Malamulo a boma ali ndi makonzedwe amene amalamulira ufulu wosankha ndi masankho. Malamulo ameneŵa angasiyane kwambiri kuchokera ku boma ndi lina, kukonza mmene masankho amachitidwira ndi amene angaloŵe nawo. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a U.S. amakhazikitsa zitetezero za malamulo otetezera zinthu. Monga lamulo loletsa misonkho kudzera pa Khirisishoni ya 24 ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a akazi kudzera pa defasiti ya 19th Reconsolement . Imasiya kwambiri ulamuliro wa masankhoti ku mayiko. Monga chotulukapo chake, malamulo a boma akhala malo aakulu a ufulu wosankha, kusankhidwa, kukhulupirika, ndi kulowa kwa osunga mapepala. Kumvetsetsa zimene mapepalawa amanena ndi mmene amasiyanirana ndi mmene aliri ofunika kwa aliyense wogwira ntchito m'masankhiri, malamulo, kapena kukhazikitsa boma.

Maziko a Kupereka Thandizo m’Zigawo za ku United States

Unansi pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma a m'lamulo la chisankho wafotokozedwa ndi Malamulo a U.S. Chigawo I, Chigawo 4 chimapereka mphamvu yokhazikitsa "Nthaŵi, Malo ndi Maner wa kusankhira a Senator ndi Oimira," woyang'anira kukhazikitsa. Nthumwi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti malamulo a boma ndiwo malamulo oyambirira osonyeza zoyenera zosankha ndi njira zosankhira boma ndi masankhoti. Makhoti a boma amaloŵerera kokha pamene malamulo a boma aswa chitetezo cha boma, monga ngati chitetezo cha Clausle kapena Chiletso cha Ufulumiko cha Malamulo.

Mbiri Yakale ndi Chigawo Chogawikana

Kuchokera pamene dziko linakhazikitsidwa, maboma anaikidwa pafupi ndi zonse zofunikira kuvota. Zofunika za kukhala ndi katundu, mayeso achipembedzo, ndi kuchotsa mafuko zinali zofala m'malamulo akale a boma. Mpando wa 15 wa Amereka (1870) unaletsa tsankho la mafuko posankha, koma unatenga pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi la kupeka ndi malamulo a boma zisanakhazikitse mfundo za chitetezo zimenezi. Malamulo 17 Demendment (1913) anasintha U.S. masankhoti kuchokera ku malamulo a boma kuvoti otchuka, kuwonjezeranso udindo wa malamulo a boma pa mavoti a voti. Lerolino, malamulo a boma akupitirizabe kukonza, kupereka nkhani zonga zofunikira zamakono monga zovota, kuvota, ndi kulembetsa kwa odzipanga.

Chifukwa Chake Malamulo a Boma Ali Ofunika Koposa Kale Lonse

M’zaka makumi aposachedwapa, malamulo a boma akhala ofunika kwambiri monga zida zotetezera ufulu wovota, makamaka pamene chitetezo cha boma chafooka kapena chachepa. Maboma ena asintha malamulo awo kuti aphatikizapo kuvomereza ufulu wovota umene umapitirira lamulo la boma, pamene kuli kwakuti ena akhazikitsa njira zolowera. Kusiyanasiyana kwa njira za kuvota kumatanthauza kuti wosankhayo akumane ndi zinthu . Ndi chitetezo chalamulo chimene amachipeza mwachisawawa cha dziko limene amaitanira kumudzi. Kwa akuluakulu a masankhoti ndi opanga malamulo, kupitirizabe kukhalabe pa malamulo a boma, n’konzekeretse kuvomerezedwa ndi kusankhidwa kosalakwika.

Kupereka Ufulu wa Kuvomereza Zitsimikiziro m’Malamulo a Boma

Malamulo ambiri a boma amavomereza kuyenera kwa kuvota m’mtundu winawake, koma ukulu ndi kulongosoka kwa zitsimikizo zimenezi zimasiyana kwambiri. Mayiko ena amaika malamulo aakulu, inde pa ufulu wawo, pamene ena akuphatikizapo makonzedwe ovotera m'nkhani zoperekedwa kwa masankho ndi kutsutsa. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri posankha ngati malamulo a chisankho cha boma angatsutsidwe kukhala osakhala alamulo pansi pa malamulo a boma.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ufulu wa Anthu

Maboma ambiri ali ndi malamulo amene amatsimikizira kuti ali ndi ufulu wosankha. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a ku Oregon, Illinois, ndi New York ali ndi chinenero chonena kuti " nzika iliyonse" ili ndi ufulu wosankha. Komabe, malamulo ambiri a boma amasiya kulephera kuvomereza mfundo zomveka, m’malo mwake amatchula ziyeneretso za kuvota . . . . . . . . . Makhoti amasulira kuphatikiza kwa anthu kuti akhale ndi ufulu wosankha, koma kuti apereke chilolezo choyenera kuvota.

