Malamulo amathandiza pa maziko a malamulo ndi malamulo oteteza. Kumvetsa mfundo zotsatizana ndi ntchito za m'khoti kumathandiza kwambiri anthu ndi madokotala omwe amatsata malamulo. Ngakhale kuti malamulo ake amasiyana pakati pa makhoti ndi boma, ntchito zazikulu zachiŵeniŵeni ndi zaupandu sizisinthasintha. Kufufuza kumeneku kumafufuza njira yoyambira kuyambitsa zochita, potsatira chigamulo chake chomaliza, kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira zolowera njira zoyendetsera ndi zolowera njira za khotilo.

Maziko a Chilango ndi Kusintha

Asanapereke chitsutso chalamulo chilichonse chokhudzana ndi mlanduwo, khoti liyenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro womvera mlandu. Ulamuliro umenewu wagawidwa m’zigamulo ziŵiri zosiyana: ulamuliro ndi malo. Khoti liyenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro waumwini pa zipani ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba pa mkanganowo. Ulamuliro wa munthu aliyense ukutanthauza mphamvu ya khoti pa woimbidwa mlandu, zimene ziyenera kukhala zoikidwa pansi pa malamulo amphamvu a boma la likulu ndi malamulo a Claus of the 145 Reformation. Woimba mlanduyo ayenera kukhala ndi kugwirizana kokwanira ndi boma loterolo la milandu yosakhumudwitsana ndi kuseŵera ndi chilungamo chachikulu.

Zigamulo za unzika ndi kutsutsana, zimasonya ku ulamuliro wa khoti kukumva mtundu wina wa mlandu. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti a Federal, ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa ndipo angangomva nkhani zokhudza nkhani za boma kapena nkhani zimene zili ndi kusiyana kwa unzika ndi malo, zikuposa $75,000. Makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wa onse ndipo angamve malo ambiri. Kugamulako kumakhazikitsidwa, kuyenera kusankha [[FL:0] kuweruza , kapena malo, kaamba ka kuweruza, kumene kuli kwakukulukulu kumene Mlandu amamangale kapena kumene zochitika zopereka kutchukazo zimachitika. Kumvetsa bwino kwa maziko ameneŵa kuli kofunika, monga kusoŵa kwa ufulu uliwonse. Khoti laumwini liyenera kuweruza laumwini. [FFOT]

Zimene Zikuyambitsa Nkhondoyi: Chitsogozo cha Mtsogoleri

Kudandaula ndi Kufotokoza Mwachidule

Chiyambi chalamulo cha mlandu chikuyamba ndi [[FLT: 0] kuvumbula chidandaulo cha kudandaula ndi mtsogoleri. Kudandaula ndiko kuchonderera kwakukulu kumene kumatchula mawu a mtumwi otsutsa. Kuyenera kukhala ndi mawu achidule ndi omveka a ulamuliro wa bwalo, mawu achidule ndi omveka akusonyeza kuti wodandaulayo ali woyenera kutha, ndi kufunidwa kwa chiweruzo. Muyezo wamakono, wovomerezedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FL:] Bell Atlantictic. v. V. FL: [F:] ndi [FL:]

Pamene alemba, khotilo lipereka malumbiro, amene ali chikalata chodziŵitsa woimbidwa mlandu kuti akuimbidwa mlandu ndipo ayenera kuyankha mkati mwa nthaŵi yoikika, kaŵirikaŵiri masiku 21 a milandu ya boma. Malengezo ndi kudandaula ziyenera kuperekedwa moyenerera kwa woimbidwa mlanduyo mogwirizana ndi Lamulo 4 la Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Utumiki wosayenerera ungachititse kuchotsedwa kwa kachitidweko.

Yankho ndi Zotetezera Zotsimikizirika

Atapatsidwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kukonza yankho kuyankha chinenezo chilichonse pa dandaulolo. Yankho liyenera kuvomereza, kukana, kapena kunena kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo alibe chidziŵitso chokwanira kuvomereza kapena kukana chinenezo chilichonse. Kulephera kukana chinenezocho kungachitidwe ngati akuvomera. Kuwonjezera apo, yankholo liyenera kutsimikiza chitetezo chilichonse chotsimikizirika, monga lamulo la kulephera, la kulephera, la kasulidwe, kapena lowonjezera. Kukana zimenezi kumatayidwa ngati sikunabwerezedwe m'kuyankha koyamba.

M’malo moyankha, woimbidwa mlandu angalembe kachitidwe ka asanayankhe kuti achotse. Lamulo 12(b) la FRCP limandandalika maziko otchulirapo ochotsera, kuphatikizapo kusoŵeka kwa ulamuliro wa munthu wotchuka, kusoŵa ulamuliro wa munthu, malo osayenerera, kusakwanira, kapena kulephera kukhazikitsa mawu amene angapereke chithandizo. Kachitidwe koletsa kulephera kulongosola mawu, otchedwa [12] (6) (kuyendetsa zinthu , kuyesa kukwanira kwa lamulo kwa kudandaulako.

