawo mbali m’misonkhano. Anthu opeza ndalama zochepa angasoŵe nthaŵi kapena chuma choyendera ku zionetsero. Makolo angayang’anizane ndi mavuto a ana. Anthu olumala kaŵirikaŵiri amakumana ndi malo osafikirika.

Ntchito ya Zipangizo

Zipangizo zamakono zasintha kwambiri mmene misonkhano imalinganizidwira, kuyendetsedwa, ndiponso mmene imaonekera.

Kutsekeredwa pa Intaneti ndi Kuonetsedwa Kwachiwawa

Masiteshoni a makompyuta a za makompyuta tsopano ali maziko okonzera misonkhano yaikulu. Kuyambira pa Facebook ku Alab Spring mpaka Twitter ulusi wa Black Live Matter, makompyuta amatheketsa kuti anthu azigwirizana mofulumira, moyenerera. Hashtags amatumikira monga malo ogwirizanitsa anthu ofalikira m’madera osiyanasiyana kuti agwirizane pa chifukwa chimodzi. Komabe, mapulatifomu amayang'anizananso ndi kutsutsidwa kwa maromyactic of the projectives kapena kuimika nkhani zimene zimalinganiza mapwando otsutsana.

Misonkhano ndi Mawonekedwe Ophika

Mliri wa Chovid-19 unawonjezera kusintha ku misonkhano yapa Intaneti, kuphatikizapo mahotela a pa Intaneti, maholo a tauni, ndi zionetsero . Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zimapereka njira yosonkhanira pamene kusonkhana kwa thupi kwaletsedwa, iwo alibe mphamvu ndi mphamvu ya kuonekera kwa anthu. Mafilimu amene amaphatikizapo kutsutsa kwa pa Intaneti ndi kutsutsa kwakuthupi tsopano ndi ofala, kulola kutengamo mbali kwambiri pamene akuchepetsa maupandu a thanzi. Komabe misonkhano imachititsanso mafunso okhudza kusanthula malo ndi kugaŵana kwa manambala kwa magetsi [1] Amene alibe Intaneti yodalirika amachotsedwa.

Kulemba Nkhani Mobisa Ndiponso Kukhala Wotetezeka

Olinganiza amagwiritsira ntchito ma aplogalamu olembedwa mobisa monga ngati Signal kapena Telegram kukonzekera misonkhano, kuchepetsa upandu wa kuyang’anira. Mafilimu otsutsa ayamba kupeŵa mtsogoleri mmodzi amene angalakwidwe. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, maboma afuna kuti zipinda zapambuyo zilembedwe mobisa mawu, akutsutsana kuti afunikira kupezeka kuti apeŵe upandu kapena upandu. Kulimbana pakati pa chisungiko ndi zachinsinsi kuli kwamphamvu kwambiri makamaka polinganiza msonkhano.

Kuchuluka kwa Zinthu ndi Kusonkhanitsa Zinthu

Akuluakulu a boma angalembe anthu opanga nawo misonkhano kudzera m'mametam, malo a telefoni, ndi malo a makompyuta. Mkati mwa 2020 George Floyd chionetsero, Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security ya United States inagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta kuchokera ku kusatsa malonda a m'magalimoto ndi a za makompyuta kuyang'anira zionetsero, kukweza nkhaŵa za ufulu wa anthu. ACLU inalemba umboni wofala wokhudza anthu amene angatenge nawo mbali. Popanda chitetezo champhamvu, tekinoloji ingachititse kuti ufulu wa anthu ukhale ngati wathayo.

Kufufuza za Matenda

Kupenda misonkhano ina kumasonyeza mmene njira zoyenerera zimagwirira ntchito, njira zimene olinganiza amagwiritsa ntchito, ndi zotsatira zake.

