Despite the reforms, the cost of campaigning in Japanese elections remains high. The ban on corporate donations to candidates is strictly enforced, but there are still loopholes. Spending by party headquarters on behalf of a candidate is less tightly regulated, and the use of party-issued campaign vehicles, staff, and materials provides indirect support. Furthermore, the personal koenkai organizations have not disappeared. While they can no longer rely on massive flows of corporate cash, they continue to involve significant personal spending by the candidate on office space, staff, and events. The reforms reduced the overt corruption of the old system, but they did not eliminate the high cost of politics. This creates a strategic bias in favor of wealthy candidates or those with deep family connections, who can self-finance their campaigns. Smaller parties and outsider candidates continue to struggle with the financial demands of modern campaigning, which reinforces the dominance of the established parties.