Masankho aakulu amagwira ntchito monga njira ya maziko m'mademokrase oimira oimira mademokrase, kutheketsa zipani za ndale kusankha oyembekezera ntchito yawo ya boma. Mpikisano wa mkati mwenimweniwu sumakhazikitsa kokha zosankha zimene osankha ali nazo m'chosankha cha onse komanso umatumikira monga bwalo lofunika kwambiri la pangano la boma, kukambitsirana za malingaliro, ndi kutsimikizira kuti mwambo ukhoza kusonkhezera mamembala a chipani ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ukhoza kusonkhezera kuvomereza, masankhoti aakulu amatsimikizira kuti oyembekezera kupitiriza kusonyeza zikondwerero ndi zofunika za maziko a chipani. Kumvetsetsa mapulani awo, ntchito, ndi zolakwa nkofunika pomvetsa mmene democracy imatembenuzira anthu ku utsogoleri wandale.

Kumvetsetsa Zosankha Zachiyambi

Masankho oyambirira ndiwo mipikisano yoyambirira yochitidwa pasadakhale yosankha oyenerera oyembekezera chipani cha ndale zadziko pa chisankho. Ndiyo njira yaikulu imene magawo a oyembekezera kukhala oyenerera mu United States, ndi kusintha kwa dongosolo la kachitidwe kake ka m'mademokrase ambiri padziko lonse. Njirayo imalamulidwa ndi malamulo ocholoŵana a boma, malamulo a zipani, ndi zitsanzo za mbiri yakale. Marole angasiyanizidwe ndi ma coucial, amene ali misonkhano yolinganizidwa yapafupi, koma mawu akuti “parmalustrary projects amene angasankhe ndi kusankhidwa.

Zochitika m’mbiri

Dongosolo loyamba linatulukira chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za 20 monga mbali ya kukakamiza kwa Bwanamkubwa ndi makina a chipani osankhidwa mwa kusankhidwa. Atsogoleri a zipani anasonkhana mwachinsinsi “zipinda zodzaza , kaŵirikaŵiri popanda kuloŵetsedwa ndi osankhidwa wamba. Lamulo loyamba loyamba linakhazikitsidwa ku Wisconsien mu 1903 pansi pa Bwanamkubwa Robert La Follette. Pofika ma 1920, maboma ambiri adatenga mtundu wa chisankho chachikulu. M'zaka makumi ambiri zotsatira, dongosolo linasinthika, ndi masinthidwe otchuka mu 1970 pambuyo pa McGover-Freser Commistion anakhazikitsanso lamulo la Democratic Party, lopanda kugawa kwa anthu. Masiku ano, makampani ambiri a ku America, ndi masankhotime a maotime ena a ku America, ndi maopetimenti 40 a magawo a maosewera a magawo a boma a boma.

Mitundu Yoyambirira ya Zosankha

Sankhani zazikulu sizigwirizana; malamulo a boma ndi zipani zimapanga kusiyana kwakukulu. Magulu ofala kwambiri ngotseguka, ngotseka, otsekedwa, ogona, ndi aŵiri apamwamba.