Kutulukira

Nthawi zambiri, cholinga chachikulu cha kutulukira n’chakuti anthu onse apeze mfundo zofunika kwambiri pokonzekera nkhani zawo. Ndi njira yodziwika bwino imene anthu amasinthana umboni ndi chidziŵitso chogwirizana ndi mfundo zogwirizana ndi zofuna zawo. Cholinga chachikulu cha kutulukira n’chakuti athetse kudabwa ndi kutsimikizira kuti onse aŵiriwo ali ndi mfundo zofunika kukonzekera nkhani zawo. Kutulukira zinthu kumafotokozedwa mokulira monga nkhani iliyonse yosayenerera yokhudzana ndi chipani kapena chitetezo ndi kuchotsapo za mlanduwo. Khoti limalingalira mfundo zingapo pamene akupenda kufunika kwake, kuphatikizaponso kufunika kwa nkhani, ndalama, ndi ndalama zokayikitsa, kapena zokanira, zopezedwa, kapena zokayikitsa.

Zipangizo Zofufuzira

  • Kudziwitsa: Mafunso olembedwa operekedwa kwa gulu lotsutsanalo limene liyenera kuyankhidwa pansi pa lumbiro. Malamulo a Federal amaletsa ofunsa mafunso 25, kuphatikizapo mbali zaing’ono.
  • Mapempho kaamba ka Kutulutsidwa kwa Zolembedwa (RFPD): Pempho zofunafuna kupangidwa kwa zikalata, chidziŵitso chosungidwa pa kompyuta (ESI), kapena zinthu zenizeni za m'chigwirizano cha chipani cholabadira, kusunga, kapena kulamulira.
  • Mapangano a Adjug (RFS): Mawu otumikira pa wotsutsanayo amene anawapempha kuvomereza kapena kukana chowonadi cha mfundo zakutizakuti kapena kuwona kwa zolembedwa. RF yalinganizidwa kuchepetsa nkhani za kuzenga mlandu.

Malo

Malo oikidwiratu amaphatikizapo kusanthula kwa pakamwa kwa mboni ya kulumbira, kochitidwa kunja kwa khoti. Umboniwo umalembedwa ndi mtolankhani wa khoti ndipo ungagwiritsiridwe ntchito pa kuzengedwa mlandu kapena monga umboni waung’ono ngati umboni supezeka. Malolezo amalola maloya kupenda kukhulupirika kwa mboni ndi kutseka m'malolezo poyambirira pa ntchito ya kugamula mlandu. Mapangano a Corporate, olamuliridwa ndi [[FLT: 0] 30 (b) (6) [FLT] [12:1], kufuna gulu lopereka umboni kwa kaumboni pa nkhani zake zenizeni. Opatulako amasuliza, monga momwe amalola uphungu wotsutsa kupenda zifukwa za malingaliro a akatswiri.

Umboni wa Kutulukira ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

M'malo alamulo amakono, umboni wochuluka kwambiri ndi mlingo wa . Umboni waubwino sumafuna. Umboni ukhoza kuchititsa zilolezo, kusungidwa, kusonkhanitsa, ndi kutulutsidwa kwa chidziŵitso chosungidwa mwa kompyuta, kuphatikizapo maimail, mauthenga a m'zolemba, makampani a za anthu, ndi metadata. Magawo ayenera kutenga njira zoyenerera zosungira ESI pamene liŵiro lakuyembekezeredwa bwino. Umboni ukhoza kuchititsa ziletso, kuphatikizapo malangizo otsutsa kapena chiweruzo chopanda malire. Kupezedwa kwa ESI kumaika katundu wofunika pa zigawenga, kufunikira kusungitsa ndi kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha chidziŵitso. Kupezedwako kuyenera kufotokozedwa mokulira ndipo kuyenera kukhala kofotokozedwa [FT.]

Chizoloŵezi cha Kuyenda Pasadakhale

Asanafike poweruzidwa, mamembala kaŵirikaŵiri amaloŵa m'zochitika za kukonza nkhani za lamulo kapena kutaya mlandu wonse. kugwedeza dala ndi chimodzi chimene, ngati chiloledwa, chimathetsa nkhaniyo popanda kufunikira kuzenga mlandu.