Kutsutsa Claus Kuposa Chiyeneretso cha Maboma

Malamulo ambiri a boma amaletsa poyera tsankho posankha anthu a fuko, akazi kapena amuna, mtundu, kapena kalelo, kuonetsa madeti a 15 ndi 19 Amendment. Mayiko ena amawonjezeranso zipembedzo, mtundu, kapena kupunduka. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a California amatsimikizira kuti ufulu wosankha suyenera kukanidwa kapena kuletsedwa chifukwa cha fuko, fuko, chiwerewere, kapena kupunduka. Malamulo amenewa angathandizenso kuyang'anira anthu osankhidwa ndi boma, ngakhale pamene malamulo a boma alephera.

Kuyenera kwa Kuvala Balet Yachinsinsi

Chitetezo chovuta m'malamulo ambiri a boma ndicho chitsimikiziro cha chilolezo cha chinsinsi cha pepala lovomerezeka. Malamulo ameneŵa, opezeka m'malamulo a maboma onga Massachusetts, New York, ndi Texas, amatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene angasunge kapena kusonkhezera mavoti a munthu. Chisankho chachinsinsicho chimaonedwa kukhala chofunika kwambiri kuti chiletse kuopseza ndi kukakamiza. Popanda icho, ovota angaope kubwezera zimene anthu sakufuna, kusokoneza kukhulupirika kwa masankhoti.

Kukhoza Kusintha: Zaka, Kupatsidwa Ufulu, Kukhala Nzika, ndi Kulembetsa

Malamulo a boma amalongosola mokulira zofunika za kuvomerezedwa kwa ovota. Pamene kuli kwakuti zina za zofunika zimenezi nzogwirizana m’maboma onse ndi zaka, mwachitsanzo, zokhala ndi malo okhala, makamaka utali wa malo okhala, masiku olembetsa, ndi zoyenera zovotera za anthu okhala ndi zigamulo zakale.

Zaka ndi Zofunika za Kusintha

Pafupifupi malamulo alionse a boma amakhazikitsa zaka zongosankha pa 18, mogwirizana ndi Kusintha kwa 26 kwa Lamulo la U.S. Ziyeneretso, kumbali ina, zimasiyana. Maboma ambiri amafuna wovota kukhala nzika ya boma ndi chigawo cha masankho a nyengo yoikidwiratu asanasankhe. Maboma ena, mofanana ndi Alabama, amafuna masiku 30 okhala m’chigawocho, pamene ena amafuna zochepa monga masiku 10. Mayiko angapo, kuphatikizapo North Dakota, alibe chiyeneretso chalamulo chakukhalako, ndipo salola kuvota kulembetsa kokha pamalo ochitira voti pa Ksantala pa Tsiku la Kuvota.

Kukhala Nzika ndi Kulembetsa

Maboma onse amafuna kuti ovota akhale nzika za United States, koma njira imene chiyeneretso chimenechi chaikidwa mosiyanasiyana. Malamulo ena a boma amaika malire oyenerera ku "zipembedzo," pamene kuli kwakuti ena amangofuna ovota kukhala "okhalamo" kapena "oimira". M'mayiko amene muli ufulu wosankha anthu akwanuko. Osati kusankhidwa ndi boma, monga Maryland, kumene makampani ena amalola anthu osagwirizana kuvota m'mavoti m'mabungwe [1] Malamulo a boma ayenera kufotokozedwa mosamala kuti apeŵe mikangano. Zofunikanso kugwirizanitsa zimasiyana: zina zimafuna kulembetsa kuŵerengera masiku angapo asanavote, pamene kuli kwakuti ena monga Idaho, Illino, ndi California [1] Opass pulogalamu yofanana pa malo opatula.