  • Otsegulira: Mavoti amaloledwa kutengamo mbali m'chipani chilichonse ngakhale chikhale chachipani cholembetsedwa. Chitsanzochi chimakhala ndi cholinga chowonjezera chosankha cha wovota ndi kutengamo mbali koma chikhoza kulola ovota kuchokera kwa magulu otsutsanawo kudutsa ndi kusonkhezera kujambula, njira yodziŵika monga “kujambula.”
  • Otsekedwa: [[FLT :1] Mamembala a chipani cholembetsedwa okha ndiwo angavote m'chigawo chachikulu cha chipani chawo. Dongosolo limeneli limachirikiza kugwirizana kwa chipani ndi kutsimikizira kuti chinyumu chasankhidwa ndi odzipereka. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti chisankhi cha osankha a mwiniwake ndipo angakakamize ofunsira ku malo opambanitsa.
  • Semi- Prime Otsekedwa : M'madongosolo ameneŵa, ziwalo za chipani zolembetsedwa zovota m'choyambirira cha chipani chawo, koma osasankha ovota kapena odziimira okha angasankhe kuti ndi ati oyambirira kutengamo mbali. Kulinganiza kwa zipani kophatikizapo kuphatikizapo chiŵerengero chomakula cha ovota odzisankhira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mabungwe apamwamba amalandira ndandanda imodzi yondandalika onse ochokera ku zipani zonse ndipo angavotere wobatizidwa mmodzi pa ofesi iliyonse. Wofunsira wa pagulu lililonse wopanga mavoti ambiri. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. linagamula mabwalo otsekemera monga ngati kuti sifeya mu . Kaliniafornia Democratic Party v. Jones [2]
  • Kupita patsogolo kwa Zigawo ziŵiri: Kudziŵikanso monga “jangle primmary” kapena“osati olipitira kumbuyo,” onse oyembekezera kuwonekera pa pepala limodzi lalikulu, ndi kupititsa patsogolo mavoti aŵiri osankhidwa ku chisankho cha onse mosasamala kanthu za kugwirizana kwa gulu. Dongosolo limeneli limagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka boma ndi masankhoti a boma ku California, Washington, ndi Nebraska (kwa osakhala maofesi). Ikhoza kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha odziimira pa osankhidwa ndi kulimbikitsa ofufuza kuwonjezera.

Maiko ena amagwiritsiranso ntchito maprinsial osankhidwa posankha nthumwi ku misonkhano yadziko, kaŵirikaŵiri yophatikizapo kupikisana ndi kugawidwa kwa malamulo ocholoŵana.

Kufunika kwa Malo Oyambirira

Masankho aakulu amatumikira ntchito zambiri zosuliza m'madongosolo a democracy. Iwo ali osonkhezera malingaliro a chipani, chivoti, ndi kuletsa malangizo a malingaliro a zipani. Mwa kulola nzika kutengamo mbali m'kusankha ofunsira, ma projekiti amakulitsa kuŵerengera kwa demokrase ndi kupereka chomangira chapadera m’dongosolo la ndale zadziko.

Kutenga Nawo Mbali kwa Mkupiti

Chimodzi cha zolinga zazikulu za masankho ameneŵa ndicho kulimbikitsa wovota, makamaka pakati pa gulu la okhulupirika ndi ochirikiza mfundo. Pamene ovota anena mwachindunji kuti ndani amene amawaimira m'masankho onse, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kudzimva kukhala oikizidwa pamapeto ndi kutembenukira ku Tsiku la Chisankho. Kufufuza kochitidwa ndi [[FLT:] Plan Research Center [[FLT:]] Aumboni amasonyeza kuti osankhidwawo amaoneka kukhala ophunzira kwambiri, achikulire, ndi osakhala oyenerera kuposa osankhidwawo, koma zoyesayesa kufutukula kufika kwa tsiku limodzi la kuvota ndi kuvota koyambirira. Makampani akuperekanso maphunziro a ochirikiza udzu, odzipereka aunikiridwa, ndi a mkupingo wa kumaloko, kumanga gulu loyenerera la ochirikiza ufulu.

Kusonyeza Ziphunzitso za Pagulu

Opaleshoni amapereka mpata kwa anthu amene akufuna kufotokoza bwino mfundo zawo. Amachita ndawala pa mapulatifomu imene imagwirizana ndi mfundo za gululo . Nthawi zambiri amagogomezera kuyera pa nkhani monga kulipira msonkho, kuchotsa mimba, kusamuka, kapena ufulu wa anthu. Kutsutsana kwa mkati kungakhale kwakukulu ndi kovumbula, kusonkhezera oyembekezera kutenga malo amene amalongosola chizindikiro cha gululo. Pamakhonde otsekera, kumene ofunsira amavomereza kwambiri ku mapiko apamwamba a gululo. Zimenezi zingatulutse anthu amene ali opambanitsa kuposa osankha, kuchititsa kuti anthu adziwitsa, komanso kuti atsimikizire kuti gululo likhalebe logwirizana ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa kuti adziŵerengera.