Kusintha kwakukulu kokhudza zinthu ndiko chigamulo cha chiweruzo chachidule. Pansi pa Lamulo 56 a FRCP, chigamulo chachidule nchoyenera pamene gulu loyendalo lisonyeza kuti palibe mkangano weniweni ponena za mfundo iliyonse ya zinthu ndi kuti chigamulo cha m'malamulo. Gululo liyenera kuchirikiza kuyenda kwake mwa kutchula zinthu m’zolembedwa, zonga zosindikiza, zolemba, kapena zikalata. Gulu losayendalo liyenera kubwera ndi mfundo zenizeni zosonyeza kuti pali nkhani yeniyeni ya kuweruza. Chiŵeruzo nchipangizo champhamvu kuti tiperekeze mlanduwo. Khoti lidzapendanso zolembedwa za [FKB: FYP]

Njira zina zofunika za mayeso asanayambe zimaphatikizapo kutsata kwa tchuthi , kumene kumatokosa kulephera kwa umboni waluso, ndi zonena m'limine , zimene zimafuna kuchotsa umboni wina kuti usayambitsidwe pa kuzengedwa mlandu. Khoti limachita msonkhano womaliza wa asanaweruze kuti likhazikitse nkhani zoyesa ndi kulamulira pa mikangano iliyonse yoonekeratu.

Mmene Anaweruzira

Ngati mlanduwo ukhalabe wogwirizana ndi chiweruzo chachidule ndipo suthetsedwa mwa kuthetseratu kapena chigamulo china cha mkangano, umapitiriza kuzenga mlandu. Kuzenga mlanduko ndiko kuyesa umboni pamaso pa wopeza zenizeni, kaya woweruza (kuzenga mlandu) kapena juli. Kuzenga mlanduko kumatsatira dongosolo lotsimikizirika la zochitika zolinganizidwa kutsimikizira chilungamo ndi mchitidwe woyenerera.

Kusankha Jury

Ntchito inayamba ndi yowopsa, mkati mwa imene khoti ndi maloya amafunsa oyembekezera kukhala oweruza kuti atsimikizire kukhoza kwawo kukhala opanda tsankho. Oweruza angatsutsidwe chifukwa cha kukondera kapena tsankho. Chipani chilichonse chilinso ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha mavuto, amene amachilola kuukira ajuli popanda kupereka chifukwa. Komabe, kubwezera mavuto sikungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kusiyanitsa fuko kapena chisembwere, monga momwe kunayambira ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu . Batson.

Mawu Otsegulira ndi Chilango

Oweruza akangoikidwa pa kakonzedwe ka zinthu, maphwandowo amapereka milandu yawo. Woweruza (kapena woweruza m'nkhani yaupandu) amayamba ayamba, kupereka mawu otsegulira amene amatchula mfundo zimene akuyembekezera kutsimikizira. Mawu otsegulira sangakhale umboni, koma m’malo mwake mawu a m’njira ya ajuli. Woimbidwa mlandu angapereke mawu otsegulira mwamsanga pambuyo pa mapepala a mtsogoleri, kapena angasunge mawu awo kuti adzitetezere.

Plactiff kenaka akupereka kamutu-kamutu . Attorney angapange zitsutso zozikidwa pa malamulo a umboni, monga macheke, kapena kusoŵa maziko. Khoti limayang'anira zotsutsa zimenezi panthaŵi yeniyeni. Pamapeto pa mlandu wa mtsogoleri, woimbidwa mlanduyo angasunge lamulo la [[FLT:] monga lamulo la (MLL]) [FFT], longa ngati kulephera, kulephera kwa maziko.

Kumaliza Mawu ndi Mlandu

Magulu onse atatha kupuma, zipanizo zimapereka mfundo zotsutsa . Mawu otsegulira alola maloya kufotokoza mwachidule umboni ndi kutsutsa chifukwa chake ajuli ayenera kupeza. Woweruzayo amayamba apita, woimbidwa mlanduyo, ndipo wotsutsayo angapereke mkangano wotsutsana.

Khotilo kenaka limalangiza oweruza pa lamulo logwirizana (malangizo a jaji) ndi kuwapatsa mtundu wa chiweruzo. Oweruzawo amapuma pa chinsinsi. Ngati ajuli afikira chigamulo, amaŵerengedwa m’khoti lapoyera. Gulu lililonse lingapemphe kuti aphetse oweruzawo kuti atsimikizire chigamulocho. Pambuyo pa chigamulocho, khotilo limaloŵa m’chiweruzo chachigamulo [[FLT:] , chimene chimayambitsa madeti a ntchito zapambuyo paumboni ndi kuchonderera.

Kuyenda ndi Kukopana Pambuyo pa Kukwera

Chimaliziro cha mlanduwo sichikusonyeza mapeto a mlanduwo. Gulu lolephera lingamange njira zopitira mlandu pambuyo pa milandu kuukira chigamulo. Njira zofala kwambiri pambuyo pa mayeso ndizo zoyambiranso kuweruza monga nkhani ya lamulo [ (] [I]), imene imatsutsa kuti mlandu unali woipitsidwa ndi cholakwa chalamulo kapena khalidwe loipa. Khoti lili ndi ufulu waukulu poweruza milandu imeneyi.