Kusemphana Kochititsa Chidwi: A State- By- State Pat Common

Imodzi ya mbali zazikulu kwambiri za kusiyana ndiko ufulu wosankha anthu amene anali ndi zigamulo zakale. Malamulo a U.S. amalola kuletsa kuvota kuti "kugamulapo m'chipanduko, kapena upandu wina" (14th Amend Amend Referance, Chigawo 2). Monga chotulukapo, malamulo a boma amasintha kwambiri: anthu ena opatulidwa ndi opambulidwa chifukwa cha kugamulidwa kwa maukwati ena, pamene ena abwezeretsa ufulu wovota atamaliza chigamulo. Vermont ndi Maine ali odziŵika chifukwa cha kulola aliyense, kuphatikizapo anthu omangidwa, kuvota. Monga 2024, Aamereka 4.6 miliyoni amasudzulidwa chifukwa cha kutsimikiza kokhala ndi chikhulupiriro, mogwirizana ndi projekiti ya Florida. Monga Florida yasintha malamulo awo kuti abwezeretse ufulu wosankha ndi kubwezera anthu ambiri a m’mbuyo, koma asintha malamulo oyendetsedwa bwino ndi operekedwa ndi malamulo operekedwa.

Kupikisana ndi Ziletso za Umoyo wa Maganizo

Malamulo angapo a boma amaphatikizapo makonzedwe olepheretsa anthu kusanthula "mwamwambo kusayenerera". Makonzedwe ameneŵa akutsutsidwa mowonjezereka kukhala achikale ndi kuphwanya malamulo. Maboma ambiri asintha malamulo ameneŵa, koma ena amasunga chilankhulo chalamulo chimene chimalola makhoti kuchotsa ufulu wosankha kwa anthu oyang’aniridwa. M’zaka zaposachedwapa zakhala zogwirizana ndi kulephera kusanthula, ndi maboma onga Delaware ndi Washington kukhazikitsa malamulo awo kutsimikizira kuti kupunduka kwa maganizo kokha sindiko maziko a kuchotsapo kulephera kusanthula.

Kuvomerezedwa kwa Malamulo a Boma

Kuwonjezera pa ufulu wovota, malamulo a boma nthawi zambiri amalamula kuti pakhale masankho, kuyambira pa nthawi ya masankho mpaka pa nthawi yopanga masankho komanso njira zovota.

Kusankha Nthawi ndi Kuchuluka

Malamulo ambiri a boma amakhazikitsa ndandanda ya masankho aakulu ndi ofala. Maboma ambiri amachita masankho onse pa Lachiwiri loyamba pambuyo pa Lolemba loyamba mu November, mogwirizana ndi masankho a boma. Komabe, nthaŵi ya ma primes, masankho a boma, ndi masankho apadera imasiyanasiyana. Malamulo ena amafuna kuti boma lonse ndi masankho a kumaloko zikhale patsiku limodzimodzilo, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amalola kusintha. Makonzedwe ameneŵa a kubwerera: masankhoti ogwirizana angachepetse kutopa kwa wovota ndi kuwongolera mbali.

Kukonza ndi Kusangalatsa kwa Chigawo

Malamulo ambiri a boma ali ndi malamulo atsatanetsatane opangira malamulo ndi zigawo za mabungwe. Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna kuti zigawo zikhale zogwirizana, zogwirizana, ndi za anthu ofanana. Maboma ena, monga Iowa ndi California, ali ndi makonzedwe alamulo okhazikitsa makhonsati odziimira okha ochepetsa oimira gerrymanider. Ena, kuphatikizapo malamulo a boma ambiri ovomerezedwa m’zaka za zana la 19, ali ndi magaŵano amene akhala atha ntchito, omwe atsogolera ku ku kuyambitsa ndi kukonzanso. Chiyeneso cha nthaŵi ya Redifici kukhazikitsa ndi kusintha.

Kupanga ndi Kutulutsa Mabuku

Makonzedwe a Ballot angaoneke ngati tsatanetsatane wa luso, koma angakhudze kwambiri ngati mavoti akuikidwa ndi kuŵerengedwa. Malamulo ena a boma amalamula mtundu wa osankha, kufuna kuti ofunsira andandalitsidwe ndi ofesi m’njira yofanana. Ena amalola mapepala osankha, makina ovotera amagetsi, kapena zonse ziŵiri. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa voti yosankhidwa yapadera kukukula, ndi malamulo a boma nthaŵi zina amafuna chilolezo chalamulo chotsimikizirika chisanagwiritsiridwe ntchito.