Kuchotsa Chisankho cha Onse

Zotsatira za masankho aakulu zimakhudza kwambiri masankho aakulu ndi mbali yaikulu ya ndale. Mpikisano waukulu ungayambitse kutchuka kwa ofalitsa nkhani, kukulitsa dzina la wobatizidwa, ndi kupanga madongosolo amene amatsogolera m'nkhondo yachisawawa. Kaŵirikaŵiri oseŵerawo amapeza mphamvu [1] m'zoulutsira nkhani, chidwi chopereka, ndi changu chaufulu chakudzifunira, zomwe zingatsimikizire kwambiri pa chisankho cha onse. Komanso, kugaŵikana kwakukulu kungafooketse woloŵa chipani, kuchotsa chuma ndi timagulu tachilendo tosagwirizana ndi kulephera kuchirikiza kotheratu kugwa. [[FL:] . [FLT:]

Mphepo ndi Zoulutsira Nkhani

Ofuna kupambana pa masankho aakulu kaŵirikaŵiri amalandira manyuzipepala otchuka, amene amagwirizanitsa uthenga wawo kwa omvetsera ambiri. “chiyambukiro cha Banwagon” chingasonkhezere ovota oyambirira kuchirikiza kuwonekera kwa m'tsogolo, pamene kuli kwakuti amakopanso atolankhani a dziko, ma puntit, ndi kuvomereza. Kuwonedwa kwaulere kwa manyuzipepala kumeneku kuli kofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa anthu osadziŵa amene alibe ndalama zogulira kusatsa malonda. Komabe, kupenda koopsa kwa manyuzipepala kungakwezenso kutsutsa magaffe kapena manyuzipepala, kupanga kupenda koyambirira kwapamwamba.

Kupereka Mwayi Wopereka

Kupambana kapena kuchita mwamphamvu m'mapulogalamu aakulu owonjezera mwaŵi wopereka ndalama. Opereka, makamaka oikidwa ndi gulu la ntchito zandale ndi opereka ena, ali ofunitsitsa kusungitsa oyembekezera amene amasonyeza kuthekera . Chifukwa chake iwo ali ndi mwaŵi weniweni wa kupambana chisankho cha onse. Zisonyezero zazikulu zosonyeza kwa wopereka kuti wodziperekayo ali ndi chilango cha gulu, zipata za udzu, ndi kukhoza kupambana mavoti. Chiwonjezeko cha ndalama chimenechi chingakhale chofunikira kwambiri pa kusatsa malonda a chisankho, ntchito za m’munda, ndi kuvota.

Mavuto Amene Anakumana Nawo Posankha Anthu Oyambirira

Mosasamala kanthu za lonjezo lawo la democracy, masankho aakulu amayang’anizana ndi zitokoso zazikulu zimene zingafooketse kukhoza kwawo ndi kuyenerera.

Chibwana ndi Kutsika kwa M’mbuyo

Kupanda chidwi kwa anthu kuli vuto losatha m'masankho aakulu. Malo apamwamba kwambiri a mapulaneti ali otsika kwambiri kuposa pa masankho wamba, kaŵirikaŵiri amatsika pansi pa 20% m'nyengo zapakati. Ovota ambiri amazindikira kuti kutenga nawo mbali kwawo sikukhudza kwenikweni, makamaka m'madera kumene kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo za kuchuluka kwa mayeso. Chifukwa chakuti kuchuluka kwa anthu ovutika kumatchuka kwambiri kapena chifukwa chakuti chigawocho chimalamulidwa ndi gulu limodzi. Kusintha kochepa kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti ovotawo si oimira a osankhidwa ochuluka; iwo amakhala achikulire, oyera, olemera, ndi ogwirizana kwambiri. Mpata wotengamo mbali imeneyi ungayendetsere zipamba za opita ku opita patsogolo kwambiri ndi kuchepetsa kulabadira kwa dongosolo la kayendetsendekera.

Madera Opanda Mpikisano

Gerrymandering . Kusintha malire a chigawo cha ofufuza kaamba ka phindu la opatulidwa . Kumawonjezera mavuto a masankho aakulu. M'madera otchuka, masankho apamwamba amagamulidwa bwino lomwe, chifukwa chakuti chipani chachikulu cha mineinee chimatsimikiziridwa kupambana mu November. Kutero kumachepetsa chisonkhezero cha ofunsira ku kufunsira kapena osankha odziimira paokha, ndipo kungakakamize nkhani ya ndale zadziko ku malo opambanitsa. Kusagwirizana ndi kutchuka kwa ovota, monga momwe chotulukapo chakhalira chotsimikizirika. Kusintha kumatsutsa kuti bungwe la Redition ndi malamulo osakhala a m'chigawo cha chigawo chiŵalo kuthandizira kubwezeretsanso kupikisana mpikisano m'ma Prime ndi masankhoti onse.