Ngati njira zapambuyo pa milandu siimalephera, chipani cholephera chili ndi kuyenera kwa kufalitsa chiweruzo chomaliza ku khoti lapamwamba (khoti lopatsira). Chipanicho chikuika apilo ndicho appant , ndipo gulu lotsutsana ndilo lapatulapo [[FLT]] . Chikalatacho chiyenera kutumiza chidziŵitso cha apilo mkati mwa masiku 30 a kulowa m'khoti (m'khoti). Njira yotsutsa iri yosiyana kwambiri ndi kuzenga mlandu. Mmalo mwa kutumizanso mfundozo, magulu olembedwa kwachidule ku khoti lotsutsa mlandu. Malamulo olakwa. Malamulo a Sermella amaperekedwa ndi malamulo olakwika. [FFFFFF:]

Muyezo wa kubwereramo ndi wa lens imene khoti loweruza limayang'ana zigamulo za makhoti aang'ono. Mafunso a lamulo amapendedwanso de novo , kutanthauza khoti la audole losapereka kufupidwa kwa matanthauzo a khoti lozenga mlandu. Kupeza mfundo kumapendedwa kaamba ka chigamulo chachikale] , chimene chili muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri. Zigamu za kuperekedwa sizimabwereranso kwa kutsendedwa kwa nzeru za khoti. Gulu la oweruza milandu yosaipirapo. Gulu la Apulogalamulo limakhala ndi mfundo zolembedwa zimene zingaperekeze, kapena kubwereranso mlandu wa mlandu wambiri. M'nkhani ya mlandu wa kulephera kutchulapo 1.

Ogwira Ntchito Yothandiza Kwambiri ndi Ntchito Zawo Zabwino

Woweruza Woweruza

Woweruza ndi woweruza wa lamulo. Woweruza amalamulira pa zochitika za milandu isanayambe, amathetsa mikangano yoonekeratu panthaŵi ya mlandu, ndi kulangiza ajuli pa lamulo. M'kuzengedwa mlandu pa ben, woweruza amatumikira monga wopeza umboni, kupenda umboni ndi kutulukira zenizeni ndi zigamulo za lamulo. Mbali ya woweruzayo ndiyo kutsimikizira kuti mlanduwo ukhale wolungama, wadongosolo, ndi wogwira ntchito bwino.

Jury

Oweruza ali ongopeka m'nkhani ya oweruza. Oweruza amapatsidwa mlandu wopenda kudalirika kwa mboni, kupenda umboni, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo monga momwe analangizidwira ndi woweruza kuti apeze chigamulo. Malingaliro a ajuliwo ndi achinsinsi, ndipo chiweruzo chawo chiyenera kukhala chogwirizana m’milandu yaupandu ndi m’milandu yambiri ya boma.

Uphungu wa M’zolembedwa

Attorney amatumikira monga ochirikiza achangu a makasitomala awo mkati mwa malire a lamulo. Iwo ali ndi thayo la kupereka umboni, mboni, ndi kupanga zigomeko zalamulo ku khoti. Uphungu umagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuwona mtima ku bwalo lamilandu ndipo ayenera kumamatira ku malamulo a makhalidwe abwino kwambiri onena za mikangano ya chikondwerero, chinsinsi, ndi kuimira kwachangu. American Bar Association imapereka chitsogozo chachikulu pa mathayo aukatswiri ameneŵa kupyolera mwa [[FLT:] Malamulo a Malamulo a Professional Parence [FL:3].

Mapwando

  • Plaintiff: Chipani chimene chimayambitsa mlandu mwa kukhazikitsa chidandaulo.
  • Defantint : Chipani chimene amabweretsa mlandu.
  • Otetezera Ochokera ku Kagulu: Mabwalo ozengedwa mlandu ndi woimbidwa mlandu kupyolera m'lipsinja lachitatu (mtsogoleri).

Kumaliza

Kumvetsa malamulo n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense amene ali ndi mbali m’khoti. Kuyambira pa kutsimikiza mtima kwa ulamuliro mpaka pa kumaliza kwa pempho, dongosolo la malamulo limapereka dongosolo, kukwaniritsidwa, ndi kulungama ku njira yolowera ku malamulo. Ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kwa malamulo kungakhale koopsa, kuzindikira bwino za mbali zazikulu, miyezo yogwirizana ndi umboni, ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana za oimba zamphamvu zotsogolera khotilo ndi kudalirika. Malamulo otsogolera, kachitidwe, ndi kakhalidwe kaluso sanapangidwa kokha kuyang'anira, koma kuteteza umphumphu wa dongosolo la chiweruzo ndi kutsimikizira kuti chilungamo chiperekedwe mogwirizana ndi ubwino wa mlanduwo.