Kutsimikiza ndi Kuthetsa Mikangano

Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa njira zotsimikizira zotsatira za masankho ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Malamulo ambiri amakhazikitsa nthaŵi imene payenera kuchitika zinthu zotsutsana ndi kupereka njira yopangira zigamulo zotsutsana mwa kuŵerengera kapena kutsatizana. Makonzedwe ameneŵa ngofunika kwambiri m'masankho apafupi, kumene ngakhale kulakwa kwapang'ono kungayambukire zotsatira zake. Mayiko ena, monga Texas, ali ndi chinenero chalamulo chimene chimalemba ntchito ya bwanamkubwa yosankha a pulezidenti, njira imene yapendedwa m'zaka zaposachedwapa.

Ntchito ya Boma ndi Akuluakulu a Zisankho

Malamulo a boma amalongosolanso amene ali ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa masankho ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a kuvota.

Malo Obisira a Boma ndi Mabungwe Osankha

M'mayiko ambiri, mlembi wa boma ndi mkulu wa masankho, koma ukulu wa ulamuliro wawo umasiyana. Malamulo ena a boma amapatsa alembi a mphamvu zazikulu za boma kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuyang'anira masankho, pamene ena amachepetsa ntchito yawo kuti alandire ndi kukhazikitsa. Maboma ambiri ali ndi makomiti a kusankha, opangidwa ndi magulu ambiri, kutsimikizira kuti ayang'anira mabutipartisan. Mabungwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi malamulo, kutanthauza kuti mphamvu zawo sizingasinthidwe ndi malamulo wamba.

Abusa a Maboma ndi a Makampani

Akuluakulu a chisankho cha kumaloko .Akalaliki a m'chigawo kapena mabungwe a chisankho , ali ndi thayo la ntchito za tsiku la chisankho, kuphatikizapo kulembetsa, kufunsira malo ogwirira ntchito, ndi kuŵerengera. Malamulo a boma nthaŵi zina amafuna kuti akuluakulu a boma ameneŵa asankhidwe mmalo mwa kuikidwa, kutsimikizira kuti ayang'anitsidwe ndi boma. Digiri ya ufulu imene amasangalala nayo kuchokera ku uyang'aniro ndi nkhani yobwerezabwereza m'lamulo la chisankho, makamaka ponena za kulowa ndi makina osanthula crex.

Kutsutsana kwa m’Za m’Za m’Zaka za M’tsogolo ndi Malamulo a Malamulo

Malamulo a boma ndi a m'makalata a m'dziko, okonzedwanso nthaŵi zonse kuti asonyeze malamulo ndi luso la zopangapanga. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, makambitsirano ambiri otsatizana ndi malamulo a boma akhudza kusintha kwa malamulo ogwirizana ndi kuvota.

Muzikhala ndi Malamulo a Chikalata

Maboma ambiri amafuna ovota kupereka zizindikiritso pa mavotiwo, koma kulunjika kwa malamulo ameneŵa kumasiyana kwambiri. Malamulo ena a boma amavomereza mwachindunji kapena kufuna kuti muvoti akhale ndi dzina la ovota, pamene ena amangotumiza nkhaniyo kwa nyumba yovomerezeka. Mkangano wa ovota ID kaŵirikaŵiri umatsutsa nkhani za kutetezeka kwa chisankho pa nkhani za kutsendereza wovota. Malinga ndi National Conference of State Legislatures, monga mu 2024, 36 maboma ali ndi malamulo a voti a ovota, ndi kupempha 21 kutumiza inteo. Malamulo a boma angakonzekeretse kapena kuwonjezera kapena kuletsa ziyenetso zimenezi, monga momwe mavoti ena achitira kupyolera ku zoyesayesa za boma.

Kufalitsa Makalata Pamsanga Ndiponso Pamsanga

Mliri wa CovID-19 unawonjezera kuvomerezedwa kwa kuvota koyamba ndi kuvota, koma malamulo a njira zimenezi amasiyana. Malamulo ena a boma amavomereza mosabisa kusasankha makalata, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amaletsa kuvota kuti kukhale kosiyana kwa magulu a ovota. M'mayiko onga Colorado, Oregon, ndi Washington, kuvota ndi kovomerezeka kwa makalata ndi mwambo, ndipo malamulo a boma amasulira kuti achirikize. Maboma ena amafuna chifukwa, monga ngati matenda kapena kusoŵa kwa boma pa Tsiku la Fraction. Zoyesayesa kuwonjezera kapena kuvomereza ntchito yosankha ikufuna kuti lamulo lizindike, monga momwe malamulo wamba angakhudzire ngati kutsutsana ndi chinenero chalamulo.