Kukhudzidwa ndi Ndalama

Ntchito ya ndalama m'masankho aakulu ndi chitokoso chachikulu ndi cholembedwa bwino. Opereka amene angadzipereke okha kapena kukweza ndalama zambiri kuchokera kwa olemera amapeza phindu lalikulu m'kulengeza, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi ntchito za m’munda. Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu mu Chikhomo cha United. FATINK . [FLD:1] [2020:0] ndi [FL:] MCcheon v. FFECC . (2014] imatsegula khomo la ndalama zosamalipilirapo ndi makampani opanga phindu kwambiri, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amaloŵerera m'kachirikiza kapena kutsutsa ndi zikondwerero zawo. Ndalama zimenezi zingagwetsa mawu audzu ndi kugwetsa udzu wambiri popanda udzu.

Kalendala Yoyambirira ndi Kutenga Manda a Panja

Kusintha kwa maprinsival , kudziŵika monga kalendala yoyamba . Chizoloŵezi cha maboma kusamutsira malo awo ogona poyambirira m'chaka (chochitika chotchedwa “kudzaza") chimatanthauza kuti mipikisano yochititsa maufumu imapanikizidwa m'nyengo yaifupi, kaŵirikaŵiri imayanjana ndi otchuka, otchuka m’dzikolo pa awo okhala ndi chuma chochepa. M'makampani a pulezidenti, kumatchula poyamba monga Iowa, New Hampshire, ndi South Carolina imachita zisonkhetso, kukonza fuko lisanakhale ndi mpata wa kuvota. Masinthidwe onga ngati ma protein, malamulo ozungulira, kapena dziko lodziŵika tsiku limodzi lapadera linakangana koma osaloŵa m’mbali, chifukwa cha mbali ya ndalensi ndi zikondwerero zandale.

Kuyeretsa ndi Kuyera kwa Zinthu

Masankho aakulu angathandizire kugaŵanitsa ndale zadziko mwa kusonkhezera oyembekezera kuchirikiza mbali zambiri za mawu ndi zogwira ntchito za gulu lawo. M'mapulogalamu otsekedwa kwambiri, kumene kubwererako kuli kotsika ndi kolamuliridwa ndi otengeka maganizo, oyembekezera kukhala ndi malo angozi kulangidwa. Kumeneku kwachititsa kukwera kwa mawu ndi malo a malamulo otseguka kwambiri. Komabe, kufufuza kumasonyezanso kuti madongosolo otseguka kwambiri [1] kumene makampani ndi ziŵalo za gulu lina zingavote [1] kutulutsa kusamula koyenera. Kutenga mwana wapamwamba wosakhala wa magawo aŵiri mu California ndi Washington kwagwirizana ndi kulinganizika kwa makhalidwe a malamulo, ngakhale kuti umboniwo n’ngosakanizidwa.

Kusintha ndi Kusintha Koyambirira

Pofuna kuthana ndi mavuto amenewa, mayiko ndi mayiko ena akonza njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira zinthu, ndipo zimenezi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mtundu wa Nsomba Zopangidwa ndi Malo Otchedwa Cankeed

Kuvota kotchuka (RCV), kodziŵikanso monga kovota kwa kamodzi, kukupeza pepala lapadera monga kusintha kumene kungawongolere zisankho zazikulu. Mu RCV primies, ovota ofunsira kusankhidwa mogwirizana ndi pulogalamu. Ngati palibe wosankhidwa amene amalandira mavoti ambiri oyamba, oyembekezera kusankhidwa otchuka amachotsedwa ndipo olandira mavoti awo amaikidwadi pa chosankha chapadera kufikira pamene wobatizidwa mmodzi afikira ku unyinji wa anthu. Dongosololili limalimbikitsa oyembekezera kumanga mipatuko, limachepetsa ndawala yotsutsa (kuchokera pamene oyembekezera kuthaŵa alendo a adani awo), ndi kutsimikizira kuti opambanawo achilikiza. Maine ndi Alaska agwiritsira ntchito RC kaamba ka boma ndi masankhoti ena aakulu, ndipo mapulogalamu ena ambiri akuchititsa kuyendetsa.