Malichi (2017)

Pa tsiku limene Pulezidenti Donald Trump anapatulidwa, March , inakhala chimodzi cha zionetsero zazikulu koposa m'mbiri ya United States, zinajambula anthu pafupifupi 4-5 miliyoni m'dziko lonselo ndi anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ogwirizana padziko lonse. Chochitikachi chinalinganizidwa makamaka kudzera m'manyuzipepala a anthu ndipo chinadalira pa mabungwe a anthu odzifunira. Chinachititsa kuti akazi aziganizira ufulu wawo wodzifunira. Chiweruzo cha pakati pa akazi, chilungamo cha kubala, kusintha zinthu, ndi fuko. Movuta, ulendo wa makaya audzu anayambitsa kamangidwe kamangidwe kaufa, kochititsa kuti akazi azithamanga m'mangirana mu 2018. Komabe, mikangano ya pakati pa anthu otsogolera ndi ogwirizana ndi anthu audindo inagogomezera mavuto a kukhazikitsa umodzi m'madera lalikulu.

Miyoyo Yakuda Ili ndi Nthano Zochititsa Chidwi (2020)

Kuphedwa kwa George Floyd ndi apolisi a Minneapolis kunayambitsa gulu la chitsutso chachikulu koposa m'mbiri ya United States, ndi kuyerekezera kwa otengamo 15-26 miliyoni pa chiŵerengero chapamwamba. Misonkhano inali yodabwitsa chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa anthu, kuphatikizapo anthu a mafuko onse ndi misinkhu. Olinganiza anagwiritsira ntchito njira zomangira, zobisika, zobisika, ndi za pa Intaneti zokhala ndi moyo kuti zigwirizane ndi kukhazikitsa zochitika. Kutsutsana kokakamiza kwa apolisi, kunapangitsa kusintha kwa malamulo (m. g., ziletso za kutsa malonda, kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama zopezera njira zina zoloŵa m’chitaganya), ndi kusinthanso malingaliro a anthu pa chiweruzo chautundu. Komabe anakumananso ndi mayankhiridwe achiwawa, kuphatikizapo kulira misozi, zipolopolo, ndi malamulo, kukweza mafunso ponena za malamulo oletsa nkhondo.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo (209)

Ouziridwa ndi wochirikiza Sweden Greta Thinberg, kuukira kwa nyengo kwa achichepere kunasonkhezera mamiliyoni a ophunzira kuchokera ku makalasi pa Lachisanu. Chiyambukiro cha Global Climate Attall mu September 2019 chinaloŵetsamo anthu oyerekezeredwa kukhala 7.6 miliyoni m'maiko 185. Misonkhano imeneyi inali yodziŵika chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwawo kwa mitundu yonse ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mapulatifomu kugawana zinthu ndi mawu. Kuukirako kunakakamiza maboma kulengeza zadzidzidzi ndi kufulumizitsa malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti mphamvu yeniyeni ya kutulutsa mpweya ikali kupikisana, kusintha kwa nyengo yokwezeka kuchititsa madongosolo andale zadziko ndipo kunathandiza madongosolo onga Sunipe Project ndi Kupanduka. Misonkhanoyi inayang'anizananso ndi kusuliridwa chifukwa chosoŵa ndi kusokonezedwa kwa mapangano, koma inasonyeza mphamvu ya achichepere ya kulinganiza mapangano a kuzungulira m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Kumaliza

Kuyenera kwa msonkhano kudakali chinthu chofunika kwambiri cha ulamuliro wa democracy. Kumalola nzika kulankhula motsutsana, kumanga mgwirizano, ndi kusintha kwa zinthu. Kuchokera kulimbana kwa olemba mabuku ndi ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe kufikira ku magulu amakono a chiweruzo ndi kachitidwe ka nyengo, misonkhano yasinthanso zitaganya. Komabe ufulu umenewu uli pansi pa chitsenderezo, malamulo oletsa, ndi kusagwirizana kwa anthu. Kuteteza sikumangofuna kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma okha komanso kuonetsetsa, kulinganiza malamulo alamulo, ndi madongosolo a zamakono amene amaika ufulu wa anthu. M'nyengo ya kukwera kwa mayiko ndi kusokonezeka kwa magetsi, kuteteza kutha kukumana mwamtendere nkofunika kwambiri kuposa kale lonse kuti anthu akhale ndi thanzi la demokrase.