Kulemba Malo Opanga Matambula Mwachibadwa

Maboma oposa 20 tsopano ali ndi chilolezo cha ovota (AVR), amene amalembetsa nzika zoyenerera pamene agwirizana ndi galimoto kapena mabungwe ena a boma. Maboma ena agwirizanitsa AVR ndi kukonzedwa kwa lamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti ena agwiritsira ntchito mwalamulo. Maziko a AVR aikidwa m'manja mwa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma kukhazikitsa njira zolembera. Otsutsa nthaŵi zina amatsutsa kuti AVR imaswa malamulo a lamulo ofunikira kulembetsa mwaufulu, koma makhoti ambiri amaichirikiza monga malamulo oyenera a kachitidwe kasankho.

Kuyerekezera Malamulo a Boma

Malamulo aŵiri a boma sachita chisankho ndi chisankho mofanana, koma pakuyerekezera mavotiwo, pamakhala njira zazikulu.

Maboma okhala ndi Maforamenti Opangidwa Molongosoka

Mayiko ena, monga California ndi New York, ali ndi malamulo atsatanetsatane kwambiri ophatikizapo njira zonse zovomerezeka ndi zovomerezeka ndi mapulani a masankho. Malamulo atsatanetsatane ameneŵa amapereka chitetezo champhamvu pa ufulu wosankha komanso angakhale ovuta, kupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kusintha zinthu zatsopano popanda kusintha kogwirizana ndi malamulo. Maboma ameneŵa amakhala ndi osankha ambiri owonjezereka ndi mikangano yochepa pa masankho.

Maboma Olankhula Chinenero Chochepa Chosankha

Mayiko ena, monga Nevada ndi South Dakota, ali ndi makonzedwe achidule a lamulo pa masankho, kupereka tsatanetsatane wambiri kwa nyumba ya malamulo. Njira imeneyi imapereka kusintha kosavuta, kulola malamulo a chisankho kusintha mosavuta potsatira kusintha kwa mikhalidwe. Komabe, zingasiyenso akuluakulu a boma ndi masankho osatsimikizira za ufulu wawo. M'maboma ameneŵa, malamulo a chisankho ali osavuta kwambiri kusinthasintha m'maboma.

Tsogolo la Kupatsa Boma Ufulu

Malamulo a boma adzapitirizabe kukhala maziko a mkangano wonena za ufulu wosankha ndi kukhulupirika m’masankho.

Zochita za Kusintha Kotsatira Lamulo

Makampani amagwiritsira ntchito njira yoyambirira ya kutumiza malamulo a boma pankhani za kuvota. Zoyesayesa zaposachedwapa zakhazikitsa makomiti odzisankhira osankha, kulembetsa kwa ovota okha, ndi kuvota kosankhidwa. Masinthidwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amapatula malamulo a boma, kusonyeza chikhumbo cha anthu cha kulamulira malamulo a chisankho. Brennan Center for Justice akunena kuti kusintha kwa malamulo alamulo kungapereke chitetezo champhamvu kuposa lamulo la malamulo chifukwa chakuti iwo ali ovuta kwambiri kuchotsaponso.

Chiyambukiro cha Kufalitsa

Makhoti a boma ayamba kumasulira zitsimikizo za kuvota za boma, kaŵirikaŵiri akufikira zigamulo zosiyana kuposa makhoti a boma. Posoŵa chitetezo champhamvu cha boma, makhoti aakulu mowonjezereka amaonedwa kukhala opereka ufulu wosankha pakati pawo. Zimenezi zikugogomezera kufunika kwa mapangano achiweruzo kuti apereke mabwalo aakulu a milandu ndi kufunika kwa ochirikiza lamulo kuti agwirizane bwino m'lamulo la boma.

Kumvetsa zimene malamulo a boma amanena pa nkhani ya kuvota ndi masankho si ntchito yamaphunziro ayi. N’kofunika kwa aliyense amene amachititsa masankho, kuchirikiza ufulu wovota, kapena kungofuna kukhala ndi phande lanzeru m'dongosolo la demokalase. Pamene kusintha kwa malo a boma, malamulo a boma adzakhalabe maziko a lamulo la chisankho cha ku America .