Kutseguka ndi Kusatenga Malo a Upandu

Kuwonjezera kulowa m'mabwalo otseguka kapena maprinsitala aŵiri otseguka ndi njira ina yosinthira. Mwa kulola ovota odziimira okha ndiponso ngakhale ziŵalo za gulu lina kuti atengemo mbali, madongosolo ameneŵa amachepetsa mphamvu ya timagulu topambanitsa ndi oyembekezera kuperekedwa amene angayese kudutsa mizera yapadera. Madongosolo aakulu aŵiri a California, otengedwa kudzera m'Proment 14 mu 2010, akhala ndi chiyambukiro chokhoza kufalikira: awonjezera chiŵerengero cha oyembekezera kusankho, makamaka m'madera kumene gulu limodzi limalamulira. Komabe, otsutsa amawona kuti lingaletsere pulogalamu yachitatu yopita kwa ofufuza aŵiri a gulu, akumachepetsa kusankha kuvota.

Kulemba ndi Kukonza Malo Opangira Malo Opangira Malo

Kuti athetse vuto lotsika ndi kusiyana kwa otengamo mbali, maboma ambiri atengera malamulo onga ngati kulembetsa kodzisankhira kwa wovota (AVR) pa galimoto ndi mabungwe ena a boma, kulembetsa kwa tsiku limodzi, ndi kufutukula nyengo zovota msanga. Njira zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti kusamuka kwa ovota kukhale kosavuta kutengamo mbali m'ma Prime. Maboma amene ayamba AVR, monga Oregon, aona kukwera kwakukulu kwa ovota ndi kukhazikika kwapamwamba. Kuwonjezera apo, kuchotsa madeti a voti a kukafika ku nyengo ya chilimwe kapena kuyambiriro kwa kugwa (kuposa Spring) ndi kuwagwirizanitsa ndi masankho a m'ango za kumaloko kukhoza kuwonjezera kutengamo mbali.

Kampani ya Ndalama Yosintha Zinthu

Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya ndalama m'makampani omanga nyumba za kampani kudakali cholinga chofuna kusintha zinthu koma chofunika kwambiri. Njira za lamulo zikuphatikizapo kuchirikiza ndalama za anthu oyembekezera kulowa m'dziko amene amavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito malire (monga momwe amagwiritsira ntchito posankha mapulani pa 2008, ngakhale kuti njirayo yawonongeka), ndalama zochepera (monga ngati mu New York City’s system system ), ndi zofunika zowonjezereka za kuvumbula za ndalama zodzilamulira. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo ochepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu amene angapereke ku mayeso, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zayang'anizana ndi mavuto alamulo. Pamlingo wa boma, DCOCLOSE Act ndi ziganizo za kugwetsa [[FLT:] Malamulo a United[FLT: 1] Kuchokera ku productived systmentition imatchulidwa nthaŵi zambiri.

Kumaliza

Masankho aakulu ndi ofunika kwambiri a ntchito ya demokrase, kupereka njira yolinganizidwira kaamba ka kutomerana, kubwezeredwa, ndi kalongosoledwe ka maganizo. Maluso awo . kaya akhale otseguka, otsekedwa, kapena osakhala a partisan . Makatoni apadera kwa thanzi la woimira. Pamene kuli kwakuti zitokoso zonga ngati kutsika, gerrymaning, ndalama m'ndale, ndi kufunafuna zinthu zofunikira, kuyesa kosalekeza, kuyesa kusanthula kofanana ndi kuvota kwapadera, kufutukumula, ndi kufalitsa kuonekera kwamphamvu kwapadera kwa njira yowonjezereka ndi yogwira ntchito yothandiza. Monga magulu aakulu osankhidwa, chisankhoterero chachikulu chimakhalabe cha ntchito yofunika ya demokrase yosankha anthu omwe adzaimira anthu. Kufufuzanso, Kufufuzanso, [FFlations Convetion of productive [F] pa njira zaposachedwapa: [F] ndi zofufuza: "F]